施用生物炭对紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤水力学性质的影响

该研究通过野外坡耕地小区施用1%秸秆生物炭1年后的对比试验,揭示生物炭对川中丘陵区紫色土耕作层土壤水力学参数、大孔隙度及其对饱和导水率的贡献率所产生的影响。试验设对照区与施用生物炭区2个处理,各处理有3个平行小区,耕作层土壤分为表层和亚表层(2~7和7~12 cm)。比较2个处理小区试验结果,可以发现:1)施用生物炭导致植物难以利用的土壤滞留水和易流失的结构性孔隙水的含量(θstr)下降,而基质性孔隙中植物有效水含量显著提高(P0.05),由(0.058±0.003)cm3/cm3增加至(0.085±0.002)cm3/cm3;2)表层和亚表层土壤中对产流起主要贡献的半径125μm的总有效孔隙度分别平均增加54%和8%,其中孔径500μm的孔隙增加最为明显,高达110%和355%;3)表层和亚表层土壤的饱和导水率分别平均增加45%和35%。研究证明,施用生物炭,一方面,能增加土壤有效水的持水量,有利于植物抗旱;另一方面,提高土壤导水率,有利于水分入渗,从而减少地表径流及土壤侵蚀的发生。     

桂北地区土地利用类型对土壤饱和导水率和持水能力的影响研究

土壤饱和导水率和田间持水量是土壤重要的物理性质,也是表征土壤入渗性能和土壤持水性能的重要参数之一。通过测定桂北地区不同土地利用类型的土壤饱和导水率和田间持水量,探究土地利用类型对土壤饱和导水率和持水能力的影响。结果表明:不同的土地利用类型下,土壤饱和导水率存在明显的差异性,饱和导水率从大到小依次为农田、天然林、人工林、人工草地、桉树林,饱和导水率的误差范围从大到小依次为:农田、人工林、人工草地、桉树林、天然林;不同的土地利用类型对土壤田间持水量的影响也不同,土壤的田间持水量从大到小依次为:天然林、桉树林、人工林、人工草地、农田,天然林的持水性能相对最好;相对于土壤有机质含量,土壤孔隙度对土壤饱和导水率的正向影响更大,而在一定范围内,土壤有机质含量增加有利于提高土壤持水性能。     

25年长期定位不同施肥措施对关中塿土水力学性质的影响

土壤水力学性质和功能的变化是评价长期施肥是否维持土壤可持续健康发展的重要方面。该研究通过采取"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"的表层原状土壤,分析测定了撂荒(LH)、休闲(XX)、不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)和有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施(MNPK)6个处理的土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率和紧实度等指标,评价了长期定位施肥对土壤基本物理性质和水力学性质的影响。结果表明:1)与CK、N和NPK处理相比,MNPK处理显著提高了土壤有机碳、饱和导水率和孔隙度,而降低了土壤容重和紧实度(P0.05)。2)不同施肥处理之间的土壤水分特征曲线表现出一定的差异,其土壤持水能力强弱为:XXN≈NPKCKMNPKLH;MNPK处理较CK、N和NPK处理持水能力分别提高2.57%、3.33%和7.34%;V-G模型拟合结果表明残余含水量(θ_r)、饱和含水量(θ_s)和进气值倒数(a)都存在一定程度的差异,θ_r在MNPK处理最大,XX最小;θ_s在N处理最大,MNPK次之,CK最小。进气值(1/a)在XX处理最大,LH最小。3)当量孔隙的分布主要在9μm大孔隙范围内,其次是0.2μm小孔隙范围,0.2～9μm之间的中孔隙分布较少。综上,MNPK有助于改善土壤结构,提高土壤持水性,降低土壤容重和紧实度,有助于作物生长和高产,是关中地区较为适宜的施肥措施。     

六盘山华北落叶松坡面土壤饱和导水率空间异质性及其影响因素

为深入理解森林坡面土壤饱和导水率的空间变异,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法研究六盘山华北落叶松人工林坡面不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间异质性,并基于相关性分析揭示其空间变异的主要因素。结果表明:(1)随土层的加深,土壤饱和导水率逐渐增加,不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异程度存在差异,表现为40—60 cm土层土壤饱和导水率为强变异,其他土层均为中等变异。(2)不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间结构也存在差异,20—40,40—60,60—80 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为强烈的空间自相关性,0—20,80—100 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为中等空间自相关性。(3)坡面土壤饱和导水率与石砾含量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间持水量和毛管孔隙度显著相关。综上,研究坡面土壤饱和导水率具有较强的空间变异,石砾含量和土壤物理性质是影响研究坡面土壤饱和导水率空间分布的主要因素。     

