重庆市土地利用变化特征的遥感分析（英）

使用TM影像和参与性农村评估获取的数据,研究了1986-2005年间重庆市土地利用变化的时空特征,结果表明:1986-1997年间,耕地转为建设用地、草地和未利用地开垦为耕地或林地是重庆市3个最大的土地转换类型,而1997-2005年,这一转换则体现为耕地退为林地、建设占用耕地、耕地转换为水体和未利用地开垦为耕地或林地.建设用地的扩张以耕地的减少为代价,而同时又有大量的草地和未利用地开垦成耕地.林地的快速增加来源于草地和未利用地的开发和建设用地的复垦.同时,三峡工程的修建也使得沿江及其支流的部分耕地转换为水域.然而,驱动重庆土地利用变化的这一特征,其主要原因在于政策安排和土地利用覆盖的原始格局.前者决定短时期内重庆土地利用变化的基本方向,而后者则在大的环境背景下,决定重庆土地利用变化异质性的根本性力量.研究有助于理解后备资源短缺下的土地资源压力,对制定合适的土地管理时间策略,监测生态系统状况和态势具有重要意义.     

生态脆弱区土地利用变化及驱动力——以河北省张北县为例

[目的]研究河北省张北县的土地利用变化及其驱动因素,为该区域土地管理决策和土地资源可持续利用供科学依据。[方法]以1989,1995,2000,2010年TM遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感、地理信息系统、数理统计分析等技术与方法,系统分析了张北县土地利用变化的时空特征,剖析了土地利用变化的驱动因素。[结果]张北县主要地类为耕地、林地和草地,1989—2010年土地利用数量变化主要表现为耕地和草地面积的减少,林地和建设用地面积的增加,其中2000—2010年土地利用变化更为剧烈;地类转换主要表现为耕地、草地向林地转变以及耕地、草地向建设用地的转变;空间变化主要表现为东部坝头地区林地增加明显,中部平原地区建设用地扩张明显。[结论]近20年来张北县土地利用变化明显,主要受自然及社会经济因素综合影响。此外政策因素也是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。     

基于地学信息图谱的江汉平原土地利用时空变化分析

为分析江汉平原土地利用时空变化特征,探索土地利用变化原因、过程并预测未来变化趋势,基于江汉平原1990年、2000年和2010年土地利用空间数据,运用地学信息图谱方法,构建两个时序的土地利用变化图谱、涨落势图谱和变化模式图谱,分析了江汉平原1990—2010年土地利用的时空变化规律和发展过程。结果表明:(1) 1990—2010年耕地和水域是主要土地利用类型,耕地持续减少,水域和建设用地持续增加;(2)变化图谱以耕地与水域、建设用地间的互相转换为主。耕地与水域间的互相转化集中于低湖平原区;耕地转化为建设用地贯穿整个研究时段,主要是经济相对发达的城区周边区域;而建设用地转化为耕地发生在后期,集中在石首市和松滋市等地;(3)落势图谱中萎缩耕地面积最大,占68.63%;增势图谱中新增水域面积最大,占46.39%。各县市存在明显差异;(4)变化模式图谱中全期稳定型占据主要地位,其次是后期变化型。研究表明江汉平原土地利用变化呈现土地利用类型"典型化"、土地动态变化"差异化"和土地变化模式"稳定化"的特征。     

三峡库区万州区土地利用时空变化特征研究

以RS和GIS技术为手段,利用TM遥感数据分别提取研究区2000年、2004年、2007年、2012年四期土地利用现状数据,通过土地利用变化相关模型对区内土地利用现状数据进行系统分析与研究。结果表明:近12a来,研究区土地利用结构保持稳定,耕地、林地为区域内主要土地利用类型;土地利用综合程度处于中等水平,且呈上升趋势;土地利用流向特征明显,主要表现为耕地和林地转向水域和建设用地;耕地、林地、水域及草地单一动态度变化不大,建设用地土地利用动态度呈正向变化,未利用地呈负向变化。文章旨为三峡库区万州区资源环境和社会经济的可持续发展提供参考。     

土地利用转移次数与地类的时空变化研究——以湖南省长沙市为例

[目的]深入理解土地利用的变化模式和变化过程,充分利用多期时间序列土地利用数据来探究特征规律。[方法]以长沙市为例,借助地理信息系统(GIS)和IDRISI软件操作平台量化土地利用变化的转移次数和转移地类的时空变化。[结果](1)随着转移次数和地类数的增多,对应变化的像元数在减少,2个地类变化1次的新增变化比较突出。(2)主要表现为城市扩张占用外围耕地和林地明显,面积分别为202.86,169.96km~2,而在乡村地区通过建设用地转为耕地来补给耕地,面积分别为48.27,12.04km~2。(3)其他城镇和长沙市中心城区变化模式相似但辐射能力较弱。[结论]长沙市的城市扩张加速进行,土地整治等能补给少量的耕地和林地,但城市扩张占用外围耕地和林地仍是当地土地利用中主要的变化方式,且当地的土地利用模式和规模遵循一定的城市等级位序。     

基于TM/ETM~+绿洲城市土地利用时空演变分析——以新疆奎屯市为例

绿洲城市是干旱区人地关系最为敏感的区域,以TM/ETM+影像为主要数据源,借助遥感、GIS技术和数理统计方法,从数量和空间迁移等角度对典型绿洲城市——奎屯市近16a来的土地利用变化进行了分析。结果表明:奎屯市1993—2009年土地利用发生了显著变化,以耕地、城乡工矿居民用地增加及草地减少为主要特征;土地利用变化整体呈现出时空不均衡、各地类间更替转换程度大、城乡差异明显等特点;土地利用结构上,优势地类草地减少,耕地和城乡工矿居民用地增加,林地2001—2009年增加显著,水域和未利用地变化幅度相对较小;土地利用类型转换上,6大地类间发生了较大程度的更替转换,东部市区以城乡工矿居民用地和林地增加为主要特征,而西部开干齐乡则主要体现在耕地和草地之间的更替;变化趋势上,耕地、林地和城乡工矿居民用地面积会有所增加,而草地、水域和未利用地则呈减少的趋势。     

基于系统动力学模型的扬州市土地利用结构多情景模拟与实现

[目的]对江苏省扬州市未来土地利用结构进行多情景预测模拟,并探索不同情景下各目标土地利用结构的实现路径,为土地利用规划方案制定与管理提供科学依据。[方法]采用系统动力学(SD)模型模拟土地利用系统开展研究。[结果]在不同情景下几类主要用地差异明显,耕地面积在耕地保护情景下较高,而在生态保护与经济发展情景下耕地缓慢下降;城镇工矿用地与交通水利用地面积在3种情景下均获得稳定增长,但经济发展情景下的增长快于其他2个情景;林地面积在生态保护情景下出现大幅上升,在另外2个情景下则基本保持不变甚至小幅下降。结合各情景指标设定可得出,耕地保护情景下,除控制城镇扩张占用耕地外,还要加强未利用地开发与农村居民点整理以补充耕地;生态保护情景下,则需加强植树造林、保护好具有丰富生态服务价值的水域、滩涂用地。[结论]SD模型不仅可模拟不同情景下土地利用变化,还可将土地利用与社会经济系统之间的复杂非线性关系显化,有利于土地资源可持续利用调控。     

重庆市沙坪坝区土地利用变化与预测研究

以重庆市沙坪坝为研究区,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,获取了1993、2001、2007年3个典型时期研究区的土地利用数据,在GIS空间分析模块下对研究区土地利用类型及格局的动态变化进行分析。结果表明1993—2007年期间研究区的土地利用方式发生了很大变化,建设用地显著增加,耕地明显减少,林地、水体和未利用地呈现波动变化趋势,其中林地和水体总体呈现减少趋势,未利用地则先减少后显著增加。建设用地的增加主要是以侵占耕地和林地为代价,其主要驱动力为人口的增长、工业化及国家宏观政策因素等。应用马尔柯夫模型对研究区的土地利用变化进行了预测,结果表明:未来建设用地和耕地之间的矛盾将变得更加突出,应合理利用土地、控制城市发展规模。     

快速城市化地区土地利用变化研究——以广东省东莞市为例

以东莞市为研究区域,利用1988年、1995年、1998年、2002年和2005年5期不同时相的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,从土地利用变化幅度、土地利用变化速率、土地利用重心转移和土地利用变化空间分异特征四方面探讨了研究区的土地利用变化。结果表明:(1)1988—2005年,东莞市土地利用变化总的态势是耕地大幅减少、城镇用地迅速扩张,大量的农业用地转化为城镇用地,城镇用地快速扩张和耕地大量流失是研究区土地利用变化的主要特征。(2)从土地利用变化的空间特征来看,各土地利用类型重心的转移距离都较大,且农业用地的重心转移方向和城镇用地重心转移方向大致相反;耕地分布的空间正相关性明显减弱,城镇用地分布的空间正相关性明显增强。     

基于RS和GIS的河谷型城市土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究

基于RS和GIS技术,从1990年和2006年兰州市TM和ETM遥感数据和专题矢量数据中提取了土地利用数据,分析了该区16a来的土地利用变化,并从生态系统服务价值的角度,定量评价了该区土地利用变化所产生的生态环境效应。结果表明,1990—2006年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于草地和耕地的转出,其次为城镇交通用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是草地,主要转变为耕地、林地和城镇交通用地。土地利用变化引起生态服务价值变化表现为1990年为43594.95万元,2006年为44084.16万元,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。