华北半湿润地区土壤酸化和有机碳测定方法的比较

土壤无机碳去除是土壤有机碳(C)准确定量的前提。研究以华北半湿润区石灰性土壤土壤为对象,采用不同浓度HCl和不同酸化时间对土壤进行处理,并用碳氮元素分析仪法("燃烧法")和Walkley-Black湿氧化法("湿氧化法")测定土壤有机碳。研究结果表明,3 M酸化后的农田土壤有机碳浓度低于0.5 M和1 M。燃烧法测得的土壤有机碳浓度随酸化时间延长无明显变化,而对于湿氧化法,土壤经过12 h酸化后,土壤有机碳浓度开始显著降低。对于0~5 cm土壤,燃烧法测得有机碳结果高于湿氧化法(p0.05),而对于5~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤有相反的结果。鉴于湿氧化法的低氧化性和土壤中可能存在的Cl-干扰,造成土壤有机碳的低估或高估,燃烧法对于土壤有机碳的准确更为可靠。对于华北半湿润区农田土壤,0.5 M和1 M浓度HCl和2 h的酸化处理能够较彻底的去除土壤中无机碳。     

催化氧化法与直接燃烧法测定土壤总碳之比较

土壤碳库由有机碳库和无机碳库两大部分组成。选择黑土和潮土两种不同类型土壤,分别通过直接燃烧和催化氧化方法测定土壤总碳含量,以揭示两种方法测定结果的可比性及其差导显著性,每个样品每种方法重复测定5次。结果表明：催化氧化法和直接燃烧法测定的黑土总碳含量平均值分别为(15.10±0.03) g/kg和(15.38±0.32) g/kg,t检验两种方法的测定结果无明显差异。催化氧化法测定的潮土总碳含量为(15.07 ±0.06) g/kg,直接燃烧法测定潮土总碳含量为(15.76 ±0.18) g/kg,t检验结果差异明显。两种仪器土壤总碳测定结果精密度均较高,相对偏差均小于5%。为采用仪器方法测定土壤总碳含量及土壤碳库量变化提供参考。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤 沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比 ,微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验 ,两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤／沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比，微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验，两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

水体沉积物与岸边土壤颗粒组成及有机碳分布特征

以长春市新立城水库和第二松花江干流沉积物及其水体岸边的土壤为对象,研究沉积物、土壤的颗粒组成(有机无机复合体)及有机碳在颗粒中的分布特征。结果表明:松花江沉积物和岸边土壤有机无机复合体组成均以砂粒复合体为主,粉粒复合体含量次之,黏粒复合体含量最少;整体而言,粘粒和粉粒复合体中有机质含量稍高,砂粒中有机含量略低。新立城水库沉积物有机无机复合体组成以黏粒复合体为主,粉粒复合体含量次之,砂粒复合体含量最少,而岸边土壤各级复合体的含量基本相当,大部分样品砂砾含量略微偏多;沉积物的有机碳平均含量高于土壤,且其黏粒复合体有机碳含量全部高于土壤黏粒复合体的有机碳含量,而粉粒复合体和砂粒复合体有机碳含量均低于岸边土壤的有机碳含量。以上说明对于流动性较大的河流,其岸边土壤各级复合体对沉积物复合体组成和有机碳分布均具有一定的贡献,而对于流动性较小的湖库,其岸边土壤各级复合体中黏粒复合体对沉积物复合体的组成和有机碳的分布具有较大的贡献。对于松花江水体而言,沉积物和岸边土壤粘土矿物组成基本相同,说明其中的沉积物颗粒部分来源于土壤。     

水稻土和湿地土壤有机碳测定的CNS元素分析仪法与湿消化容量法之比较

土壤固碳研究中需要精确的(有机)C计量,而常规的湿氧化法与CNS元素分析仪法测定结果的吻合性足C计量中的问题.国外对旱地土壤的研究表明,这两种方法的结果基本可以对比,但是否同样对于湿地土壤也适用还不清楚.采用CNS元素分析仪(仪器法)和重铬酸钾外加热湿氧化法(容量法)对20个水稻土样品,26个淡水湿地土壤样品和20个沿海湿地土壤样品进行了总有机C(TOC)的对比测定.结果表明,无论是土壤的表土样品还是剖面样品,仪器法测定结果约低于容量法10%以下.两种方法对淡水湿地土壤和水稻土的有机C含量的测定可以对比,但是重铬酸钾氧化容量法对于含氯化物较高的沿海湿地土壤有机C的测定可能不精确.CNS元素分析仪测定的精密度和准确度较高,可以用于各种湿地土壤的C计量.     

