农田土壤微量元素含量的空间变异特征和影响因素

以浙江乐清市乐成镇为研究区域,采用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法,对土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和B含量的空间变异规律及其影响因素进行研究。描述性统计结果表明,土壤中微量元素Fe、Mn、B含量属于中等变异,Cu、Zn属于强变异。描述空间变异的半方差函数分析表明,Fe、Zn和B的最适模型是球状模型,Mn为指数模型,Cu为线性模型;Fe、Mn、Zn和B的块基比均小于25%,表明具有强烈的空间相关性,Cu的块基比大于75%,表明Cu含量具有较弱的空间相关性。土壤微量元素含量空间分布总体上呈现由东部向西部递减的趋势,其中Fe、Mn和B明显表现出连续分布的特点,Cu、Zn的分布没有明显的规律。土壤类型对Mn、Cu的含量有着显著影响,水稻土中Mn、Cu的含量显著高于红壤;土壤养分和微量元素的相关性分析可知,Fe与土壤pH、OM、全氮、碱解氮以及速效钾呈极显著相关,Mn、B与pH、速效磷和速效钾之间有显著或者极显著的相关性,Cu仅与速效钾显著相关,Zn的含量受土壤养分的影响较小,没有达到显著水平。     

甘肃省河西灌漠土微量元素的空间变异特征

用传统统计和地统计方法相结合，对甘肃省武威及张掖灌漠土耕层土壤有效B，Cu，Fe，Mn及Zn等微量元素的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明：武威土壤有效Zn和Fe普遍缺乏，张掖土壤除Zn较缺乏外，其余元素均较充足。描述性统计结果显示不同土壤微量元素的变异程度各不相同。地统计分析结果表明，武威和张掖土壤微量元素空间分布的最大相关距分别在192～477m及141～206m之间；武威土壤中除有效B含量具有中等的空间自相关性外，其余微量元素及张掖土壤所有微量元素均具有强烈的空间自相关性。武威和张掖土壤微量元素分布的分形维数变化范围分别为1．804～1．947及1．945～1．987，其中武威土壤有效B的最低，并具有中等变异程度，其空间变异主要由施肥、作物、管理水平等人为因素引起。其余微量元素及张掖灌漠土微量元素含量的空间分布强烈自相关，其变异主要由土壤母质、地形、气候等非人为因素引起。且张掖土壤中微量元素的空间自相关性比武威的强烈，即包括人为活动在内的表生作用对该土壤微量元素分布的影响较弱。     

曲周县农田土壤有效微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素初探

以河北省邯郸市曲周县为研究区域,采用地统计学与地理信息系统相结合的方法,对曲周县农田土壤有效微量元素铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)含量的空间变异特征及其主要影响因素进行了初步研究和探讨。结果表明:土壤有效Fe、Mn含量的最优理论模型为指数型(R2为0.887和0.553),有效Cu含量为球状模型(R2为0.988),有效Zn含量为高斯模型(R2为0.977)。土壤有效微量元素含量的空间变异程度和空间相关性由大到小依次为:Zn> Cu> Mn> Fe,Fe> Zn> Mn> Cu。从空间分布来看,土壤有效Fe、Mn、Zn含量主要处于低水平,并且土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu含量以片状分布为主,土壤有效Zn含量呈现由西向东逐渐递减的趋势。土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量与土壤有机质含量均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH间没有显著的相关,而土壤有效Cu含量则与土壤pH间存在显著正相关。总体而言,曲周农田土壤有效Fe,Mn,Zn含量相对较低,而有效铜含量相对较高。如果种植对铁锌敏感而且需求量相对较高的作物,应该考虑Fe、Zn肥的施用。     

山东省主要土类高产农田的微量元素及其与理化指标的相关性研究

研究了山东省3大土类2个产量水平土壤表层的5种主要微量元素(Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、B)含量及其与土壤主要理化指标的相关性.结果表明:不同土类的微量元素含量有明显差异,其特征是棕壤严重缺B,富含Fe和Mn.高产农田的有效Fe含量为13.10mg/kg,显著高于中低产田:有效Mn、有效Zn、有效Cu和有效B的含量分别为16.5、1.63、1.40、0.92mg/kg,也高于中低产田,但差异不显著.高产农田缺Mn、轻缺Zn比例分别为9%和33%,略大于中低产田,而缺B比例为28%,则略低于中低产田,其他微量元素不缺.     

