土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤 沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比 ,微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验 ,两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

振荡浸提电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤中速效钾及交换性钙、镁

采用振荡浸提法对土壤样品进行前处理，电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对样品试液中速效钾及交换性钙、镁含量进行测定。该方法简单、快捷，测定结果准确可靠，重复性、稳定性好，明显提升了分析检验工作效率。     

粮食和饲料作物中含铅量的测定方法

介绍一种快速而精确地测定粮食和饲料作物含铅量的方法。向装有样品的微波酸消化罐中加入硝酸和五氧化二钒，在巨福炉中消化样品后直接用电热原子吸收分光光度计测定含铅量，测出极限０．０４ｎｇ／ｍｌ。用西班牙国家标准技术局的标准样品检验该法的精确度和准确度。以西班牙地中海沿岩地带５１种粮食和饲料作物的样品检验该法的分析结果，表明该法很适合测定这些作物的含铅量，在常规法不能测出的低含量至２．６９５μｇ／ｇ的范围     

基于熵权的福建粮食产量组合预测模型

本文尝试将组合预测法应用于福建省的粮食产量预测，以提高预测的精度。运用平均绝对百分误差（MAPE）等5个预测效果的评价指标对各模型进行综合比较，结合熵权法客观地为每种预测方法分配权重；通过赋予合理权重，将各模型的预测结果加权求和得到最终的预测结果，建立了福建省粮食产量组合预测模型。利用1949—2004年福建粮食产量资料进行拟合检验，组合模型的精度明显提高。     

作物需水量模拟计算结果有效性检验

作物需水量是确定节水高效灌溉制度、制定灌溉排水规划和水资源合理配置必不可少的重要参数。当前模拟计算作物需水量的主要方法有FAO-56双作物系数法、双涌源能量守恒模型、根系层水量平衡模型和SWAP模型,而各种方法均有利弊和使用条件。不论采用哪种方法模拟计算作物需水量,其结果必须进行有效性检验,否则不能用于上述工程项目。该文用FAO-56双作物系数法基于灌溉试验数据模拟计算了人工牧草——老芒麦、冰草的需水量,并对模拟计算的需水量采用拟合相关图法、回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法进行了有效性检验。拟合相关图法属定性检验,给出了统计相关趋势;回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法为定量检验,给出了模拟计算值与实测值间的拟合优度和残差估计误差的范围。这种定性定量相结合的方法有效地检验了需水量模拟值与其实测值间的一致性,其结果可用于工程项目中。     

人工神经网络在冻土水盐空间变异与条件模拟中的应用比较

该文利用人工神经网络的BP模型建立了具有类似普通Kriging(OK)法和条件模拟(CS)运算目标的人工神经Kriging(NK)方法，在黄河河套平原进行了耕地和盐荒地初冻期、最大冻深期和融通期土壤水盐时空变异性的模拟和估值，通过NK法与OK法、CS法模拟、估值、检验结果及3种方法的理论变异函数、统计参数与实验变异函数的对比，结果表明NK法在消除滑动平均影响方面优于OK法，并以类似于CS法的空间变异性进行模拟，而且NK法有自身独特的优点，它不需要协方差函数的估计和变异函数的推求，对于含有一定特异值和一维到三维空间的扩展有更强的适应性，是对空间变异性应用研究方法的一种补充，同时拓宽了ANN的应用领域，具学科融合的优势。     

基于主成分分析法的苹果酒香气质量评价模型的构建

利用顶空法固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定了12种苹果酒中的部分重要香气成分，利用主成分分析法建立了苹果酒香气质量评价模型，并用该模型对12种苹果酒香气质量进行了评价，结果表明苹果酒S12的香气质量最好；进一步通过感官评价法对模型评价结果进行了检验，结果表明2种方法具有很好的一致性，表明该文提出的方法是可行的，为果酒香气质量的评价探索了一种新的途径。     

基于冠层相对湿度的日光温室黄瓜叶片湿润时间估计模型

叶片湿润时间是日光温室作物病害预警系统的关键输入,基于相对湿度的叶片湿润时间估计模型（简称RH阈值模型）是最简便的估计模型之一。为了在日光温室实际环境中对模型参数进行校准和检验,以夏末秋初的日光温室盛果期迷你黄瓜为试材,以5 min为间隔自动采集冠层相对湿度数据,采用试错法、平均值法和叶湿频率法3种校准方法对RH阈值进行校准,分别获得相对湿度RH=90%、89%和93% 3个阈值,并采用均方根误差法、回归分析法以及一系列误差分析指标对校准结果进行检验。结果表明：试错法和平均值法的预测效果要显著好于叶湿频率法,误差一般在1～2 h左右;与本试验中普遍超过3 h的叶片湿润时间相比,RH阈值模型监测效果仍然可接受;验证结果中,平均值法的效果反而好于试错法,这说明在实际应用中不能仅局限于一种校准方法。该文总结的模型校准和检验方法,以及构建的基于冠层相对湿度的叶片湿润时间估计模型,可以用于日光温室黄瓜叶片湿润时间监测,符合日光温室黄瓜病害预警系统的要求。     

环境水样中高锰酸盐指数的微波消解测定法

利用微波新技术,对放在密闭容器内的样品进行微波加热处理,能大大加快其反应速度。本实验测定了不同水样中的高锰酸盐指数,讨论了微波功率、微波时间、酸度等因素对分析结果的影响,并与标准方法相对照,用F-检验法及t-检验法检验,没有明显差异,多次加标回收率在98.0%—103%之间,RSD≤1.2%,结果令人满意。该法具有省时、省力、经济、不污染环境、便于普及推广、宜于批量分析等优点。     

1961-2017年贵州降水时空变化特征

为研究贵州地区降水的时空演变规律,根据贵州省84个气象站1961-2017年的降水量资料,利用EOF和REOF方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Cramer法、YAMAMOTO法和滑动t检验及Morlet小波分析法,对贵州地区57年来降水的空间分布、时间系数变化特征和时间序列的趋势性、突变性及周期性进行了分析。结果表明:EOF方法可以很好地解释降水场的时空分布特征,前2个特征向量累计贡献率达50.08%,揭示了两种典型的分布场,即全局型和东西反向型。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数,贵州省的降水场主要表现为全省多雨、全省少雨、东多西少、东少西多4种类型,REOF可将贵州降水场分为东西部两个区域,通过Mann-Kendall检验发现均存在降水减少的突变,并通过Cramer法、YAMAMOTO法和滑动t检验对结果进行验证,发现Ⅱ区比Ⅰ区降水突变明显。Morlet小波分析表明,贵州地区降水存在着显著的28 a周期变化。     

Misidentification of soil bacteria by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and BIOLOG analyses

 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis is commonly used by soil scientists as a sole method for identifying soil bacteria. We observed discrepancies with this method for identifying certain species of bacteria. Therefore, we used carbon substrate oxidation patterns (BIOLOG) and some simple physical and chemical tests to determine the extent of these discrepancies. Identification with FAME profiles gave false positives for Arthrobacter globiformis, Micrococcus kristinae, and M. luteus, and identification with BIOLOG patterns gave a false positive identification for A. globiformis. A visual check and Gram stain are recommended when FAME analysis identifies soil isolates as M. kristinae or M. luteus, and an additional spore formation test is recommended when FAME and BIOLOG analyses identify isolates as A. globiformis. Received: 14 January 2000     

Relative stability, performance, and superiority of crop genotypes across environments

Assessments of the stability as well as the performance of plant genotypes across diverse environmental conditions are important to plant breeders and agronomists as tools for selecting superior cultivars for the target environments. In this study, the shortcomings of fitted response as an indicator of relative stability are discussed and use of a genotype-environment correlation coefficient, r _ge, as a measure of relative stability is proposed. Two other relevantindices are introduced: performance index, p _i , and superiority index, s _i . The latter is a compound index for stability and performance that provides a simple method for selecting superior genotypes for relevant environments. In application, a distinction is made between specific stability (over space and microclimate) and general stability (over space and time) depending on the format of the specified environmentalindex. A statistical significance test for relative stability is considered and three datasets are used to demonstrate the application of derived indices under varying environment combinations. Appraisal of the method and some currently appealing procedures applied to the same dataset reveal a general concordance under similar conditions. The introduced parameters prove to be simple, convenient tools for examining data from plant adaptation trials in the presence of genotype × environment interaction.     

A rapid and simple field test for phosphorus in Olsen and Bray No. 1 extracts of soil

Abstract

Farmers are increasingly aware of the need for correct fertilizer management, and have developed a keen interest in the rapid and accurate assessment of soil nutrient status. A simple field‐based soil test for phosphorus (P), adapted from commonly used laboratory tests would allow the farmer to assess quickly fertilizer requirements. We have adapted the malachite green method for the determination of P in water to a single‐solution technique for the determination of inorganic P in Olsen and Bray No. 1 extracts of soil. The method was modified for use in the field. The proposed method is at least four times as sensitive as the commonly‐used ascorbic acid method, simpler in application and the reagent is much more stable.     

Simultaneous measurement of soil water and soil hardness using a modified time domain reflectometry probe and a conventional cone penetrometer

Soil strength and water content are important indices for assessing soil resistance to root growth and soil compaction both of which affect other soil properties. Therefore, simultaneous measurement of soil penetration resistance (PR) and soil water content can aid agricultural land management. We measured PR with a conventional cone penetrometer, followed immediately by determining water content using a modified TDR probe inserted into the penetrometer hole. From the results of a field feasibility test, soil water content was measured satisfactorily and correlated well with data obtained by the gravimetric method, except for those data from near the surface owing to soil disturbance when the cone penetrometer was extracted after the PR measurements. Field results demonstrate that PR and soil water content have three‐dimensional variability, with a markedly different distribution pattern between cultivated and subsoil layers at the field scale. Overall, the variability in the PR and soil water data is similar to that reported in previous studies. We conclude that our method produces results helpful to field management of soil and water because it is based on a simple and easy technique for the simultaneous measurement of soil water content and PR.     

Seasonal variation in field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in two swelling clay soils in Sweden

A simple method (the inversed auger hole method) for measuring field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) was investigated. Measurements were carried out in the spring, summer and autumn at three depths in two Swedish clay soils (Ultuna and Limsta, with clay contents of 45–60%0 and 65–80%, under barley and grass/clover ley respectively). Seasonal fluctuations in K_fs at Limsta were more pronounced, and were observed deeper in the profile. This was attributed primarily to larger structural changes due to a higher capacity for swell/shrink (normal shrinkage over the available water range) and an earlier drying up of the soil under grass/clover ley. It was shown that the measured K_fs values were strongly correlated with the total inter aggregate (macro-) porosity (e_t), estimated from a simple model of soil shrinkage. Combining the data from both soils, a single power-law relation was adequate (r= 0.73) to describe the variations in K_fs with e_t     

Analysis of Oil Content in Jatropha by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry

Thirty-two diverse Jatropha curcas L. cultivars were analyzed for their oil content by the standard Soxhlet extraction method using hexane as solvent. The results were then compared with those obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The cultivars had a wide range in oil content, which ranged from 4.8 to 38.8% by the Soxhlet method and from 6.0 to 38.9% by the NMR method. The values of oil content determined by the NMR method were highly significantly correlated (R² = 0.9929, P < 0.0001, n = 32) with those obtained using the Soxhlet method. The NMR method is simple, nondestructive, rapid, and accurate for the routine analysis of oil content in Jatropha.     

Effect of nitrogen application on the A N value of soil

Pot experiments were conducted with two soils, from Rottenhaus and Seibersdorf in Austria, to ascertain whether the rate of fertilizer N application and the test crop would influence the amount of N available in the soil as assessed by the A-value method. ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer was applied at rates of 10, 25, 40, 60, and 100 mg N kg^-1 soil, corresponding approximately to 20, 50, 80, 120 and 200 kg N ha^-1 respectively, and two crop species, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and non-nodulating soybean (Glycine max L.) were used to determine the soil A _N value under the various fertilizer regimes. The results showed that the Rottenhaus soil had a higher A _N value than the Seibersdorf soil, suggesting that the former was more fertile than the latter. The A _N values of both soils were significantly affected by the level of N application. When grown in the same soil, the two test crops showed significantly different fertilizer use efficiency and per cent N derived from fertilizer when the rate of N application exceeded 20 kg ha^-1. Thus, the A _N value as determined by the two test crops differed significantly for the same soil when the rate of N application was greater than 20 kg/ha. The difference was greater when the soil fertility level was high. The dependence of the A _N value on the level of N application and the species of crop seriously compromises the suitability of this method for determining plant-associated N₂ fixation. Hence, considerable caution is required when using this method to estimate plant-associated N₂ fixation.     

应用微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测农药对蜘蛛的遗传毒性

应用蜘蛛血细胞微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳试验研究了两种杀虫剂——吡虫啉和阿维菌素对蜘蛛头胸部和腹部的遗传毒性。结果表明:各供试浓度吡虫啉和阿维菌素对蜘蛛血细胞微核率均有明显影响,与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01);且随着两种农药浓度升高,血细胞微核率显著增加,存在明显的剂量效应关系(吡虫啉浓度与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞微核率相关系数r=0.672 8,腹部为r=0.800 6;阿维菌素与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞微核率相关系数r=0.989 9,腹部为r=0.985 8)。吡虫啉和阿维菌素对星豹蛛血细胞DNA损伤有明显的剂量效应关系(吡虫啉浓度与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞DNA损伤相关系数r=0.948 2,腹部为r=0.970 4;阿维菌素与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞DNA损伤相关系数r=0.978 1,腹部为r=0.975 6)。两种农药在同一浓度下,对星豹蛛腹部血细胞微核率和DNA损伤程度明显大于头胸部。     

Modified Dough Preparation for Alveograph Analysis with Limited Flour Sample Size

Dough rheological characteristics obtained by alveograph testing, such as extensibility and resistance to extension, are important traits for determination of wheat and flour quality. A challenging issue that faces wheat breeding programs and some wheat research projects is the relatively large flour sample size of 250 g required for the standard alveograph method (AACCI Approved Method 54‐30.02). A modified dough preparation procedure for a small flour sample size was developed for the alveograph test method. A dough was prepared by mixing 80 g of flour with 60% water absorption (2.5% salt solution) for 4 min in a 100 g pin mixer; it was then sheeted and cut into three patties of defined thickness. Data generated by the modified dough preparation method were significantly correlated with the results from the approved alveograph method. The correlation coefficients (r) for each of six alveograph dough characteristics of 40 different advanced breeding lines and wheat varieties were 0.92 for P (mm H₂O), 0.73 for L (mm), 0.83 for W (10^–4 J), 0.90 for P/L, 0.90 for le (%), and 0.76 for G. The modified dough preparation was easier and more convenient than the approved method, and test time for the modified dough preparation was shorter by 20–25 min. This modified dough preparation procedure for the alveograph may be useful for wheat breeding programs as well as an alternative to the approved alveograph method for milling and baking industries and wheat quality research.