长期不同施肥管理对稻田土壤有机碳库特征的影响

以19年的长期定位施肥土壤为材料,研究不同施肥管理:不施肥(CK),施无机肥(N、NP、NK、NPK),施有机肥(OM),有机-无机配施(F、F')下稻田耕层土壤有机碳库组分及含量变化.结果表明:不同施肥方式对土壤有机碳及其组分有显著影响,土壤总有机碳(TOC)变化趋势为有机无机配施(平均12.34g/kg)>单施有机肥(平均12.15 g/kg)>无肥(平均10.56 g/kg)>化肥(平均9.78 g/kg);有机肥和化肥配施土壤徽生物量碳(SMBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)及SMl3(2/TOC、WSOC/TOC、LFOC/TOC均显著高于单施化肥土壤的.与不施肥相比,化肥、有机肥的施用均显著增加了土壤重组有机碳(HFOC)和HFOC/TOC,其中,化肥的施用更有利于土壤重组有机碳(LFOC)的积累.单施有机肥或有机无机配施显著增加了较大粒级(>0.25 mm)水稳性团聚体及其TOC含量,而单施化肥则显著增加了较小粒级(<0.25 mm)及其TOC含量.因此,长期施用有机肥,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施能提高土壤活性碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性,从而保持和提高了土壤质量和持续生产力.     

长期施肥对浙江稻田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

以浙江省稻田长期定位试验站为依托,研究长期不同施肥措施对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。研究结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施栏肥(OM)、秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)和单施秸秆(RS)处理均显著提高了2 mm和2~0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(p0.05),强化了团聚体对土壤有机碳的物理保护作用。此外,长期有机无机配施(NPKOM和NPKRS)处理显著提高了各个粒级团聚体中有机碳含量,并且显著增加水稳定性大团聚体有机碳的贡献率,而长期单施化肥和单施秸秆处理并未有效增加土壤总有机碳含量。不同施肥处理下,2~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳占土壤总有机碳的34.2%~48.6%,是土壤有机碳的主要载体。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)技术对2~0.25 mm和0.053 mm团聚体进行结构表征,发现长期单施有机肥或者有机无机配施下芳香族C较CK提高29.9%~45.2%,较NPK处理提高22.3%~36.6%,提高了土壤有机碳的芳构化。在有机碳积累方面,施用有机肥,尤其是栏肥与化肥配施,同时强化了团聚体对有机碳的物理保护以及促进了化学抗性有机碳组分的积累,是加强稻田土壤有机碳库积累的合理施肥模式。     

连续施肥20年后棕壤团聚体分布和碳储量变化

利用两种不同分离方法(干筛法与湿筛法)对耕作施肥20年后棕壤的团聚体组成、团聚体有机碳含量以及有机碳储量进行了研究。结果表明:棕壤团聚体以0.25～1mm团聚体为主。与长期不施肥比较,除0.25～1mm粒级外长期施用氮磷化肥使风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体中较大团聚体和微团聚体数量下降,降低了各级风干团聚体中有机碳积累,增加了水稳性团聚体中有机碳积累;长期施用有机肥较大团聚体和微团聚体数量增加及其相连的有机碳含量和储量均增加;长期有机无机肥配施大团聚体数量下降,微团聚体数量增加,有机碳含量均增加,大团聚体碳库储量下降,微团聚体碳库储量增加。由此可见长期施有机肥土壤结构改善,固C潜力增加。长期高量有机肥与无机肥配施可能有利于土壤固碳,但不利于作物生长。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体活性有机碳的影响

在23年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体活性有机碳含量的影响。结果表明,在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥)(OM)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量均随深度的增加而降低。长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施会提高土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量,从而保持和提高土壤有机碳库质量。不同粒级土壤团聚体中活性有机碳含量和团聚体活性有机碳占团聚体有机碳比率有差异,潜在可矿化碳含量和潜在可矿化碳占团聚体有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:0.25~1mm、1~3mm、>3mm、0.05~0.25mm和<0.05mm;而可溶性有机碳含量和可溶性有机碳占团聚体有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:0.05~0.25mm、0.25~1mm、1~3mm、>3mm和<0.05mm。不同施肥处理A层土壤团聚体潜在可矿化碳、可溶性有机碳含量都与土壤团聚体有机碳含量都呈极显著相关;P层除1~3mm团聚体外都呈显著相关。土壤微团聚体(<0.25mm)中有机碳的稳定性高于大团聚体(>0.25mm)。     