放牧对缓冲带水分特性影响的研究

哥伦比亚土壤学教授S.Kumar等研究了农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带、轮作草地及连续放牧草地的饱和导水率、持水力。农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带土壤密度较轮作草地及连续放牧草地低12.6%,0～10cm缓冲带在0、-0.4kPa压力下的土壤含水量较大。农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带、轮作草地的0～10cm土壤大孔隙度分别是连续放牧草地的5.7倍、4.5倍、3.9倍。农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带的总孔隙度、大孔隙度、粗孔隙度、毛管孔隙度比草地高,而微孔隙度较草地低。草地缓冲带和农林缓冲带的平均饱和导水率是轮作草地和连续放牧草地的16.7倍,这说明草地缓冲带和农林缓冲带可较好地保持土壤水分。     

土壤垂向分层和均匀处理下水分差异的数值探讨

在现有众多的陆面过程模型中,对土壤水分的定量描述一般是假设垂向分布均匀,取表层土壤质地来表示整个垂向土壤质地。垂向分层和均匀处理下的土壤水分是存在差异的,这种差异有多大目前少有研究。设置3组不同饱和导水率组合的层状土壤代表不同区域的非均匀土壤,取3组层状土壤的上层土壤代表整个均匀土壤,通过建立一维土壤水分运动模型分析这种差异,同时分析饱和导水率、饱和含水量、残余含水率、孔隙大小分布参数和形状参数对层状土壤和均匀土壤的渗透量和储水量差异的敏感性,探讨垂向层状和均匀处理下土壤水分运动的差异。研究结果表明:1)建立的一维土壤水分运动模型模拟的土壤水分剖面与Yeh解析解和室内五水转化试验的土壤水分剖面一致,表明模型无论是考虑还是不考虑根系吸水都具有可靠性。2)采用垂向均匀方式处理,上下层饱和导水率相差越大的层状土壤,各水文变量的差异越大。当层状土壤上下层饱和导水率相差1.5倍时,层状土壤和均匀土壤的水分分布差别小于0.05 cm~3×cm~(-3);而当层状土壤上下层饱和导水率相差达3.3倍时,层状土壤和均匀土壤的水分分布差别达0.15 cm~3×cm~(-3),渗漏量相差20 cm以上,储水量相差5 cm左右。3)相对于层状土壤下层,均匀土壤下层的持水能力更差,水流速度更快,导致下层水分分布减小,渗漏量增加,储水量减小。4)形状参数n对渗透量的敏感性最强,土壤孔隙大小分布参数对储水量的敏感性最强,形状参数n其次。在实际应用中,如果一个区域的土壤上下层饱和导水率相差较大,那么垂向均匀处理可能会导致很大的误差,和实际土壤的水分分布相差很大,这会严重影响土壤水分的准确估计,在实际处理中需要认真考虑。     

工程堆积体上不同植被类型枯落物和土壤水文效应

为探讨工程堆积体不同植被类型的枯落物特征、枯落物持水及拦蓄能力、土壤物理性状和土壤涵水性能,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别对工程堆积体植被与原生植被的枯落物及0—20 cm土层的持水能力进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型枯落物厚度及蓄积量均存在显著差异(P0.05),原生乔木林、乔木林、灌木林、草地枯落物厚度依次为3.76,2.89,2.67,1.23 cm,蓄积量分别为5.95,3.86,3.19,0.65 t/hm~2。枯落物未分解层厚度、蓄积量均大于半分解层。(2)各植被类型土壤容重与毛管孔隙度范围分别在1.19～1.25 g/cm~3和41.58%～46.13%,原生乔木林土壤容重小于乔木林,而土壤毛管孔隙度大于乔木林。堆积体各植被类型土壤毛管孔隙度大小依次为草地灌木林乔木林。(3)各植被类型土壤最大持水量及毛管持水量均存在显著差异(P0.05),土壤最大持水量与毛管持水量范围分别为44.31～46.23,34.07～37.98 g/cm~3,均呈现原生乔木林最高,乔木林最低。(4)枯落物持水量随时间呈对数关系,吸水速率随时间呈幂函数关系,其吸水速率在0.5 h最高,在4.0 h下降,12 h最大持水量达饱和,吸水速率接近于0。(5)原生乔木林枯落物最大持水率、有效拦蓄率均大于乔木林,工程堆积体各植被类型最大持水率及有效拦蓄率表现为草地灌木林乔木林。从堆积体枯落物和土壤持水能力角度来看,草灌混交这一搭配模式可以作为工程堆积体的先锋植被,用于在堆积体初期构建稳定群落生态结构。研究结果可为工程堆积体开展水土保持治理措施和植被恢复提供理论依据。     