吉林省黑土某些微量元素环境地球化学特征

根据吉林省第二次土壤普查资料 ,对黑土中微量元素B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo和Zn的全量、有效态含量、它们在土壤剖面中的迁移分布等环境地球化学特征及其影响因素进行了研究 ,得出如下结论 :①吉林省黑土B、Mn、Mo、Zn的全量缺乏 ,Cu、Fe的全量略低 ;②黑土B、Cu、Zn的有效态含量缺乏 ,其中Zn严重缺乏 ;③黑土剖面中 ,B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn等微量元素全量与有效态含量分布相似 ,均以淋溶层最低 ,表层和淀积层较高 (Mo的全量除外 )。微量元素有效态含量剖面分布中淀积层层次较深 ,表层富集程度稍强 ;④黑土中B、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn的有效态含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著的正相关 ;B、Mo的有效态含量与 pH值呈显著正相关 ,而Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的有效态含量则与pH值呈负相关 ;黑土B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn有效态含量与其全量均达到显著相关水平。根据吉林省黑土中微量元素全量和有效态含量分布的特点 ,需施用微量元素肥料 ,增加黑土中微量元素的含量 ,促进该地区农业的可持续发展     

靖边县北部风沙区土壤微量元素含量及分布特征研究

在野外采样、室内分析与统计的基础上,对陕北靖边县北部风沙区土壤有效态微量元素的含量及分布进行了研究.结果表明,该地区土壤中B,Cu,Zn,Fe和Mn等微量元素有效态含量的平均值分别为:0.421mg/kg,0.505mg/kg,0.582mg/kg,7.092mg/kg和7.251mg/kg,它们的变幅分别在2.582～0.022mg/kg,1.194～0.158mg/kg,3.944～0.096mg/kg,26.08～2.4mg/kg和13.39～2.082mg/kg之间;在水平方向上,B,Cu,Zn和Mn的含量呈由南向北增高的趋势,Fe则表现出由西向东有所增加;土壤垂直剖面中,0~20cm的耕层B,Cu,Zn,Fe和Mn明显高于20~40cm和40~60cm土层的含量.     

长江中游农田土壤微量养分空间分布特征

为了更好地掌握长江中游土壤肥力状况,运用地统计学和Arc GIS技术相结合的方法,对湖北、湖南、江西三省41 943个土壤样品的微量养分(铁Fe、锰Mn、铜Cu、锌Zn、硼B)含量的分布特征和空间变异进行研究。结果表明,长江中游土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B的平均含量分别为88.0、27.2、3.05、1.71、0.41 mg kg-1。空间分布特征表现为Fe、Mn均以江汉平原区较低,Zn以湖南省较低,Cu、B空间分布较为不均;与第二次土壤普查结果相比,土壤微量养分含量均有所提高,其中Fe、Mn、Cu含量为缺乏或严重缺乏的面积比例分别降至0.1%、2.2%和0.1%,而Zn和B分别为30.8%和17.7%。不同的土地利用类型、土壤类型和成土母质对土壤微量养分均有不同程度的影响。随着微量养分在农业生产中的贡献越来越突出,亟须根据土壤微量养分的分布特征进行分区管理。     

长期施肥对关中塿土微量元素有效性的影响

以28年的长期肥料定位试验为基础,探讨了对照不施肥(CK),单施有机肥(M2),单施氮、磷肥(N2P2),有机肥+氮、磷肥配合施用(M2N1P1和M2N2P2)5个施肥处理对关中塿土微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施肥对耕层土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量影响较大,在耕层土壤(0—20 cm)中,长期不施肥土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量均处于亏缺边缘;长期单施氮、磷化肥处理的土壤Fe,Cu,Zn也接近亏缺边缘;而长期单施有机肥、有机肥与氮、磷化肥配合处理,土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量丰富。与CK相比,M2、M2N1P1、M2N2P2均可显著增加0—10 cm土层中有效Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量,10 cm以下土层中,土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn在一定程度上也有增加趋势;N2P2也可增加0—10 cm土层中土壤有效Fe和Mn含量(有效Mn达到显著水平),有效Cu含量降低,对有效Zn含量没有影响,而10 cm以下土层中土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn与CK无明显差异。因此,塿土在不施用有机肥的情况下,应施用微肥以保证作物需求;即使施用有机肥,也应适当补充铁肥和锰肥。有机肥和氮、磷化肥配合施用的土壤微量元素养分状况较好。     

