两级回流生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水效果

针对农村生活污水低碳高氮磷特点,研究两级回流连续曝气生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水的效果和机理。在平均处理量90t/d、水力停留时间为3.0d,稳定运行12个月结果表明,该工艺对化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、全氮、全磷和悬浮物的平均去除率分别为75.7%、84.8%、69.2%、68.0%、58.9%和87.9%;出水化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、全氮、全磷和悬浮物的平均质量浓度分别在51.0、15.8、10.8、16.5、2.3和15.7mg/L以下,满足天津市农村污水处理厂排水标准,改造后工艺运行更加稳定,出水NH3-N和TN有明显改善,符合农村污水处理要求。     

植物浮岛湿地处理太湖流域农村生活污水效果

为了探讨植物浮岛人工湿地对农村生活污水的处理效果,选用女贞、小叶女贞、红冬青和蕙兰4种陆生植物,构建植物浮岛湿地,进行农村生活污水处理试验。结果表明,在模拟自然条件下,水力停留时间为6 d,COD、氨氮、总磷和浊度的去除率分别达到60%、65%、60%和70%;而在间歇增氧条件下,可使COD、氨氮和浊度去除率提高至80%以上,水力停留时间缩短至5 d。动力学分析表明,间歇增氧植物浮岛系统中COD降解过程符合一级反应,其中,女贞的反应速率常数k为-0.591,蕙兰的反应速率常数k为-0.978。氨氮的降解符合零级反应,女贞和蕙兰对氨氮的降解速率分别为46.32 mg/d和43.76 mg/d。在间歇增氧植物浮岛湿地中,植物根系及其表面生物膜对污水中污染物的降解有较好的协同作用。示范工程1 a多连续运行表明,人工植物浮岛湿地一年四季对农村生活污水均有较好的处理效果,出水指标可达《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》一级B排放要求。该研究对于指导江南（太湖）及类似地区采用植物浮岛湿地处理农村生活污水有一定的参考价值。     

植物-土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水

采用植物-土壤渗滤法对桃江县某农村生活污水进行处理研究,结果表明,该复合体系对BOD5、COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为73.5%、76%、85%、89%、85%,出水均达到国家一级排放标准。通过实验证明了该工艺在对于农村生活污水处理中有广阔的应用前景。     

脱氮除磷生物滤池填料制备及其对农村生活污水的处理效果

针对农村生活污水处理过程中,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)难以直接达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准的难题,该研究研制出一种新型脱氮除磷滤料,并对其表征。扫描电镜结果表明该滤料亲水性较好,表面粗糙,大量的空隙和较大的比表面积利于微生物挂膜;光学显微镜观察结果表明,生物膜生长状况良好,活性较高,无需反冲洗就能长期稳定运行。将该新型滤料用于两级生物滤池对农村生活污水的处理研究,考察了水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)、气水比、回流比及温度对系统TN和TP处理效果的影响。研究发现,在一定范围内,污染物质的去除率与水力停留时间和温度成正相关,随着气水比和回流比的增大先上升后下降;温度对TN去除的影响较为显著。试验得出系统运行的最适工况:HRT 5 h,气水比10:1,回流比50%,最利于系统脱氮温度为27℃。系统在最佳试验条件下稳定运行后,出水COD(化学需氧量)、NH_3-N、TN和TP平均质量浓度分别为18.53、0.66、9.78、0.30 mg/L,平均去除率分别为89.82%、99.80%、59.05%、88.31%,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准要求。研究结果可为实际工程和理论研究提供参考。     

组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水

该文对组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水进行了为期10个月的试验研究（包括冬季）。湿地床上部铺设了0.5 m的生物质保温层,使在冬季最低气温-15℃的低温下,系统温度仍维持在7℃以上,保证了系统的正常运行。结果表明,化学需氧量（CODcr）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、总固体悬浮物（TSS）和浊度的平均去除率分别为93.0%、96.0%、88.4%、87.7%、97.0%和89.6%,出水体积质量平均值分别为36.0、11.8、3.5、0.6、3.8 mg/L和浊度9.1 NTU,满足国家排放二级标准。组合家庭人工湿地系统是一种适合农村分散式家庭污水处理的新途径。     

厌氧池-潜流人工湿地处理低浓度农村生活污水的研究

研究了厌氧池-潜流人工湿地系统（anaerobic tank-subsurface flow constructed wetland systerm,AT-SFCW）对江苏省常熟市农村生活污水的处理,探讨了该系统对生活污水中主要污染物的去除效果,并将厌氧池部分与湿地部分的处理效果进行了比较。结果表明,该系统对化学需氧量(CODcr)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)的总平均去除率分别达到44.3%、42.7%、73.9%、45.6%、37.5%,出水平均浓度分别为16.9、5.2、0.1、3.3、1.4 mg/L,达到国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A类标准（GB18918-2002）。系统中厌氧池部分对CODcr、TN、NO3--N的去除率分别达到17.4%、6.7%、57.7%。TP经厌氧池后有较明显的上升,升高率达到15.3%。系统中湿地部分对TP、NH3-N、TN、CODcr的去除起主要作用,去除率分别达到89.2%、44.5%、36.0%、26.9%。该系统对农村生活污水的处理效果较好,建设运行成本低廉,维护管理方便,适合农村地区生活污水处理的运用与推广。     