重庆市四面山不同土地利用类型饱和导水率

[目的]探讨不同土地利用类型和土壤理化性质对饱对导水率的影响。[方法]采用定水头法测定四面山不同土地利用类型的饱和导水率,并运用回归分析,相关分析和主成分分析法分析其与土壤物理因子和有机质的关系,以及影响饱和导水率的主导因子。[结果]各土地利用类型的平均饱和导水率均高于荒地,其顺序为:林地农地草地,林地中天然林饱和导水率大于人工林;饱和导水率随土层深度的增加呈负指数递减规律;饱和导水率与容重呈幂函数关系,与孔隙度呈正相关,与黏粒含量呈负相关;有机质含量的提高对饱和导水率有积极的促进作用。[结论]影响饱和导水率的主导因子是容重、有机质、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,其次,土壤机械组成对其也有一定影响。     

黄土丘陵区典型植被土壤物理性质差异及其对导水特性影响

选取黄土丘陵区12种典型植被样地,通过测定各样地不同土层植物残体生物量、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率,研究各指标随土层深度和植被类型的变化规律及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)除容重随土层深度增加外,植物残体、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率均随土层深度减少,其中植物残体大多集中于表层土壤(0—10 cm),占总残体生物量的51.4%～85.7%。(2)不同植被类型其植物残体及土壤物理性质存在显著差异,乔木林地植物残体、农耕地土壤容重、灌木林地非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率均最大,而毛管孔隙度与不同土地利用类型间无显著差异。(3)饱和导水率随植物残体生物量密度(0—10 cm)和土壤容重呈幂函数减小,随毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度呈幂函数增大;土壤容重(BD)和非毛管孔隙度(NCP)是影响土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的主要因素,且土壤饱和导水率可表示为两者的综合非线性方程(K_s=0.6BD~(-4.717)NCP~(0.203),P0.01,R~2=0.63,NSE=0.50)。此外,沙棘灌木林地平均饱和导水率最大,有利于降雨过程中土壤水分入渗,具有较强的水土保持功能。本研究结果可为黄土高原植被恢复生态水文效益评价提供理论依据。     

基于CT扫描技术研究有机无机肥长期配施对土壤物理特征的影响

  【目的】  研究长期有机无机肥配施对土壤孔隙特征、土壤水分参数等土壤剖面物理特征的影响，深入认识有机无机肥配合施用效果的机理。  【方法】  试验基于渭北旱塬12年苹果园长期定位试验，设不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK) 和有机无机肥配施 (MNPK) 3个处理，采用CT扫描法定量分析了0—40 cm土壤样品中大孔隙 (>1000 μm) 的数量，计算了大孔隙度及大孔隙在土壤剖面中的分布特征, 同时采用常规方法测定了0—10、10—20和20—40 cm土壤样品的土壤容重、田间持水量及饱和导水率等。  【结果】  1) 相比NPK处理，有机无机肥配施对0—20 cm土层土壤大孔隙度有提高的趋势，在20—40 cm土层，有机无机肥配施相比单施化肥土壤大孔隙度提高了91.7% (P < 0.05)；MNPK处理土壤大孔隙数量在3个土层均为最大，在0—10和20—40 cm土层，分别较NPK处理提高了38.4%和54.8% (P < 0.05)。NPK处理大孔隙数量在0—10和10—20 cm分别显著高于CK。2) 与不施肥相比，单施化肥除10—20 cm土层土壤的饱和导水率、田间持水量有明显升高外，其它土层没有明显变化，而有机无机肥配施0—10、20—40 cm土层土壤的饱和导水率、田间持水量较不施肥均有明显提升；有机无机肥配施相比不施肥、单施化肥在不同土层的土壤容重均为最小，而20—40 cm土层单施化肥的土壤容重较不施肥提高了2.8% (P > 0.05)。3) 相关分析表明，土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙度与田间持水量、土壤饱和导水率呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01)，与土壤容重呈极显著负相关 (P < 0.01)，而与土壤机械组成无显著相关性。  【结论】  相比单施化肥，长期有机无机肥配施改善了苹果园0—40 cm土层土壤的大孔隙状况和土壤的持水、导水性能，在20—40 cm土层效果更明显，有机无机肥配施可改善渭北旱塬苹果园土壤物理性质。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.