Long-Term Hydrological Impacts of Land Use/Land Cover Change From 1984 to 2010 in the Little River Watershed,Tennessee

Assessing long-term hydrological impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change is of critical importance for land use planning and water resource management. The Little River Watershed, Tennessee, is an important watershed supporting drinking water and recreational activities within and around the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the Unites States. However, the potential hydrological impacts of LULC change, especially urbanization in recent decades, are not quantified. This paper assessed the long-term impacts of LULC change on streamflow and non-point source pollution using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and a detailed LULC record from 1984 to 2010. The SWAT was first calibrated and validated using observed streamflowin 2010 and then simulated using different LULC patterns in 1984-2010 to quantify the long-term hydrological impacts caused by the LULC change. Simulated results indicated a minor 3% increase in streamflow for the whole watershed from 1984 to 2010, but with a distinct spatial pattern. The increase in streamflow is closely related to urban development. Almost no streamflow increase occurred in the upper watershed within the national park, whereas > 10% increase occurred in the lower watershed, especially in areas close to cities. Model simulation also suggested 34.6% reduction in sediment and about 10% reduction in nutrient loads from 1984 to 2010, closely related to the decrease in agricultural land. However, without calibration and validation, the simulated reduction in the sediment and nutrient loads may be problematic because SWAT mainly simulates the static LULC patterns, whereas LULC transitions, such as construction phases, may generate more sediment and nutrient loads. In addition, the simulation also did not account for the sediment and nutrients generated from stream bank erosion.     

Land Use-Land Cover dynamics of Huluka watershed,Central Rift Valley,Ethiopia

Land Use-Land Cover (LULC) dynamic has of human kind age and is one of the phenomenons which interweave the socio economic and environmental issues in Ethiopia. Huluka watershed is one of the watersheds in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia which drains to Lake Langano. Few decades ago the stated watershed was covered with dense acacia forest. But, nowadays like other part of Ethiopia, it is experiencing complex dynamics of LULC. The aim of this research was thus to evaluate the LULC dynamics seen in between 1973–2009. This was achieved through collecting qualitative and quantitative data using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technique. Field observations, discussion with elders were also employed to validate results from remotely sensed data. Based on the result, eight major dynamic LULC classes were identified from the watershed. Of these LULC classes, only cultivated and open lands had shown continuous and progressive expansion mainly at the expense of grass, shrub and forest lands. The 25% and 0% of cultivated and open land of the watershed in 1973 expanded to 84% and 4% in 2009 respectively while the 29%, 18% and 22% of grass, shrub and forest land of the watershed in 1973 degraded to 3.5%, 4% and 1.5% in 2009 respectively. As a result, land units which had been used for pastoralist before 1973 were identified under mixed agricultural system after 2000. In the end, this study came with a recommendation of an intervention of concerned body to stop the rapid degradation of vegetation on the watershed.     

Erosion risk assessment: A contribution for conservation priority area identification in the sub-basin of Lake Tana,north-western Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem arising from agricultural intensification and landscape changes. Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has intricated the problem in most parts of the Ethiopian highlands. Soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP. Thus, quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource conservation. Therefore, this study has modeled the mean soil loss and annual sediment yield of the Gumara watershed. Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI were used for land use land cover (LULC) change analysis. Besides these, other datasets related to rainfall, digital soil map, Digital Elevation Model, reference land use, and cover (LULC) ground truth points were used to generate parameters for modeling soil loss. The watershed was classified into five major land-use classes (water body, cultivated land, grazing land, built-up and forest and plantation) using a maximum likelihood algorithm covering a period of the last 30 years (1988–2019). The mean annual soil loss and sediment yield were quantified using RUSLE, Sediment delivery ratio (SDR), and Sediment Yields models (SY). The analysis result unveils that within the past 30 years, the watershed has undergone significant LULC changes from forest & plantation (46.33%) and grazing land to cultivated land (31.59%) with the rate of ?1.42km²yr^-1 and -2.80km²yr^-1 respectively. In the same vein, the built-up area has expanded to cultivated and grazing land. Subsequently, nearly 15% (207 km²) of the watershed suffered from moderate to very severe soil loss. On average, the watershed losses 24.2 t ha?¹ yr?¹ of soil and yields 2807.02 t ha?¹ yr?¹ sediment. Annually, the watershed losses 385,157 t ha?¹ yr?¹ soil from the whole study area. Among the admirative districts, Farta (Askuma, Giribi, Mahidere Mariam and Arigo kebeles), Fogera (Gazen Aridafofota and Gura Amba kebeles), East Este (Witimera kebele), and Dera (Gedame Eyesus and Deriana Wechit kebeles) districts which cover 50% of the watershed were found severely affected by soil erosion. Thus, to curve back this scenario, soil and water conservation practices should prioritize in the aforementioned districts of the watersheds.     

