农林复合生态系统的生态学原理及生态经济功能研究进展

 农林复合生态系统是一种人工自然复合生态经济系统,对植被恢复和持续发挥土地生产力,具有极为重要的生态经济价值。在综述前人研究的基础上,论述农林复合生态系统生态学原理及生态经济功能的一系列问题:解析农林复合生态系统的定义和基本特征;归纳农林复合生态系统构建的生态学原理和生态经济功能,其中着重说明农林复合生态系统结构组分选择的原则、依据和结构优化的标志,在生态过渡区构建农林复合生态系统,可发挥双向生态缓冲功能。认为:今后农林复合生态系统的研究,应以受干扰较轻的自然生态系统为参照模式,研究农林复合生态系统组分间的生态关系,生物组分生态和谐机制,小尺度的空间异质性对局部生境植被恢复与构建的生态效应,并加强农林复合生态系统的生态定位研究。     

干旱区人工生态系统的持续发展与耗散结构理论

运用耗散结构理论并结合持续发展理论对干旱区生态系统进行了剖析,提出建立和开发人工绿洲生态系统、实施持续发展战略是干旱区生态系统由荒漠向耗散结构生态经济系统发展的必由之路。     

低山丘陵区农业生态经济系统建设初探——以吉林省中东部黑牛河流域为例

农业生态经济系统是农业生态系统和农业经济系统组成的复合系统,其结构与功能决定着该区的生态环境建设进程。分析了作为低山丘陵区代表的吉林省中东部黑牛河流域农业生态经济系统的结构与功能,探讨了该区农业生态经济系统的建设模式,提出了生态环境建设的调控措施,为该区流域治理和生态经济农业建设提供了可靠的理论依据。     

干旱区人工生态系统的持续发展与耗散结构理论

运用耗散结构理论并结合持续发展理论对干旱区生态系统进行了剖析，提出建立和开发人工绿洲生态系统、实施持续发展战略是干旱我生态系统由荒漠向耗散结构生态经济系统发展的必由之路。     

重庆市可持续发展的生态足迹测度

从供需平衡状况、供需结构等方面定量分析了重庆市生态系统可持续发展的状况,结果表明:2004年重庆市人均生态赤字1.2806hm2/人,人类活动对区域生态经济系统的影响已超出其生态承载力,区域生态经济系统的结构和功能亟需调整;重庆市人均生态足迹的供需结构具有明显不对称性,可用于人类消费的可供生态空间类型结构较为单一,重庆市生态赤字的存在,进一步揭示了当前人地关系紧张的现状。     

黄土高原生态—经济—社会耦合协调发展研究——以长武县、绥德县、神木市和淳化县为例

[目的] 研究黄土高原生态、经济和社会系统之间的耦合协调发展关系,为实现黄土高原地区可持续发展提供参考。[方法] 以黄土高原典型地区长武县、绥德县、神木市和淳化县2001—2019年生态、经济和社会发展状况为研究对象,利用耦合协调度模型和剪刀差法研究该区的生态—经济—社会系统耦合协调发展趋势。[结果] 黄土高原典型地区生态系统综合评价指数波动上涨,经济系统和社会系统综合评价指数稳步上升,生态—经济—社会耦合协调度持续升高;生态和经济系统、生态和社会系统的剪刀差值逐年降低,反映了该地区生态、经济和社会系统之间的关系不断改善,且基本实现了协调发展。经济系统和社会系统对生态环境的影响逐年减弱。[结论] 目前黄土高原地区生态和经济系统、生态和社会系统处于协调发展阶段,但生态环境依然是制约当地发展的重要因素。稳固和发展该区域生态文明建设,缓解经济和生态系统、社会和生态系统之间的矛盾仍然是黄土高原地区可持续发展需要面对的重要问题。     

粤北山区社会-生态-经济系统恢复力及其协调度

[目的] 对粤北山区5市的社会—生态—经济系统的恢复力进行测度和协调度评价，为欠发达地区的可持续发展提供理论基础。[方法] 以恢复力的视角构建了社会—生态—经济耦合系统的理论框架和评价体系，并建立二元和三元协调度模型。[结果] ①社会—经济—生态系统恢复力总体上升，社会子系统和经济子系统恢复力增速较为缓慢，生态子系统恢复力有所下降；②社会—经济—生态系统恢复力等级空间明显，社会子系统恢复力等级升高，呈现“四周高中间低”的特点，经济系统恢复力呈现出“东高西低”的特征，生态子系统恢复力等级出现了下降的趋势。③生态—经济系统濒临失调，社会—生态系统基本协调，社会—经济系统初级协调；社会—生态—经济系统协调度仍然处于轻度失调阶段。[结论] 粤北地区耦合系统的恢复力有待提高，特别是生态系统恢复力。后期应该注重社会—生态—经济系统的协调和和互动能力。     

黄土高原沟壑区王东沟流域农业生态经济系统演变过程

[目的]探讨黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域1986—2013年间农业生态经济系统演变过程,分析不同演变阶段农业生态系统和农业经济系统间的耦合态势,为该地区经济社会可持续发展提供参考。[方法]基于黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域长期监测数据和农户调查资料,建立了农业生态经济系统综合评价指标体系,应用耦合度模型对农业生态经济系统演变过程中的耦合态势进行了分析。[结果](1)黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域1986—2013年间农业生态系统和农业经济系统综合指数呈上升波动趋势。(2)农业生态经济系统演变过程中农业生态系统和农业经济系统耦合态势经历了恢复发展阶段、协调发展阶段、恢复发展阶段,目前处于协调发展阶段。[结论]在农业生态经济系统演变过程中,通过农业资源合理调配,促使农业经济获得新的增长点,农业生态经济系统能够高效稳定发展。     

绥宁县生态示范区农业生态系统能值分析

本文应用能值理论与方法,分析了2004年绥宁县生态示范区农业生态系统环境基础和经济特征.结果表明:绥宁县农业生态系统不可更新资源能值投入和化肥农药的投入能值分别占总能值投入的99.974%、99.816%,能值产出中,畜牧养殖业的能值产出占总能值产出的88.22%,该县的农业生态系统是以养殖业为主.绥宁县农业生态系统2004年总能值投入为8.339×1023 sej·a-1,总能值产出为1.989×1021 sej·a-1,能值可持续指标值为0.108,属高消费驱动型的生态系统.绥宁县农业生态系统应采取措施减少农业生态环境的压力,优化资源利用结构,增加农业生态经济系统的产出能力,提高农业生态系统生产力,以推动该县生态示范区实现可持续发展.     

黄土丘陵区小流域综合治理生态经济过程分析——以宁夏隆德县李太平小流域为例

 从生态经济系统分析角度出发,对小流域生态经济结构及其演变进行分析,以期评价小流域生态经济效益。对比分析了小流域生态经济系统土地利用结构及其适宜性、产业结构、消耗结构和饲料生产平衡,利用线性模型对土地利用结构进行了优化模拟,采用描述生态系统稳定性的多样性指数描述流域经济系统稳定性,并用静态和动态模型对治理经济效果进行评价。流域农、林、牧用地比例由1990年的6．2:2．0:1．0变为2003年的1．9:1．4:1．0;农业产值所占比重由79．6％下降为54．8％;林业、牧业、副业产值比例分别由9．6％、9．6％、1．1％上升为22．7％、15．1％、7．4％。收入多样性指数呈增加趋势,消耗结构趋向合理,饲料供需平衡,经济评价中各指标均显示经济效益显著,表明生态经济结构明显有利于生态经济系统的进展演变,流域生态经济结构趋于稳定,生态经济效益显著。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.