泸州植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异及其影响因素

基于泸州180份植烟土壤样品6种微量元素有效态含量数据,采用地统计方法分析了其空间变异特征,并利用相关分析探讨了其与土壤肥力因子和地形因子之间的关系,旨在为泸州烤烟生态适宜区规划和微肥施用提供参考依据。结果表明,研究区土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B及Mo平均含量分别为70.42、46.72、2.33、1.75、0.34和0.17 mg/kg,总体呈现出南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局。有效B和Mo符合球状模型,其余元素均符合指数模型;6个元素块金值与基台值之比在25%~75%之间,具有中等强度的空间相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。相关性分析表明,土壤有效态微量元素与全钾之间无相关性,与有机质、氮素、磷素及速效钾总体呈正相关;坡度和坡向与土壤有效态微量元素含量之间无相关性,海拔与有效Mn、Cu及Mo呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。肥力因子对研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响强于地形因子。     

秦巴山区耕层土壤微量元素空间特征及影响因子——以镇巴县为例

为充分了解与掌握秦巴山区耕层土壤微量元素现状、空间分布规律及其影响因素,为区域土壤微量元素的科学管理及土壤微肥应用提供理论依据和实践指导,以镇巴县为例,基于2010年陕西省耕地地力调查与质量评价项目数据,采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,研究秦巴山区耕层土壤有效态Fe、有效态Mn、有效态Cu和有效态Zn的空间特征及其影响因素.结果表明：1）镇巴县耕层土壤有效态Fe、Mn和Cu均属中等变异强度,变异系数介于81.38％～97.57％之间,有效态Zn属强变异强度,变异系数为117.09％;2）空间特征上,根据块金系数值,4种微量元素均表现为中等强度的空间相关性,县域质量分数的空间分布呈南部高、西部低格局,空间变异性是由自然因素（土壤理化性质、地形地貌和常年降水量等）和人为因素（作物熟制和村距等）共同作用而引起的;3）镇巴县耕层土壤整体有效态Cu和Fe质量分数丰富,Zn质量分数适宜,19.14％ Mn缺乏（＜5 mg/kg）,需结合不同的耕作制度、土壤类型及其质量分数丰缺水平进行分区培肥与管理.     

青海省黄土丘陵区土壤微量元素空间变异特征及有效性

对青海省黄土丘陵区土壤中主要微量元素的空间变异特征及动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区域中的有效态微量元素铁、铜、锌、硼均属较高变异,有效锰属于中度或高度变异。从土系来看,黑褐土、黑钙土的各有效态微量元素含量均达到丰富级(高),灌淤土的有效态微量元素均远低于临界值。从土壤分层来看,其变异系数变化不大。灌木林地土壤微量元素相对缺乏,仅有效硼达丰富级,混交林地的有效态微量元素含量均达到中高水平。     

Spatial variability and evaluation of status of micronutrients in selected soils around Taihu Lake, China

Background, aim, and scope  Soil micronutrients are essential for plant growth and human health. Spatial variability and evaluation of soil micronutrient status are the research hotspot. The plain of northern Zhejiang Province, around Taihu Lake, China, is a key agriculture production area. With the rapid development of agriculture in Zhejiang Province, the management of soil micronutrients is of increasing concern to sustain crop productivity and human health. Soil-available micronutrients in the study region have not previously been studied in detail. Primary objective of this research was to examine the spatial distribution and evaluation of soil-available micronutrients in the arable land in this agriculturally important region using geostatistics. The controlling factors for the spatial variability of available micronutrients were interpreted. The research findings attained in the present study are of fundamental significance in providing a guideline for precise agriculture management practice and sustaining food security. Materials and methods  Amounts of available Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Mo in 1893 soil samples taken from the arable land in nine counties in northern Zhejiang Province, around Taihu Lake, were measured and their spatial distribution patterns were investigated. Available Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were extracted with DTPA and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy. Available B was extracted with boiled water, then determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. Available Mo was extracted with Tamm reagent and was then determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geostatistics was conducted for the data processing. Results  More than 50% of the arable land were deficient in available Mo, while more than 70% had extremely low amount of available B. Amounts of available Cu, Zn and Mn were relatively high, whereas the soils are extremely sufficient in available Fe. The geostatisticical data shows that Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo were best fit with an exponential model, while Fe and B were best fit with a spherical and linear model, respectively. Copper and Mo had strong spatial dependency, which is attributable to the effects of natural factors including parent material, topography, and soil type; Fe, Mn, and Zn had medium spatial dependency; however, B had weak spatial dependency, indicating an involvement of anthropogenic factors. Nevertheless, the six micronutrients studied all show spatial distribution trend to a certain extent. Discussion  Based on the provincial classification standard of soil micronutrients and the results of the present study, regionalized management of soil micronutrients was recommended. We divided the soil micronutrients investigated in the present study into three types: Type I (Fe), Type II (Mn, Cu, and Zn) and Type III (B and Mo). Type I is sufficient, and its amount needs to be controlled; otherwise, it will be toxic to crops. Type II is enough and its amount does not need to be increased currently through micronutrient fertilization. However, Type III is deficient in substantial areas in the region studied and its cause of deficiency needs to be investigated; its availability needs to be improved to sustain the crop production and food quality. The availability of B and Mo in the north of Zhejiang Province should be regionally managed. Over the past two decades, the spatial variability of soil-available micronutrients in the study region was attributable to the soil formation factors as well as anthropogenic activities such as fertilization, cultivation, and other soil management practices. The lower available B and Mo concentrations in the arable land were apparently due to continuous cropping and intensive applications of fertilizers without adequate supply of micronutrients. The high available Fe and Mn concentrations in the soils were attributed to increasing soil acidification and relatively high soil organic matter contents. The high available Cu and Zn levels of the soils in this region were attributed to intensive utilization of animal manure as fertilizers. Conclusions  Based on the provincial classification standard and the results from the present study, regionalized management of soil micronutrients was recommended. Moreover, the present study would provide an insight into understanding the basis for the development of innovative strategies for land management practices such as precision farming and environmental risk assessment. Recommendations and perspectives  The research findings attained in the present study would help to improve our understanding of spatially variable availability of soil micronutrients and providing a quantitative basis for decision and policy making to develop innovative agricultural management strategies to sustain micronutrient nutrition. Further research should be conducted to elucidate the relationship between soil micronutrient and plant growth and human health.     

三工河流域绿洲土壤微量元素有效含量特征分析

土壤微量元素的含量与分布特征是反映特定地区环境状况的一个重要因素,对土地资源的合理开发和利用具有重要意义.本研究以天山北坡三工河流域冲积平原型绿洲为研究区,选择盐土、潮土和灰漠土3种土壤类型,分析其B、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu等微量元素的有效含量特征.结果表明:⑴以"全国农业系统的土壤速效微量元素丰缺指标"为标准,土壤有效Mn含量属于极低水平,有效Zn和Fe含量属于中等水平,有效Cu属于丰富水平,有效B属于极富水平;⑵三工河流域绿洲土壤中有效Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu含量与土壤pH呈负相关关系;土壤有机质对有效Fe、Cu含量影响很大;有机质和Mn的关系不明显,这和湿润地区研究结果存在显著差异;⑶不同的土壤类型对于土壤有效B、Zn和Fe的含量影响显著;潮土中微量元素的有效含量与盐土、灰漠土中含量相比有显著差异.     

Spatial Distribution and Management Zones for Sulphur and Micronutrients in Shiwalik Himalayan Region of India

Agricultural land degradation due to nutrient deficiencies is a threat to agricultural sustainability. As nutrients availability is influenced by soil heterogeneity, climatic conditions and anthropogenic activities; hence, delineation of nutrient management zones (MZs) based on spatial variability could be an effective management option at regional scale. Thus, the present study was carried out to delineate MZs in the Shiwalik Himalayan region of India by capturing spatial variability of soil properties and secondary and micronutrients status because of the emerging nutrient deficiencies. For the study, a total of 2575 geo‐referenced representative surface (0–15 cm depth) soil samples were collected from the study region covering an area of 53,483 km². The soils were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, available sulphur (S) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B and Mo) concentrations. There was a wide variation in soil properties with coefficient of variation values of 14 (for pH) to 86% for available Mo. Geostatistical analysis revealed spherical, Gaussian, exponential, stable, circular and K‐Bessel best‐fit models for soil properties. Most of the soil properties were having moderate spatial dependence except soil pH and S (strong spatial dependence) and Zn (weak spatial dependence). About 49%, 10%, 2%, 13%, 11%, 12% and 8% area of the study region were found to be deficient (including acute and marginal deficiency) in S, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B and Mo, respectively. The principal component analysis and fuzzy c‐mean clustering were performed to develop the MZs. Four principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 and accounting 65·4% of total variance were retained for further analysis. On the basis of fuzzy performance index and normalized classification entropy, four potential MZs were identified. Analysis of variance confirmed the heterogeneity in most of the studied soil properties among the MZs. The study indicated that the methodology of delineating MZs can be effectively used in site‐specific S and micronutrients management in the Shiwalik Himalayan region of India. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广元植烟土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征及影响因素