利用有机覆盖物处理的人工湿地外排焦化废水研究

[目的]为进一步降低污染物浓度,提高钢铁企业水资源循环利用率。[方法]采用水平潜流人工湿地处理外排焦化废水,通过监测分析进出水中浊度、化学需氧量(COD),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,探讨冬季人工湿地植物层不添加及添加有机覆盖物对钢铁企业外排焦化废水净化水平的影响。[结果]在低温季节,水力停留时间为5d时,不添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度,COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为68.55%,14.94%,14.20%和71.26%;添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度、COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为72.54%,21.62%,20.50%和71.88%;有机覆盖膜的保温作用使得COD去除率升幅达44.68%,TN去除率升幅达44.45%。[结论]在植物层添加有机覆盖物作为保温材料,可以提高人工湿地在低温条件下的净化效率。     

园林地慢速渗滤系统处理农村分散式生活污水

针对农村分散式生活污水处理设施缺乏而面源污染严重的问题,该研究从土壤自净功能出发,结合传统土地慢速渗滤处理系统和澳大利亚FILTER系统技术特点,提出了园林地慢速渗滤农村生活污水处理系统,优化了污水处理工艺中的布水和排水系统,提高了系统的污水接纳与处理能力。试验结果表明该系统对TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)、COD(化学需氧量)、TOC(总有机碳)、NH4+-N(铵态氮)均有较好去除效果,平均去除率分别为80.7%、89.2%、89.5%、60.2%、85.7%,出水水质达到一级A类标准。该系统对农村生活污水处理效果良好,具有技术可行、成本有效和管理方便等特点,为中国现阶段农村生态环境建设提供参考。     

不同水力负荷下生物质灰渣填料系统处理生活污水的研究

以生物质灰渣为填充材料,采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验方法,研究了5种水力负荷下生物质灰渣填料对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明:在试验初期,系统内部微生物的活性弱,导致系统出水COD和TN浓度较高。随着进水次数的增加,各指标出水浓度逐渐降低,到后期,随着吸附消纳的饱和,TN、TP和铵态氮浓度表现出逐渐升高的趋势。在整个系统运行期间,5种水力负荷下生物质灰渣对COD的平均去除率分别为39%,62.7%,60.7%,59.1%,60.2%;TN平均去除率分别为34.3%,84%,73.8%,67.4%,40.4%;5种水力负荷下TP出水浓度最高为1.248mg/L,平均出水浓度在0.149~0.496mg/L之间,TP平均去除率为83%~97.6%,去除效果较好;生物质灰渣对铵态氮的去除效果最好,平均去除率高达98%以上。试验后期,在W5处理的高水力负荷运行中,装置出现堵塞现象,系统不能正常运行。总体而言,水力负荷为7.5~10cm3/(cm2·d)时,生物质灰渣的处理效果最好。     

双污泥反硝化除磷系统中氨氮容积负荷的优化

农村生活污水具有处理量小,分散,日变化系数大等特点,分散处理成为农村污水处理的首要选择。该研究采用AAO工艺与BAF组成的双污泥反硝化除磷系统（anaerobic anoxic oxic-biological aerated filter,AAO-BAF）处理农村生活污水,探讨了氨氮容积负荷对该系统BAF单元硝化性能及出水悬浮物（SS）的影响。通过改变水力负荷和有效滤料容积（即方式1和方式）2种方式,氨氮容积负荷在0.43～1.21 kg/(m3·d)之间变化。试验结果表明,随着氨氮容积负荷的增加,氨氮去除率呈现先缓慢降低后急剧减小的趋势,不同的是,出水SS对方式1（即水力负荷的变化）更敏感。当氨氮容积负荷在0.43～1.12 kg/(m3·d)时,氨氮去除率大于81%;当氨氮容积负荷大于1.12 kg/(m3·d),氨氮去除率急剧降低,氨氮容积负荷为1.21 kg/(m3·d),2种运行方式的氨氮去除率分别为65%和68%。当氨氮容积负荷小于0.74 kg/(m3·d)时,出水SS小于10 mg/L;当氨氮容积负荷大于0.74 kg/(m3·d)时,出水SS急剧增加,但方式1增加得更快,氨氮容积负荷增加到1.21 kg/(m3·d)时,方式1和方式2的出水SS分别为21.8和14.2 mg/L。所以,为保证BAF出水水质达到国家一级A排放标准,其氨氮容积负荷应小于0.74 kg/(m3·d)。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.