有机-无机复混肥中有机质测定方法的比较研究

采用稀释热法、沸水浴法和油浴法分别测定有机-无机复混肥的有机质含量,并比较了3种方法的精度与准确度。结果表明:沸水浴法和油浴法测定复混肥有机质的相对标准偏差(RSD)和回收率均符合实验要求,值得推广应用;而稀释热法的相对标准偏差(RSD)随着复混肥有机质含量的增加呈上升趋势,为0.55%~6.24%,且单个样品回收率有时超出100%±5%范围。与沸水浴法和油浴法相比,稀释热法的稳定性和准确性相对较差。同时,本研究以灼烧法为参照方法得出稀释热法、沸水浴法、油浴法测定有机-无机复混肥有机质含量的氧化校正系数分别为1.63、1.49、1.24,高于用此3种方法测定土壤有机质含量时的氧化校正系数。     

稻草和硫酸铝添加对苏打盐碱土活性有机碳及有机无机复合体的影响

通过室内水田模拟培养试验,研究了淹水条件下稻草和硫酸铝添加对苏打盐碱土微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳及有机无机复合体的影响。结果表明,秸秆添加显著提高了土壤微生物量碳和微生物商,提升幅度分别为108.5%~310.3%和76.1%~178.3%,低量稻草添加更有利于土壤微生物量碳和微生物商的增加。硫酸铝能够进一步促进土壤微生物量碳的增加,且硫酸铝添加量与微生物量碳的含量呈正相关关系。在未添加稻草的处理中,添加硫酸铝能增加土壤易氧化有机碳含量,降低土壤有机碳的Kos值。添加稻草和硫酸铝均能不同程度的提高土壤易氧化有机碳的含量。Kos值随稻草添加量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,随硫酸铝添加量的增加呈增加趋势。秸秆添加促进较小粒级复合体向大粒级复合体团聚,同时提高了各粒级复合体内有机碳的含量。硫酸铝添加能够促进秸秆分解产生的有机胶体与无机颗粒形成有机无机复合体,促进土壤的团聚,同时提高大粒级有机无机复合体含量及有机碳含量。     

六道沟小流域地形序列土壤碳剖面分布特征及影响因素

为了更好地理解黄土高原植被恢复与生态重建过程对土壤碳循环过程的影响,研究选取位于黄土高原六道沟小流域的典型土壤地形序列(东北坡NE序列,西坡W序列),分析了不同坡向间及同一坡向内随植被类型变化土壤有机碳和无机碳的剖面分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:六道沟小流域地形序列土壤有机碳含量在0—50cm土层内随土层深度增加而显著降低,50cm土层以下基本趋于稳定,且剖面上层(0—50cm)有机碳含量显著高于剖面下层(50—200cm,p0.05),但在同一深度土层(0—50,50—200,0—200cm)不同坡向林地和草地土壤有机碳平均含量均没有显著差异(p0.05)。与有机碳相比,无机碳含量相对较高并且主要在剖面下部(50cm以下)不同深度土层富集。NE序列林地和草地剖面无机碳平均含量接近(p0.05),而W序列林地剖面无机碳平均含量显著高于草地(p0.05);不同坡向草地剖面无机碳平均含量无显著差异(p0.05),但不同坡向林地剖面无机碳平均含量表现为W序列显著高于NE序列(p0.05)。0—50cm土层有机碳含量与pH、容重和土壤含水量均呈极显著负相关关系,而与土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关关系;50—150cm土层无机碳含量与pH和土壤总孔隙度均呈极显著负相关关系,而与容重、黏粒含量和土壤含水量均呈极显著正相关关系。NE序列和W序列2 m土体总碳密度相当,分别为15.2~47.4kg/m~2和18.3~51.3kg/m~2,其中无机碳密度占78%~94%,1—2m土层总碳密度占2m土体总碳密度的35%~74%。若只考虑土壤有机碳库或只考虑浅层1m土壤碳库,六道沟小流域2m土体总碳储量平均将被低估88%和51%。     

有机物料还田对华北小麦玉米两熟农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

中国农业废弃物种类多、数量大、利用率低、污染重。将有机物料还田,是实现废弃物资源化利用的重要途径。该研究以循环农业理念为指导,选择代表农田内循环的秸秆以及代表农沼循环、农牧循环、农菌循环、农工循环的废弃物沼渣、猪粪、菌渣和酒渣为试验材料,开展了等碳量还田定位试验,分析各有机物料还田后对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。结果表明:1)连续施用有机物料提高了土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。随着有机物料还田年限的增加,土壤TOC、LOC和MBC含量均不同程度地增加,年平均增幅分别为:15.57%~22.82%、20.00%~38.31%和16.30%~50.56%。还田5年后各有机物料处理土壤TOC、LOC、MBC和DOC含量平均分别是无机肥处理的1.24~1.62、2.07~3.19、1.20~2.06和1.05~3.36倍。2)不同有机物料中均利于土壤TOC含量的提高,秸秆提升效果相对最差,沼渣、菌渣、猪粪、酒渣和秸秆还田处理的0~20cm土壤TOC含量平均增长速率分别为:22.82%、21.88%、16.42%、16.13%和15.57%。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI