黄土高原雨水资源化与农业持续发展

该文详细地论述了干旱缺水和水土流失是制约黄土高原农业发展的限制因素。通过对本区农业生产的主要水源、雨水利用和技术经济可行性及雨水利用与农业可持续发展密切关系的分析,进一步指出,雨水利用是黄土高原农业发展的根本途径。     

天津市城市雨水利用前景建议

雨水利用是缓解城市用水紧张及改善城市水环境的一种重要途径.总结国内外雨水利用技术发展现状,根据天津市具体情况分析天津市雨水利用发展前景,提出天津市在雨水利用中需要进一步研究的问题与建议,对城市雨水利用相关技术发展方向的确定具有一定的参考价值.     

雨水利用的理论与实践──对干旱半干旱区农业可持续发展之路的探索

在我国干旱半干旱地区，干旱是制约农业可持续发展的主要障碍因素之一。通过分析雨水利用的相关问题，讨论了提高农田水分利用效率的途径，在总结已有雨水利用有关理论和技术的基础上，论述了雨水利用与农业可持续发展的关系。指出发展和完善雨水利用研究理论，建立持续农业雨水利用技术体系，并加快成果向现实生产力转化，是干旱半干旱地区农业可持续发展的战略性举措。     

区域雨水资源化潜力计算方法与利用规划评价

 雨水资源化潜力是雨水利用规划的基础,也是半干旱地区水资源开发和生态建设的基础,研究其计算方法十分必要。讨论并定义了雨水和雨水资源化潜力的概念,提出了影响雨水资源化潜力的地形特征因子、降水特征因子和利用方式因子的计算模型,建立了雨水资源化潜力、雨水利用程度的计算模型和计算步骤,并进行了雨水利用规划分析评价。     

基于日水量平衡模型的城市小区雨水池计算分析

随着我国城市雨洪利用工程的快速发展,关于雨水池设计理论及计算也有了较多的探讨和研究,但仍需进一步完善.针对雨水池设计现状,以及半干旱地区的降雨情况,通过对天津市日降雨量的分析,建立了日降雨—用水平衡模型.利用计算机编程计算出不同用水需求条件下,城市小区雨水蓄水池的合理规模.该模型可为雨水池修建提供设计依据,同时也可为源头污染控制以及雨水洪峰调蓄提供数据支持.     

半干旱地区集雨利用模式及其评价

集雨利用是半干旱地区提高生产力和实现区域农业持续发展的重要途径。该文根据国内外近年集雨利用的研究和实践，结合半干旱地区实际，总结提出了雨水收集利用的5种模式，即庭院集雨人畜饮水利用模式、庭院集雨多种经营利用模式、人工汇集雨水农田补灌利用模式、山坡地集雨林草建设利用模式和小流域集雨综合利用模式，对这些模式雨水收集和利用特点和系统化建设效果进行分析；并对集雨利用模式的效益，特别是社会、经济和生态效益评价的指标体系进行探讨，为合理和安全利用雨水资源提供参考。     

我国南方城市建设项目雨水集蓄利用措施及其配置模式

近年来,随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市缺水与内涝的矛盾日益凸显,城市洪涝灾害造成的危害日益加剧,城市雨水的控制利用工程越发受到人们的广泛关注。选取武汉、苏州、杭州等作为南方典型城市,通过实地考察及资料分析,结合各城市雨水控制规划,将雨水集蓄利用措施分为雨水径流集蓄利用、入渗利用、入渗集蓄结合和净化四种类型,分析了各类雨水利用措施的构成、特点、作用和适用性;进一步归纳提出市政配套设施类、公建设施类、居民住宅类等几种典型的城市建设项目雨水集蓄利用措施配置模式。研究成果对提高南方城市雨水集蓄利用效率和指导海绵城市建设具有重要意义。     

青海省东部干旱山区雨水集蓄与利用

青海省东部地区人口相对集中,水资源贫乏。雨水集流利用工程的推广,解决了干旱山区有史以来无水灌溉的难题。雨水的集蓄包括汇集和贮蓄２个环节。雨水的汇集应遵循因地制宜,充分利用,就地取材,降低工程造价的原则;雨水的贮蓄应以水窖贮水为主。雨水的利用包括人畜饮水,发展庭院经济,农副产品加工,发展节水林业,旱作农业等方面,它是一项多功能,少投入,高效益的综合利用工程,是干旱山区社会进步,经济发展和生态建设的有     