Urban Influences on Stream Chemistry and Biology in the Big Brushy Creek Watershed, South Carolina

Naturally high total dissolved solids and upstream agricultural runoff often mask the influence of urban land cover on stream chemistry and biology. We examined the influence of headwater urbanization on the water chemistry, microbiology, and fish communities of the Big Brushy Creek watershed, a 96 km² drainage basin in the piedmont of South Carolina, USA. Concentrations of most major anions and cations (especially nitrate, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and calcium) were highest in the urban headwaters and decreased downstream. Generally, the highest concentrations of suspended coliform bacteria occurred in the urban headwaters. In contrast, stream habitat quality and the abundance, species richness, and species diversity of fishes did not differ significantly between urban and rural sites. Discharge of wastewater treatment plant effluent at one rural location caused an increase in concentrations of many solutes and possibly the abundance of benthic algae. We hypothesize that atmospheric dry deposition and domestic animal wastes are important sources of stream solutes and of coliform bacteria, respectively, in the urban headwaters. The lack of significant differences in fish abundance and diversity between urban and rural sites may indicate that urban development in the Big Brushy Creek watershed has not yet degraded habitat conditions greatly for stream fishes. Alternatively, agriculture or other land uses may have degraded stream habitat quality throughout the watershed prior to urbanization.     

1990-2018年黄河流域(河南段)土地利用格局时空演变

研究长时间序列的土地利用时空演变规律，对科学推进黄河流域生态保护和社会经济高质量发展具有重要意义。该研究基于1990、2000、2010和2018年土地利用遥感数据，以具有中游和下游双重属性的黄河流域（河南段）为研究对象，利用土地利用变化指数、弦图（Chord Diagram）可视化模型及重心迁移模型，探讨了近30年黄河流域（河南段）土地覆被变化的流量、流向、多样性程度及政策启示。结果表明：1）粮食保障用地（约55%）和生产生活用地（约10%）主要分布在平原地带，生态保育用地（约35%）主要集中在海拔较高的山地。2）1990－2018年间旱地的流出和流入行为均体现出显著的主导性，水田、水域和草地以流出行为为主导，城镇用地、农村居民点和其他建设用地以流入行为为主导。3）中心城市的土地利用变化在整个时期内具有明显的区域带动效应。4）粮食保障用地和生态保育用地的重心均向西迁移且面积呈减少趋势，说明下游平原地带的优质耕地减少且生态系统服务功能在逐步减弱；生产生活用地面积逐年增加，城镇用地重心向东迁移表明下游各城镇的社会经济发展逐渐活跃，农村居民点和其他建设用地重心向西迁移表明中游的人口规模逐渐增大。     

Coastal urbanization and the integrity of estuarine waterbird communities: Threshold responses and the importance of scale

Estuarine ecosystems are becoming increasingly altered by the concentration of human populations near the coastline, however a robust indicator of this change is lacking. We developed an index of waterbird community integrity (IWCI) and tested its sensitivity to anthropogenic activities within 28 watersheds and associated subestuaries of Chesapeake Bay, USA. The IWCI was used as a tool to gain insight into how human land use affects estuarine ecosystem integrity. Based on Akaike’s information criteria (AIC), a single variable model including percent developed land in estuarine watersheds was thirteen (2002) and twenty-six (2003) times more likely than models including percent agriculture and forest cover to fit the IWCI data. Consequently, we examined how suburban, urban, and total development shaped IWCI scores at three spatial scales: (1) watershed; (2) inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) watershed (land cover near the coastline weighted proportionally greater than that farther away); (3) local (land cover within 500 m of the coastline). Suburban, urban, and total development were all significant predictors of IWCI scores. Relationships were stronger at the IDW and local scales than at the whole watershed scale. Nonparametric changepoint analysis revealed a >80% probability of a threshold in IWCI scores when as little as 3.7% (2002) and 3.5% (2003) of the IDW land cover within the watershed was urban. Our results indicate that, of the landscape stressors we examined, development near estuarine coastlines is the primary stressor to estuarine waterbird community integrity, and that estuarine ecosystem integrity may be impaired by even extremely low levels of coastal urbanization.     

20 年巢湖流域土地利用变化及生态服务功能价值分析

从流域尺度使用现势的土地利用变化数据和历史的土地利用数据研究了巢湖流域的土地利用变化,分析了巢湖流域1988、1995、2000、2008年土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值,并对近20年间土地利用类型变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化进行了估算,初步揭示了土地利用/覆盖变化对生态环境的影响.     

Land‐use change in two Nepalese watersheds: GIS and geomorphometric analysis

Accurate measurement of land‐use/land‐cover and geomorphometric parameters is important for evaluating watershed conditions, yet these are surprisingly difficult quantities to measure accurately over large areas. Watershed analysis based on the geographic information system (GIS) was carried out in two watersheds in the western development region of Nepal. Land‐use maps were prepared after interpretation of 1978 and 1996 aerial photographs. Digital data for deriving geomorphometric parameters were prepared from topographical maps of scale 1: 25 000. The dynamics of land‐use and land‐cover change within the Mardi and Fewa watersheds were investigated by performing spatial analysis of digital land‐use maps in ArcView 3.1 desktop environment. There was a net increase in forest cover of 2ċ4 per cent and 1ċ1 per cent in the Mardi and Fewa watersheds respectively, with a corresponding decrease in shrub and rainfed agriculture. Land use was found to be highly dynamic with significant internal trading among the land‐use classes. A significant area under agriculture in 1978 was found abandoned in 1996 in both watersheds most likely due to increased out migration of the labour force. Geomorphometric parameters such as hypsometric curves, hypsometric integrals (HI), drainage density and length of overland flow were analysed to explain the watershed conditions. The results of geomorphometric analysis revealed that the watersheds have been subjected in the past to high erosion and are still susceptible to lateral surface erosion hence soil degradation. Some suggestion for management can be derived from this study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MODIS植被指数时间谱的华北平原土地覆盖分类

中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)已在全球资源环境监测中发挥了重要作用，但是它的低分辨率成为提高分类精度的阻碍。利用MODIS的高时间分辨率弥补其低空间分辨率的不足，设计分类器改善分类精度。利用2003年23个时相的MODIS_EVI图像，构建华北平原植被指数图像时间立方体。在谐波分析去噪标准化基础上，从EVI时间谱上提取5个表征物候差异的特征向量，结合表征地气交互作用差异的地表温度(LST)信息及表征地表固有的空间分异特征的坡度信息，建立分类二叉树进行土地覆盖分类。结果表明，与2000年TM分类结果的总体一致性为75.5%，Kappa系数为0.68。而NASA USGS基于MODIS分类精度为66.0051%，Kappa系数为0.3209。进一步与2003年耕地面积的官方统计资料的比较表明，该文的估算误差为34.0507 khm²，而NASA USGS的估算误差高达66.1205 khm²。研究表明利用高时间分辨率的MODIS植被指数时间序列获得较高精度的土地覆盖分类结果是可能的。     

多源土地覆被产品在长三角地区的一致性分析与精度评价

土地覆被数据是全球环境问题,人类活动对生态系统影响评估等相关研究的重要数据源。近年来国内外生产了众多全球尺度或国家尺度上的土地覆被数据集,这些数据集在应用于特定区域研究时精度的可靠性以及多源数据集间的一致性对数据集的选择有着重要意义。该研究以长三角为研究区域,采用混淆矩阵、构成相似性分析和空间一致性分析等方法,对CCI_LC、FROM-GLC、GLC_FCS30、GLCNMO、GlobeLand30和CGLS_LC6种土地覆被数据集进行了基本精度验证及一致性分析,并探讨了面向不同用户需求的土地覆被数据产品的适用性。结果表明:CCI_LC、FROM-GLC、GLC_FCS30、GLCNMO、GlobeLand30和CGLS_LC在长三角地区的总体精度分别为76.89%、78.42%、84.67%、74.26%、80.61%和85.43%;产品间土地覆被类型面积估算的相关系数均大于0.9;FROM-GLC、GLC_FCS30和GlobeLand30三套产品对长三角地区65.51%的土地分类有完全一致性,产品间一致性分别为72.23%、77.99%和76.41%。6种产品对于广泛分布且占研究区大部分面积的耕地、林地、水体和建设用地具有较好的分类精度,湿地、裸地、灌丛和草地分类结果较弱,需要辅助其他数据产品使用。结合地形地貌分析来看,长三角地区土地覆被分类精度整体受地形起伏影响较小,但丘陵密布的浙江省的部分区域受地形影响出现了分类不稳定的情况。从城市发展的角度看,长三角地区土地覆被分类精度受到城市经济发展活跃程度影响。面向用户应用需求来看,耕地类型上CGLS_LC数据具有最优表现,林地和建设用地类别上GLC_FCS30和CGLS_LC具有相近的优秀表现,而水体类别则是FROM-GLC数据更具有优势。     

基于多时相遥感影像分析的城市土地利用/覆盖变化与热环境演变--以徐州市为例

以1987,1994,2000和2005年共4期的Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用先进的决策树分类法获取徐州市土地利用/覆盖信息,通过单通道算法反演地表亮温获取城市热场分布与热环境变化信息,采用土壤调节植被指数SAVI定量描述研究区植被覆盖变化,并综合采用这些信息对城市热环境演变与城市扩展、植被覆盖变化的关系进行了综合分析.结果表明,利用Landsat TM数据结合决策树分类方法,是获取土地覆盖/利用的有效方法.通过计算地表辐射亮温来研究城市热环境变化是合适的,SAVI等因子与城市热环境显著相关,能够有效地定量描述城市扩展及其生态环境响应.研究结果可服务于城市环境保护与人居环境改善.     

近40年克里雅绿洲人口时空变化对土地利用/覆盖变化的影响

研究绿洲区域土地利用与覆盖变化及人类活动对土地利用与覆盖变化的驱动作用,对全球变化科学具有重要意义。该文通过精确空间化的1975年和2015年人口数据与土地利用与覆盖(land use and land cover,LULC)数据,运用网格单元法、线性相关、空间自相关、空间回归模型等方法,兼从全局与局部定量分析克里雅绿洲40a的人口变化与LULC变化的时空动态关系,探讨人口空间变化对LULC变化的驱动作用。结果表明:1)40 a来,克里雅绿洲的扩张表现在:人口显著增加,坤长14.277 7万人并向县、乡、镇中心集聚,建设用地与耕地向南部扩张明显,林地增加但趋于破碎化,草地与水域锐减。2)人口的空间变化是克里雅LULC变化及绿洲扩张的直接驱动力,直接表现为建设用地与耕地向南扩张,间接表现为林地变化、草地变化、水域变化。人口的空间变化对绿洲扩张的内部驱动作用,与绿洲北部恶劣的自然环境、克里雅河自南向北的流向共同作用,导致绿洲向南部扩张。3)地理加权回归模型能够反映更多的异质特征。在总体相关结果下,局部区域可能出现方向相反或大小不等的相关结果。研究可为当地政策制定提供依据。     

Monitoring of soil erosion and assessment for contribution of sediments to rivers in a typical watershed of the Upper Yangtze River Basin

An assessment of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices is very important for watershed management, but the measurement over a small area does not necessarily represent the truth over a large area. Monitoring of soil erosion and analysis of sediment delivery were carried out in the Lizixi watershed (which is typical of the Upper Yangtze Basin, China), using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS). Land‐use and land‐cover maps were prepared by an interpretation of 1986 and 1999 images from SPOT and Landsat TM. Slope‐gradient maps were created from digital elevation model (DEM), while merged images of SPOT and Landsat TM were used to obtain land‐use information. The area of soil erosion was classified by an integration of slope gradients, land‐use types and vegetation cover rates, and soil erosion rates and their changes were calculated in a grid‐based analysis using an Erdas GIS. The change in sediment delivery ratio was estimated based on the changes in soil erosion rates from both monitoring and the truth survey. There was a reduction in soil erosion rate of 4·22 per cent during a 13‐year period after soil conservation practices were adopted in the Lizixi watershed. The amount of sediments transported into rivers has decreased by 51·08 per cent during the same period due to an integrated application of biological and engineering measures. The comparison of soil erosion severity between pre‐conservation and post‐conservation revealed that soil loss has been obviously diminished and the measures were quite effective. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE NORTHERN PART OF GADARIF REGION,SUDAN

Several decades of intensive dry land farming in the Gadarif region, located in the Eastern part of Sudan, has led to rapid land use/land cover (LULC) changes mainly due to agricultural expansion, government policies and environmental calamities such as drought. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse and monitor the LULC changes using multi‐temporal Landsat data for the years 1979, 1989 and 1999 and ASTER data for the year 2009. In addition, efforts were made to discuss the impact of LULC changes on the selected soil properties. For this, a post‐classification comparison technique was used to detect LULC changes from satellite images. Primarily, three main LULC types were selected to investigate the properties of soil, namely, cultivated land, fallow land and woodland. Moreover, soil samples were also collected at two depths of surface soil from ten sample plots for each of the LULC type. For these soil samples, various soil properties such as texture, bulk density, organic matter, soil pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, phosphorous and potassium were analysed. The results showed that a significant and extensive change of LULC patterns has occurred in the last three decades in the study area. Further, laboratory tests revealed that soil properties were significantly affected by these LULC changes. The change of the physical and chemical properties of the soil may have attributed to the changes in the LULC resulting in land degradation, which in turn has led to a decline in soil productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三种土地覆盖遥感数据在中国区域的精度分析

土地覆盖遥感数据的精度分析是数据应用的前提和基础。该文以中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心提供的2000年中国土地覆盖数据作为参考,基于对土地覆盖类型的归并,在各种土地覆盖类型的分布面积、空间位置等方面分析了GLC2000、MODIS V004和MODIS V005三种数据描述中国土地覆盖状况的能力,并引入差异性指数,深入分析影响土地覆盖数据精度的原因,得到以下主要结论:总体上各数据均能反映中国主要土地覆盖类型的分布情况,GLC2000、MODIS V004和MODIS V005数据的总体精度分别为62.8%、61.7%和61.9%;3种数据的乔木林地面积较参考数据均偏大,而建筑用地、湿地和水体的面积均偏小;乔木林地、灌木草地、耕地和裸地冰川的精度较高,建筑用地和湿地的精度较低;GLC2000数据在省级水平上对乔木林地和耕地的描述最准确,MODIS V005数据的平均用户精度和生产者精度最高;土地覆盖数据的精度随着数据差异性指数的增加而降低,随着差异性指数为1的区域面积比例的增加而升高;MODISV005数据的精度受土地覆盖差异性的影响相对较小。     

基于RS与GIS重庆都市区土地利用/覆盖变化过程及预测分析

以重庆都市区为例,借助GIS和RS技术,运用土地利用/覆盖类型的动态度、转移矩阵和马尔柯夫过程研究方法,以重庆都市区1997年和2006年两期的TM数据作为研究对象,对重庆都市区近年来土地利用/覆盖的动态过程分析和未来土地利用/覆盖演变趋势进行了预测。为重庆都市区的土地规划、管理和决策提供依据,同时也为该区土地资源可持续发展提供借鉴。结果表明:1997—2006年间,都市区土地利用类型主要以耕地和林地为主,两者之和占总面积的70%以上;转移数量最大的是耕地,其面积净减少506.67km2,主要转化林地和建设用地;用马尔柯夫过程对2006年土地利用进行检验与预测,总体误差范围在卡方检验范围之内;2006—2024年的预测结果耕地面积百分比从2006年的62.24%降低到2024年的52.46%;建设用地面积百分比从2006年的8.99%增加到2024年的15.91%;林地、草地、水域变化相对较小。     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测蒙阴县土地利用/覆被格局变化

为了解蒙阴县土地利用/覆被的变化规律及其未来变化,由蒙阴县1997年和2007年2个时期的遥感图像获得的土地利用/覆被数据,确定土地利用/覆被的初始状态矩阵和转移概率矩阵,据此用马尔柯夫模型对研究区的土地利用/覆被格局的未来变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明:蒙阴县土地利用/覆被格局正处在一种变化状态,耕地、草地、水域及水利设施用地、未利用地面积在今后一段时期内仍呈减少趋势,到2017年耕地面积比例较2007年减少3.22%,林地、城镇村及工矿交通用地仍呈增加趋势,其中以林地增长幅度较大,到2017年其占比将达到43.45%。根据模拟结果可调整各类土地利用/覆被格局,为宏观决策提供科学依据。     

艾比湖流域近40年来土地利用与覆被动态变化研究

土地利用与覆被变化(LUCC)是全球环境变化的研究焦点,定量评估土地利用变化对区域土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义。选择干旱区典型代表区域———新疆自治区艾比湖流域为研究区,基于1970年和2009年2期的LUCC数据,利用数学模型和ArcGIS分析了艾比湖流域1970—2009年近40 a来土地利用与覆被的变化过程。结果表明,在整个研究时段内耕地和城乡建设用地面积在不断增加,其中耕地面积的年平均变化率为5.21%,城乡建设用地为5.62%,其它土地利用类型的面积均减少;耕地和草地、未利用地与草地之间的转化比较明显;城乡建设用地的动态变化最大,水域的动态变化最小;转入贡献率中占优势的主要是未利用地、草地和耕地,转出贡献率占优势的主要是未利用地和草地。     

利用TM监测中国西部沙漠化进程

利用陕西省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区、青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区和内蒙古自治区西部1986年和2000年的TM数据,通过全数字化解释,得出了土地利用/覆盖在14a内的变化情况。研究工具采用了遥感图像处理软件和地理信息系统软件,通过图像的增强、假彩色合成、几何精纠正、镶嵌、分幅,以及图形数据库和属性数据库的建立,分县统计出了6省的TM目视解释结果。土地利用/覆盖采用了3级分类体系,第1级分为耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用土地6大类。2000年,这6省沙漠、沙地和沙漠化土地面积为85425467hm2,占该地区总面积的26%,大多数位于新疆、内蒙古西部、青海和甘肃,新疆最多,为52035232hm2,占全自治区总面积的32%。14a来,6省新增沙漠化土地面积1610062hm2,已沙漠化土地重新被利用面积为291776hm2,净增1318286hm2,占总面积的0.40%。6类土地类型中,草地沙漠化最严重,达到797081hm2,占到了新增沙漠化土地的50%。