为揭示广元植烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素,采用地统计学、相关分析及回归分析等研究方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术对研究区土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌钼及硼等6种土壤有效态微量元素进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤有效铁、锰及铜含量丰富,总体处于中等以上水平;有效钼含量适中;有效锌和硼缺乏,总体处于缺乏或极度缺乏水平。半方差分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素块金系数均在29.72%~67.59%之间,具有中等强度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。空间分布上,土壤有效铁、锰、铜及钼含量表现出北高南低的空间分布趋势,土壤有效锌和硼含量呈现出西高东低的空间分布格局。影响因素分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素与土壤有机质呈正相关,与p H值呈负相关,相关性总体高于地形因子。土壤有机质对有效铁、铜、锌及硼有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.5%~27.2%。除有效锌外,土壤p H值对其余5种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异均有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.0%~30.4%。土类对土壤有效铁、锰及铜有极显著影响,其空间变异性8.4%~12.3%。熟制和种植制度对6种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响较弱,进一步说明研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,但结构性因素的作用强于随机性因素。本研究结果为广元植烟区土壤微肥施肥管理及优质烤烟栽培提供了可靠的参考依据。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0.09~3.67 mg/kg,平均0.35 mg/kg;有效锰22~572 mg/kg,平均244 mg/kg;有效锌0.15~4.02 mg/kg,平均0.53 mg/kg;有效铜0.09~5.78 mg/kg,,平均1.03 mg/kg;有效铁3.2~162 mg/kg,平均21.5 mg/kg;有效锰2.0~131.4 mg/kg,平均23.4 mg/kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异,其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌,棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌;成土母质是影响土壤微量元素的重要因素之一,发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高,而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系,其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

甘肃主要农业土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe的形态及有效性研究

本文对甘肃省主要农业土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的形态及其有效性进行了研究。结果表明，供试土壤的全Ｃｕ含量范围为２２－２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，全Ｍｎ为５４２－７７２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，全Ｆｅ为３５６８５－３８３５５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。四种元素均以灌漠土的含量最低，褐土最高。土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的大部分以残留矿物态和氧化铁结合态存在。生物试验和统计分析表明，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的交换态和松结有机态对植物最为有效，     

农牧交错带草地开垦对土壤有效态微量元素的影响及评价

为明确草地利用方式转变对土壤微量元素的影响,以华北农牧交错带2种类型草地及其相应开垦的农田为对象,采用成对设计的方法研究了开垦对草地土壤表层(0～20cm)有效态微量元素(铜、铁、锰、锌、硼、钼)的影响并对其进行了评价,以期为农牧交错带的科学管理提供参考。结果表明:典型草地开垦导致土壤有效态铜、锌含量分别上升8.8%和16.4%,其他4种微量元素含量下降16.4%～28.1%。根据土壤有效态微量元素评价标准,典型草地区域有效态硼、钼含量处于高水平,有效态铜处于中等水平,有效态锌处于极低水平;有效态铁、锰在典型草地为高水平和中等水平,开垦为农田后分别降到中等水平和低水平。低湿草甸开垦导致微量元素含量下降10.6%～77.7%,其中有效态铁、硼、钼处于极高水平,有效态锰处于中等水平,有效态锌处于极低水平;有效态铜由低湿草甸的高水平降到农田的中等水平。整个研究区土壤有效锌含量限制草地植被和农作物生长发育,由典型草地开垦的农田其土壤有效锰含量不能够满足作物的需求。建议研究区禁止开垦草地并对已开垦的草地实行退耕还草,同时建议建立基于土壤微量元素密度的评价体系。