西峰黄土区庭院雨水径流调蓄利用经济效益评价研究

庭院雨水径流是农村雨水调蓄利用的重点。根据研究区自然和社会经济特点,结合技术研究和推广应用实际,监测和分析了3种不同雨水调蓄利用模式下监测户的雨水集蓄量、用水来源、耗水量、去向及经济效益等,对西峰黄土区庭院不同雨水径流调蓄利用模式下雨水径流对促进农户经济活动的贡献率进行了研究。     

新沂市丘陵山区雨水集蓄利用灌溉调度优化研究

雨水集蓄利用是近年来缺水型山丘区补充水源的有效措施之一,成为促进当地农业经济发展和农民脱贫致富奔小康的根本途径,其理论研究尚需进一步探讨和完善.该文结合新沂市山丘区雨水集蓄利用规划的实例,采用自优化模拟模型对其雨水利用灌溉调度进行了优化研究,达到了预期目的,实现了丘陵山区雨水集蓄利用灌溉系统的优化调度过程.     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错带土地利用变化及生态效应

 在GIS技术支持下,分析陕北水蚀风蚀交错带1986—1997年土地利用时空变化,并运用马尔可夫模型对未来土地利用进行预测。采用生态弹性度,进行土地利用变化与生态效应研究。结果表明:区域1986—1997年土地利用类型变化主要是水田、旱地、其他林地、高覆盖草地、水体和建设用地增加,其他呈现减少趋势。土地利用的年均动态变化指数为2.4%,土地利用动态变化幅度远远高于绝对值变化量,土地利用类型内部转换非常剧烈。除水田、高覆盖草地和其他草地外的土地利用类型垂直重心下降。生态弹性度整体呈现下降趋势,但降解幅度减小。     

中国旱地农业的发展现状及措施

水资源紧缺已成为我国经济发展和环境建设的制约因素。要注视发展节水高效灌溉农业及旱地农业。该文论述了我国旱地农业的发展现状及其存在的问题，明确了旱地农业在节水农业中的地位与作用，并认为我国旱地农业的可持续发展应以提高用水效率作为农业节水的核心，提高旱地作物生产力为目标，服务于旱地农业地区社会经济、食物、资源、环境的可持续发展。最后针对我国旱地农业的特点，提出了工程节水及生物节水等若干技术措施，探讨了未来旱地农业高效用水技术的发展前景。     

An upland farming system under transformation: Proximate causes of land use change in Bela-Welleh catchment (Wag, Northern Ethiopian Highlands)

A possible way out of the ‘low-level equilibrium trap’ in the Ethiopian Highlands is agricultural intensification. To characterise and quantify current transformations in these permanent upland cultivation systems, a detailed study on land use changes and its proximate causes was carried out in the 41 km² Bela-Welleh catchment (2050–3682 m a.s.l.) in the Wag zone of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia. Land use maps were obtained through aerial photo interpretation (1965 and 1986) and detailed field mapping (2005–2006). Interpretation of topographic maps and field mapping gave knowledge of the spatial distribution of possible explanatory factors. Major land use changes are (1) a gradual abandonment of mountain agriculture which was replaced by woody vegetation (now covering 70% of the upper catchment) and (2) the widespread introduction of irrigation agriculture, wherever water is available (from 0% in 1982 to 5% of the catchment in 2006). Whereas both changes are favoured by government policies, they have now at least partially been taken up by the farming communities. The study demonstrates these land use changes and their influencing factors. Changes of crop- and rangeland into forest occur on the steeper slopes in higher topographical position. Changes from rain fed cropland into irrigated cropland (two harvests) depend obviously on the availability of water, but also on population density, and inversely on distance to Sekota town. We are here in presence of an almost classical example of the mutation of a “permanent upland cultivation system” into a system with irrigated agriculture.     

Is Rainwater Harvesting an Option for Designing Sustainable Cropping Patterns for Rainfed Agriculture?

Rainwater harvesting in small dams has good potential to provide supplementary agricultural irrigation during critical crop growth stages. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cropping patterns: fallow–wheat (FW), mash–wheat (MaW), sorghum–wheat (SW), maize (grain)–wheat (MW), maize (grain)–gram (MG) and mung–canola (MuC); under two conditions: irrigated (Command area of Pira Fatehial small dam) and rainfed (Un‐command area) on sandy loam soil during three years (2009 to 2011). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, three factor factorial (cropping patterns, irrigated/non‐irrigated conditions and years) using four replications. The highest grain yield of wheat (5.6 Mg ha⁻¹) was obtained from the MaW cropping pattern as compared to those from MW, FW and SW cropping patterns. Summer crops (sorghum fodder, maize grain and mash) performed excellent under irrigated conditions. Water use efficiency of wheat (14.3 kg ha⁻¹mm⁻¹) following mash under both the conditions exhibited higher values than when compared with those from SW, FW and MW cropping patterns. However, nutrient use efficiency in SW cropping pattern surpassed the others. Performance of all crops remained better under the irrigated condition during both all seasons and years, as rainfall deficiency was compensated by supplementary irrigations. Hence, this study concluded that farmers having water resources for supplemental irrigation should adopt the MW cropping pattern, based on grain yield, efficient utilization of available supplemental water and better utilization of nutrients. Similarly, based on improved nutrient utilization and monitory outputs, the MaW sequence should be followed in rain‐fed areas for better resource management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tillage practices for soil and water conservation in the semi-arid zone I. Management of fallow during the rainy season preceding cotton

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted on a crusting loess soil in the northern Negev (Israel) with the aim of improving the efficiency of the use of rain by row crops, either in dryland or irrigated farming, and to decrease erosion. The specific objective of the experiments described was to develop methods that enhance infiltration of rainfall during the winter fallow season in an area with a mean annual rainfall of 400 mm which is subject to wide variation.It was found that the traditional tillage system consisting of deep ploughing (35–45 cm) of dry soil in the fall followed by disking, smoothing and ridging is the worst choise as it could result in runoff losses of as much as 60% of the rainfall, accompanied by accelerated erosion. This water loss can be critical to the success of dryland cotton and also determines whether or not a pre-irrigation of about 25% of the total annual water allotment must be given to irrigated cotton.The traditional practice was compared with: deep ploughed land left fallow during the entire rainy season; ridging after subsoiling instead of deep ploughing; subsoiling and ridging carried out in one minimum tillage operation; direct ridging without primary tillage and basin tillage of ridges following either deep ploughing, subsoiling or minimum tillage.This study showed that by far the most effective method for enhancing infiltration and eliminating runoff was the basin tillage system. The method is adaptable both to mechanized farming and to farming based on animal power or manual labour, and its application can ensure success where rainfall is limiting.It was found that laboratory characterization of soil hydraulic properties with a static rainfall simulator allows prediction of runoff on crusting soils. This means that the need for, and the effectiveness of, conservation measures may be estimated using disturbed soil samples, which is quicker and cheaper than field tests.     

闽北坡地不同土地利用方式的降雨与土壤侵蚀的关系研究

以闽北农地、果园、竹林地、清耕地4种土地利用方式为研究对象,分析了54场降雨条件下不同土地利用类型的土壤流失量差异及次降雨量与土壤流失量的关系.结果表明:土壤流失量大小顺序为:清耕地>果园>竹林地>农地;小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨4个雨强等级的土壤流失量均以清耕地为最大,果园次之,竹林地的土壤流失量除在小雨小于农地,其它三个雨量级都高于农地;竹林地和农地从大雨开始土壤流失量增加较快,果园和清耕地从中雨开始土壤流失量增加较快;4种不同土地利用方式的土壤流失量与次降雨量的关系呈指数函数关系.     

不同利用方式红壤坡地土壤水分分配及水肥流失研究

研究南方红壤坡地3种典型利用方式（休闲荒地、常规农作和茶园）的土壤水分分布特征及水肥流失情况。结果表明:①不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分含量变化与降雨量变化密切相关,土壤水分含量高低顺序为休闲荒地>茶园>常规农作。②常规农作产流不稳定,产流量明显高于休闲荒地和茶园,休闲荒地和茶园的产流无差异。③随径流损失的养分以氮素损失为主,养分损失量高低顺序为:常规农作>茶园>休闲荒地。从涵养水源、水土保持及经济效益综合考虑,南方红壤坡地利用以茶园利用为宜。     

西北城市水资源利用的问题诊断与应对措施

从西北地区城市水资源利用存在的问题诊断入手 ,指出了西北城市水资源利用现状和利用过程中存在的城市人口不断增加、产业结构不合理、地下水严重超采 ,地下水位不断下降、水污染严重等问题 ,提出了调整产业结构、控需节流、开源引水、合理开采、补给保护、科学管理 ,治污为本 ,依法治水等应对措施     

西北城市水资源利用的问题诊断与应对措施

黄河的泥沙主要来自黄土高原的水土流失。黄土高原是在下伏古地貌上堆积厚层黄土而形成的。在人类社会出现以前 ,由于植被的保护作用 ,水土流失轻微 ,在漫长的堆积过程中 ,虽然有侵蚀与堆积的多次轮回 ,水土流失也有多次强弱交替 ,但总的说来是水土流失强度小于黄土的堆积强度