施用有机肥对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

施用有机肥是循环农业的典型措施,能够净化环境、保证食品安全、加强土壤的可持续利用。本文以中国农业大学曲周试验站长期设施蔬菜地为研究对象,试验已进行6年,共设单施有机肥、有机无机配施与无机肥3种施肥处理。结果表明:施用有机肥处理的土壤有机C含量显著高于有机无机配施和无机肥处理107.02%、171.71%;干筛分析表明有机肥处理下的土壤非水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(WMD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值均显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥65.68%、4.18%和16.80%、8.26%;湿筛结果也表明有机肥处理下的土壤水稳性团聚体WMD、GMD值显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥41.12%、34.78%和77.78%、63.16%;0~20 cm耕层有机肥处理增加了土壤分散系数,而20~40 cm耕层有机肥处理显著降低了土壤分散系数。在蔬菜有机栽培中单施有机肥可增加土壤有机C、非水稳性团聚体、水稳性团聚体及耕层下微团聚体含量,是改良土壤结构的有效措施。     

不同施肥处理对设施土壤团聚体内颗粒有机碳含量的影响

以 19 年的设施蔬菜栽培长期定位试验土壤为材料,采用团聚体和土壤有机 C 物理分组方法,研究了长期不同施肥处理对团聚体内颗粒有机 C(POM C)含量变化的影响.结果表明,长期施肥使＜53 μm 团聚体向微团聚体和大团聚体转化,有利于 POM C 的富集.长期施用有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理的土壤大团聚体内微团聚体之间的粗 POM 和单施无机肥处理的粗 POM 平均 C 含量要比不施肥处理高 6.97 倍和 4.8 倍.施肥对细 POM C 含量的影响没有明显规律,但土壤细 POM C 的含量远远大于粗 POM C.长期施用有机肥料或配施无机肥(除 AN 处理外)还提高了大团聚体包裹的微团聚体内(intra-mM)的和游离微团聚体内的(free intra-m)POM C 含量,而无机肥的施用却导致了二者 C 含量下降 22.5% ～ 21.1%.     

长期施肥对灌漠土团聚体及其稳定性的影响

利用设计在武威的长期定位试验研究了单施氮肥或有机肥、有机肥与氮肥配施等措施对灌漠土团聚体及稳定性的影响。结果表明,与不施肥相比,单施氮肥不能显著提高各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量,而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配施能够显著提高各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量。其中0.25~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体的有机碳浓度高于其它粒级。相关分析表明,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机碳水平呈显著正相关。不同处理的0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量依次为:农肥、绿肥和秸秆的处理CK、农肥+氮肥、绿肥+氮肥和秸秆+氮肥的处理氮肥处理(P0.05)。可见,单施有机肥能促进0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,而单施氮肥或者与有机肥配施不利于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机无机复合状况的影响

长期施用化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土和旱地红壤的原土复合量 ,有机无机肥配施还可以提高红壤性水稻土耕层的原土复合量 ,单施化肥对红壤性水稻土的原土复合量影响不大 ;长期施肥降低 3种土壤的原土复合度 ,但提高了土壤的增值复合量和增值复合度。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施土壤的增值复合量高于施化肥的土壤 ,但其增值复合度却低于施化肥的土壤。长期施肥还影响土壤有机无机复合体的粒径分级 ,施肥一般都可提高土壤中粘粒级和粉砂级复合体含量 ,降低细砂级复合体含量。长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施还可以提高 3种土壤中的G0、G1和G2等 3组复合体含量 ,并且有机无机肥配施可以促使G0和G1组复合体向水稳性强的G2组复合体转化。     

长期定位施肥和地膜覆盖对棕壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳含量的影响

以沈阳农业大学长期定位试验(29年)不同施肥与地膜覆盖处理棕壤为研究对象,采用湿筛方法,研究了覆膜和不覆膜条件下不同施肥措施对棕壤各粒级团聚体分布及其有机碳含量的影响,为揭示施肥措施对土壤地力形成演变的影响机制提供理论基础。选取的试验处理包括:不施肥对照(CK)、单施高量氮肥(N4)、氮磷肥配施(N4P2)、单施高量有机肥(M4)、有机-氮肥配施(M2N2)、有机-氮磷肥配施(M4N2P1)以及所有相对应的覆膜处理。结果表明,连续29年的不同施肥和覆膜处理显著影响了土壤团聚体的含量、稳定性及团聚体有机碳的含量。不覆膜条件下,长期施肥处理使2 mm团聚体的含量显著增加,而0.25~2 mm粒级团聚体含量显著下降,其中有机肥和氮磷肥处理变幅最大。有机肥的施入(M4、M2N2、M4N2P1)均显著增加了不覆膜土壤各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,且单施有机肥能显著增加不覆膜土壤团聚体平均重量直径,说明长期有机物料投入有利于增加土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳在团聚体中的固持。覆膜条件下,各施肥处理也显著影响土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳含量,但是不同施肥处理之间的差异变小,说明相同施肥模式下覆膜与不覆膜处理对土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性会产生不同的影响。覆膜条件下,与对照相比,只有高量有机肥(M4和M4N2P1)处理能显著增加土壤团聚体的平均重量直径和各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,说明在覆膜条件下,需要投入更多的有机物质才能维持土壤团聚体的稳定性及较高的有机碳含量。不同施肥和覆膜处理下,氮磷肥配施可以显著提高土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,但对团聚体有机碳含量的影响表现为显著降低或不显著。各处理土壤中水稳性大团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体,施用有机肥及有机无机配施有利于促进土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体的有机碳含量,是改善土壤团聚体结构、维持和提高棕壤地力的有效措施。     

长期施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响

通过土壤有机质物理分组和室内培养的方法,研究了长期定位施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响。结果表明:平衡施肥(NPK、2NPK)和施用有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高玉米产量,降低产量年际变异系数,同时也显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的含量。根据有机碳物理分组方法,将SOC分成五部分,其中,与矿物结合的有机碳占绝对优势,微团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_mM)和大团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_M)分别占SOC的31%～53%和28%～38%,其次为微团聚体间的细颗粒有机质(fPOM)和微团聚体中的细颗粒有机质(iPOM_mM),分别占8%～15%和7%～21%,粗颗粒有机质(cPOM)仅占5%～12%。施有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高了颗粒有机碳组分,包括cPOM、fPOM和iPOM_mM组分碳的数量,但是对矿物结合态碳(s+c_M、s+c_mM)影响不明显。施无机肥对有机碳库组成(除s+c_mM外)影响不显著。在有机肥处理中(OM、NPKOM)土壤有机碳周转速率最快,相应的半衰期最短,是CK处理的0.47倍～0.70倍,是无机肥处理的0.11倍～0.95倍。原土有机碳周转时间与LOC/SOC呈显著正相关(r=0.66*)。研究表明平衡施肥和有机肥能提高土壤地力,同时还有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

有机无机肥配施对烟叶化学成分和品质的影响

通过饼肥与化肥不同比例配施研究得出,河南烟区中等肥力的褐土上以50%芝麻饼肥氮 50%化肥氮处理与单施化肥相比,提高了下、中、上3个部位烟叶饱和脂肪酸相对含量,降低了不饱和脂肪酸含量,表现为豆蔻酸和月桂酸相对含量增加,而亚麻酸和亚油酸含量降低。中部叶、上部叶石油醚提取物含量也得到提高,烟叶糖碱比适宜,化学成分较协调,烟叶品质得到改善,并缩小了不同部位间质量差异。     

长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学及生物学性质的影响

研究长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学和生物学性质的影响结果表明,有机肥和化肥均使土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效磷、速度钾、阳离子交换性提高,增加土壤微生物数量和活性,但有机肥在培肥地力、创造有利于微生物生长繁育的土壤环境方面明显优于化学肥料。     

Biological and chemical stability of garlic-derived allicin

This study verifies the instability of garlic ( Allium sativum L.)-derived allyl 2-propenylthiosulfinate (allicin) in various aqueous and ethanolic solutions as well as in vegetable oil through chemical and biological analyses performed simultaneously. Crushed fresh garlic cloves generated antibacterial activity and chemically detectable allicin, a major antibacterial principle, and both declined on a daily basis in aqueous and ethanolic solutions at room temperature, showing biological and chemical half-lives of about 6 and 11 days, respectively. Allicin was more stable in 20% alcohol than in water, but surprisingly unstable in vegetable oil, with an activity half-life 0.8 h, as estimated from its antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli, and a chemical half-life of 3.1 h, based on chromatographic quantification. In alcoholic and aqueous extracts, the biological half-life of allicin tended to be longer than the chemical one, suggesting the occurrence of bioactive compounds other than allicin in the extracts.     

Radioactivity and chemical characteristics of Alberta phosphogypsum

Gypsum based by-products of phosphate fertilizer production, termed phosphogypsum (PG), are stockpiled at numerous locations worldwide. Although dominated by gypsum, PG contains accessory minerals, trace elements, and radionuclides. This study was conducted to characterize the composition and pore water chemistry of PG samples from a plant site in southern Alberta, Canada. Pore water chemistry was studied by equilibrating PG with deionized water for 80 days; the aqueous phase was then analyzed for dissolved constituents. The PG samples had pH levels of 4.0 or lower and contained gypsum and minor amounts of quartz, phosphate rock and sodium feldspar. The PG was elevated in total content of Ag, Au, Ca, Cd, P, S, Se, Sr, U and some of the light rare earth elements and Y relative to shale. Average ²²⁶Ra activity, determined by the radon emanation method, was 890 Bq kg^?1. Activity of ²¹²Pb, in equilibrium with ²²⁸Th, was 5.8 Bq kg^?1. Pore water concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, NO₃ ^?-N, Se, SO₄ ^2?-S, and Zn exceeded drinking water standards in some PG samples. Although closer to flue gas desulfurization sludge in mineralogy, the pore water chemistry of PG is more like that of some fly ashes.     

The biological and chemical variability of yacon

This paper focuses on the biological and chemical variability of four yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) accessions cultivated under field conditions. Significant variations in tuber shape, weight, content of oligofructans, as well as in leaf isozymes, phenolics, and relative DNA contents were found. Accessions 6 and 88 were the most productive (up to 3.01 and 3.74 kg/plant); accession 48 was the most balanced from the yield aspect in three vegetative periods. A significantly higher content of beta-(2-->1) oligofructans was noted in accessions 48 and 88 as compared to 6 and 60. No difference in sucrose, glucose, and fructose level was observed. Only accession 6 exhibited separate acid phosphatase and esterase isoforms. Accessions 6 and 60 had the highest content of phenolics, and accession 88 had the lowest relative DNA content. Large yacon intraspecific variation may be useful in future detailed research as a good background for breeding, growing, and utilization in industrial processing.     

Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis

Brazilian propolis has been classified into 12 groups based on physicochemical characteristics: five in the southern Brazil group (group 3), one in the southeastern Brazil group (group 12), and six in the northeastern Brazil group (group 6). The plant origins of these groups were investigated using reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RPHPTLC), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was concluded that the origins of propolis group 3, group 6, and group 12 are resins of the poplar tree, Hyptis divaricata, and Baccharis dracunculifolia, respectively.     

Decomposition in soil and chemical characteristics of pollen

The input to soils made by pollen and its subsequent mineralization has rarely been investigated from a soil microbiological point of view even though the small but significant quantities of C and N in pollen may make an important contribution to nutrient cycling. The relative resistance to decomposition of pollen exines (outer layers) has led to much of the focus of pollen in soil being on its preservation for archaeological and palaeo‐ecological purposes. We have examined aspects of the chemical composition and decomposition of pollen from birch (Betula alba) and maize (Zea mays) in soil. The relatively large N contents, small C‐to‐N ratios and large water‐soluble contents of pollen from both species indicated that they would be readily mineralized in soil. When added to soil and incubated at 16°C an amount of C equivalent to 22–26% of the added pollen C was lost as CO₂ within 22 days, with the Z. mays pollen decomposing faster. For B. alba pollen, the water‐soluble fraction decomposed faster than the whole pollen and the insoluble fraction decomposed more slowly over 22 days. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the decomposition rates of the different fractions from Z. mays pollen. Solid‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed no gross chemical differences between the pollen of these two species, with strong resonances in the alkyl‐ and methyl‐C region (0–45 p.p.m.) indicative of aliphatic compounds, the O‐alkyl‐C (60–90 p.p.m.) and the acetal‐ and ketal‐C region (90–110 p.p.m.) indicative of polysaccharides, and the carbonyl‐C region indicative of peptides and carboxylic acids. In addition, both pollens gave a small but distinct resonance at 55 p.p.m. attributed to N‐alkyl‐C. The resonances attributed to polysaccharides were lost completely or substantially reduced after decomposition.     

Sampling and preparation of sample for chemical examination

Sampling and methods for reducing a laboratory sample to a test sample are discussed, with particular emphasis on sampling peanuts for aflatoxin analysis as a practical example. The only way to control the total error in the analysis of this heterogeneous product is to take and to analyze many and large samples.     

In vitro stability and chemical reactivity of thiosulfinates

A model reaction system was used to generate pure thiosulfinates (3) from S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides (1) to facilitate studies on the intrinsic pH and thermal sensitivities of individual thiosulfinate species. Thiosulfinate decay could be characterized as first-order processes over the pH range of 1.2-9.0 and at 20-80 degrees C. The stability of thiosulfinates was greatest at pH 4.5-5.5, followed by pH 1.2, pH 6.5-7.5, and pH 8.0-9.0. Thiosulfinates with longer and saturated alk(en)yl groups were generally more stable than those with shorter and unsaturated alk(en)yl groups. Thiosulfinates underwent thioalkyl-exchange reactions at pH 8-9 without loss of total thiosulfinate levels within 60-90 min at 20 degrees C.