基于分区决策树的省级耕地地力评价——以山西省为例

省级耕地地力评价对快速准确掌握大区域耕地地力水平,有效的进行农业区划并指导农业生产有着重要的作用。本研究在收集分析山西省2005~2014年县域耕地地力评价数据、测土配方施肥采样点数据以及土地利用现状等数据的基础上,运用多尺度指标分区方法将山西省划分为5个区域。基于决策树方法构建了隶属各区的不同评价指标体系并对耕地地力进行了评价与分级,将山西省耕地划分为1~10等地。其中,1至3等地的耕地占总面积的11.56%,该部分耕地地力较高,为山西省的优质耕地;4至6等的耕地占耕地总面积的61.22%,可以通过进行一系列耕地保护措施有效提高耕地质量以提升粮食产量;7至10等的耕地占耕地总面积的27.22%,该部分耕地生产障碍因素突出,应通过加强生态保护继续开展农田建设以提高耕地地力水平。评价结果可为省级耕地资源管理及辅助决策提供依据。     

地貌和样点数对耕地土壤有机质插值精度的影响

将湖南省划分为洞庭湖平原区,湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区,湘南丘陵、中低山区和湘西北中低山区四个地貌景观区,以高密度的耕地表层土壤有机质数据为基础,分析地貌和样点数对插值精度的影响。研究表明:湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质平均含量从高到低依次为:湘南丘陵、中低山区湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区湘西北中低山区洞庭湖平原区。湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质变异系数在31.23%~37.55%之间,属于中等变异水平;基底效应在12.3%~50.0%之间,其中湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区和湘南丘陵、中低山区耕地表层土壤有机质呈现强烈的空间自相关,洞庭湖平原区和湘西北中低山区具有中等空间自相关。相同采样密度下,湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质的克里格插值精度从高到低依次为:洞庭湖平原区湘西北中低山区湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区湘南丘陵空间自相关、中低山区。四个区的耕地表层土壤有机质NRMSE均随着样点数的增加呈现出递减的趋势,表明插值精度逐渐提升。     

耕地地力对化肥养分利用的影响机制及其调控研究进展

耕地地力影响了化肥养分的利用效率,是调控养分利用率的基础途径。本文概述了耕地土壤障碍对养分利用的制约机制、耕地地力培育对养分利用的促进机制、提高养分资源利用效率的耕地培肥模式3个方面的研究进展。针对我国主要的耕地土壤–作物系统,提高化肥养分利用率需要解决4个地力调控方面的关键问题:地力与养分利用率关系及其时空变化规律、土壤障碍制约养分高效蓄积转化机制与消减原理、地力培肥促进根系–土壤–微生物互作提高养分耦合利用机制及调控途径、肥沃耕层构建与生物功能提升对养分蓄纳供应的协同驱动增效机制与调控理论。本文提出基于多时空尺度综合研究,建立稳定提升土壤功能–加速养分循环利用的"双核驱动"地力综合管理理论,在不同区域构建并应用化肥减施增效的耕地地力综合管理模式,实现耕地大面积均衡减施化肥的目标。     

耕地地力评价指标体系构建中的问题与分析逻辑

耕地地力评价指标选取的主导性、独立性原则在实践中不易落实;耕地地力评价试图应用到多尺度空间,却没有适应不同时空尺度的明确任务定位,从而很少考虑评价指标选择的尺度适应性。本文运用地学、农学、系统科学的观点,建立了针对上述问题的分析逻辑,认为:第一,耕地地力评价的任务、评价技术路线和评价指标对地力的指示意义均具有时空尺度特征。第二,评价指标应区分为直接说明作物光、温、水、养分满足程度的指标和间接指示这些条件的指标。大空间范围的耕地地力评价以长时效,低空间精度为特征,着重表现区域地理障碍和资源约束,宜选取稳定性和间接性评价指标;小空间范围以即时状态的耕地地力评价为主,并具有较高的空间精度,评价指标应具有即时性和直接性特征。第三,土地—作物—管理条件构成土地利用系统的整体,随土地系统的作物需求、土地和管理条件的变化,评价指标对耕地地力的意义应辩证分析。第四,共同说明光、温、水、养分的某一方面性质的自然土地条件和人工土地条件应作为整体对待,综合为一个指标,而不应在评价指标体系中分割。     

县域尺度耕地生产能力的空间变异

研究河北省雄县耕地生产能力空间变异性特征及其主控因素,为黑龙港典型区耕地质量等级与生产能力提升及可持续利用提供指导。该文在分析县域和景观尺度耕地生产能力变异性特征的基础上,引用分类回归树模型探讨耕地自然属性因素和耕地管理因素对不同尺度耕地生产能力的影响。结果表明：县域尺度上耕地生产能力差异显著,呈现出西南部和东部高,东南部和中西部低的空间分布格局。5种景观尺度上耕地生产能力由高到低依次为：轻壤蒙金型小二坡地＞轻壤均质型小二坡地>黏壤均质型小低平地>砂壤蒙金型准缓岗>砂壤均质型准缓岗;耕地管理因素较耕地自然属性因素更能解释县域耕地生产能力空间变异性,主控因素依次是灌溉保证率、氮肥施用量、耕地速效氮和耕地有机质,贡献率总计51%。耕地自然属性因素是不同景观尺度间的主控因素,依次为阳离子交换量、有机质、速效钾和速效氮含量,贡献率总计55%;不同景观尺度上耕地生产能力主要受耕地管理因素所主控。因此,要想维持区域高水平耕地生产能力应注意调整耕地管理措施,包括节约集约用水,控制氮肥施用量（不宜超过240.34 kg/hm2）和加强耕地培肥管理。     

乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度分析与实证

该文从耕地单产实现程度、播种面积实现程度和耕地总产实现程度3个方面来表征耕地生产能力实现程度的计算方法。区域尺度上的小麦、玉米可实现单产是采用前沿生产函数、区试产量和近5 a高产水平等多种方法进行确定,地块尺度的小麦和玉米的可实现单产依据农业生态区法（agricultural ecological zone,AEZ）进行修正得到。乡镇尺度上的小麦和玉米的可实现单产分别采用尺度下移和尺度上移的方法将地块尺度的小麦玉米可实现单产转化为乡镇尺度的可实现单产。应用此核算方法对北京市大兴区1982、2000和2006年3个时期的乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度的分析结果表明：大兴区区域尺度的耕地生产能力实现程度实现程度在1982年出现最高值,并在1983-1998年的较长时期呈现小幅摆动但基本保持在35%～45%之间,而在1998年以后则呈现大幅下降的趋势,并在2004年以后出现一定幅度上升;大兴区乡镇尺度1982年实现程度最高;与1982年相比,2000年所有乡镇都大幅降低,2006年比2000年有所增加,但仍低于1982年;乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度存在显著的空间分异;大兴区区域尺度耕地生产能力实现程度与乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度变化规律基本一致。该文构建的乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度的分析方法为从宏观尺度研究耕地生产能力差异化提供了借鉴。     

海南省琼中县耕地地力评价研究

以海南省琼中县为研究区域,选取了地貌类型、成土母质、坡度、土壤养分等12个地力评价因子;在构建耕地地力评价指标体系的基础上,采用模糊数学理论确定指标隶属度,借助层次分析法对评价单元的指标隶属度进行加权求和计算地力综合指数,运用累积曲线法对琼中县耕地地力进行了等级划分。耕地地力共划分为4级:一级地844.37 hm2,占总耕地面积的9.73%;二级地3 306.39 hm2,占总耕地面积的38.12%;三级地3 786.85 hm2,占总耕地面积的43.66%;四级地736.24 hm2,占总耕地面积的8.49%。并针对影响琼中县耕地质量的障碍因子提出了改良建议。     

基于GIS的蚌埠市淮上区耕地地力等级评价

借助遥感解译和GPS野外采样,获得安徽省蚌埠市淮上区田块尺度的评价单元和2 642个土壤采样点。应用GIS的空间分析功能,利用DELPH法、层次分析法和模糊评价等模型,以耕地的养分状况、理化性质、地理条件、管理状况4个方面和17个影响因素为主要评价依据,建立了评价模型。采用积累曲线法确定地力等级评价界限,将淮上区2万多块评价单元划分为5个等级。一等地和二等地主要集中在曹老集镇,其中分别占一等地的96.89%,二等地的70%,三等地和五等地在梅桥乡分布较多,分别占三等地的47.08%,五等地的61.37%,而沿淮河的小蚌埠镇和吴小街镇主要是三等地和四等地。地力等级评价结果能准确反映当地耕地的状况,为淮河流域耕地地力等级评价提供依据。     

基于GIS的前哨农场耕地地力评价

准确地掌握区域耕地地力等级及其空间分布格局,对于提高耕地生产能力具有重要的参考价值。以黑龙江垦区的前哨农场为研究区,以耕地地块为评价单元,在GIS的支持下,应用层次分析法、模糊数学法、综合指数法定量评价了耕地地力,进而分析耕地地力空间地域分布特征与规律。结果表明:农场耕地地力划分为6个级别,旱地和水田都是三级地、四级地数量最多,呈现向五级地、二级地、六级地和一级地逐次减少的正态分布特征;大部分耕地的地力处于中上等水平,且水田地力水平略高于旱地;西南部的第一、第二和第九管理区土壤质地良好、养分丰富、管理措施得当,是该农场优质耕地的集中分布区域。     

四川单季稻区主栽水稻品种的生长模拟

利用四川单季稻区7个农业气象观测站5个主栽品种的田间观测数据,结合当地栽培管理措施、土壤条件及逐日气象资料对ORYZA2000模型进行参数调试,并确定四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的作物参数值;利用4～5a各主栽品种的观测数据对单季稻生育期、叶面积指数、生物量和产量等指标的模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明,合系39营养生长期发育速率最大,而生殖生长期发育速率最小,Ⅱ优838营养生长期发育速率最小,而D优63和汕优2生殖生长期发育速率最大;模型对5个单季稻主栽品种的生育期模拟效果较好,各品种开花期与成熟期的相对模拟误差均在1～2d,归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）均小于1%;各品种产量的NRMSE在5.26%～10.01%,叶面积指数的NRMSE为10.37%～19.19%,地上部总生物量、茎生物量、绿叶生物量及穗生物量的NRMSE分别为13.17%～18.69%、14.31%～20.41%、18.95%～24.74%和20.85%～25.39%。由此可见,ORYZA2000模型能够较为准确地模拟四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的发育及产量形成过程,适应能力较强,可以应用于四川单季稻生产。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.