避霜剂配方筛选及其对棉花生长发育的影响

对设计的１０个避霜剂配方进行田间应用效果评价,结果表明,ＢＳ１,ＢＳ５和ＢＳ８在棉花系统喷施后,生育进程加快,株型和成铃结构发生改变,内围铃增多,吐絮期提早霜前花率提高,皮棉比对照增产１．５％￣５．４％。     

控释氮肥和控释钾肥对棉花产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

为探究控释氮肥和控释钾肥在棉花上的应用效果,于2014年和2015年在山东省金乡县进行了连续两年的田间定位试验,以当地习惯施肥为对照(CK),研究普通尿素60%基施(CRNK)对棉花产量、品质和0～100 cm土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明,硫加树脂包膜尿素、树脂包膜尿素、树脂包膜氯化钾田间养分释放期分别为65、86、82 d,一次性基施可供应棉花整个生育期养分需求。与CK相比,CRN和CRNK处理提高了棉花单铃质量和成铃数,分别显著提高皮棉产量15.0%～20.1%CRNK处理显著提高了皮棉产量,分别增产9.3%～13.7%产量无显著差异,但CRNK较CRN处理增产2.5%～7.2%。与CK处理相比,CRNK处理棉花收获期0～20 cm土壤硝态氮和速效钾含量显著提高了38.5%壤硝态氮及速效钾含量,显著提高棉花单铃质量和成铃数,从而提高皮棉产量,节时省工增效,经济效益显著。     

控释钾肥对大蒜-棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素供应的影响

于2013-2015年在山东农业大学试验站进行连续3年5季的池栽试验,以硫酸钾基施(CK1)和氯化钾基施(CK2)为对照,探究氯化钾50%基施+50%盛花期追施(KCl D)、氯化钾配施硫磺基施(KCl S)、控释氯化钾基施(CRK)和控释氯化钾配施硫磺基施(CRKS)对棉花各生育期叶片光合特性和土壤速效钾含量变化以及蒜棉套作体系产量的影响,为棉花合理施用钾肥提供理论依据。结果表明,控释氯化钾在土壤中养分释放能够满足棉花各生育期钾素需求。CRKS较普通钾肥基施处理提高了铃期和始絮期土壤速效钾含量,提高了铃期后叶片SPAD值和净光合速率,增加了成铃数和单铃重,皮棉显著增产16.9%~30.9%。CRKS较KCl D和CRK皮棉分别增产12.2%~16.1%和8.7%~10.4%。大蒜蒜薹和鳞茎产量均以CRKS最高,较其余处理分别增产2.8%~27.9%和4.8%~23.5%。CRKS较CK2显著提高了纤维长度、整齐度指数和伸长率。经过3年施肥后,CRKS较普通钾肥基施显著提高了土壤水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾含量。因此,控释氯化钾配施硫磺在棉花上一次基施代替硫酸钾和氯化钾提高了棉花生长后期土壤钾素供应和有效性,改善了叶片光学特性,提高了棉花产量和品质。     

播期对麦(油)后直播棉产量、品质及氮磷钾利用的影响

为明确长江流域下游棉区麦(油)后直播棉生产的适宜播期,本研究以?中棉所50‘为材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,研究不同播期(5月15日、5月25日、6月4日、6月14日和6月24日)对直播棉产量、品质及养分利用的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,棉花生育进程推迟;花铃期日均温和日照时数降低、有效积温先升高后降低且以6月4日播期花铃期有效积温最高。可见,前3个播期棉花花铃期温光条件较好。棉株与生殖器官的生物量及氮磷钾累积量随播期推迟降低,且前3个播期的棉株生物量和养分累积进入较高速率累积期早于后2个播期的棉株。随着播期的推迟,直播棉成铃数与皮棉产量显著降低。与5月15日播期相比,其余4个播期直播棉的皮棉产量分别降低15.9%～16.9%、13.1%～16.9%、26.9%～33.5%、58.2～62.0%。100kg皮棉氮、磷和钾吸收量随播期推迟而增加,但养分利用效率降低。不同播期间,以6月4日和6月14日播期棉纤维综合品质较优。综上,本试验条件下,5月15日—6月4日是长江流域棉区麦(油)后直播棉获得较高产量的适宜播期,该播期内适当推迟播种有利于棉花优质纤维的形成。     

甘肃河西东部热量资源在地膜棉花栽培中的开发利用

通过分期播种试验 ,及对甘肃省河西东部地膜棉花栽培的热量资源开发利用 ,结果表明 :地膜棉花发育速度快 ,干物质积累速度比无膜高 1.3g/ 10株 ,结铃多 3个左右 ,铃重增加 0 .5～1g,霜前花提高 1倍左右 ,产量提高 2 7%～ 5 4 %。地膜棉花栽培是河西东部地区发展棉花生产的有效途径     

适宜施氮量提高棉花氮磷钾养分积累和皮棉产量

  【目的】  棉花是喜磷喜钾作物,适宜的施氮量不仅可以保证棉花的营养生长,还会促进磷、钾的吸收。为此我们研究了中熟和中早熟棉花品种的适宜施氮量。  【方法】  田间试验于2019—2020年在河南安阳开展。试验采用裂区设计,主区设7个施氮量:0、60、120、180、240、300、360 kg/hm2,依次记为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300、N360;副区为黄河流域两个主栽棉花品种冀棉228 (中熟)和鲁棉研28号(中早熟)。在棉花采收期,测定了棉花地上部生物量、产量及氮、磷、钾含量,计算氮、磷、钾累积量和皮棉生产效率。  【结果】  与N0相比,中熟品种冀棉228地上部生物量在施氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,随施氮量的增加显著增加,施氮量超过240 kg/hm2后生物量不再显著增加;而中早熟品种鲁棉研28号地上部生物量在施氮量超过180 kg/hm2后,就不再显著增加。施氮显著增加了冀棉228和鲁棉研28号地上部的氮、磷、钾累积量,冀棉228分别增加了37.5%、23.5%、29.2%,鲁棉研28号分别增加了47.2%、34.0%、35.5%。鲁棉研28号提高的幅度大于冀棉228。棉花氮、磷、钾积累量的增加65.9%～82.4%是由于地上部生物量的增加,17.6%～34.1%是由于地上部氮、磷、钾含量的增加。冀棉228的单株成铃数和鲁棉研28号的单铃重均随着施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,通过线性加平台模拟得到的两个品种的最高产量施氮量分别为180和188 kg/hm2,对应的皮棉产量分别为1661和1538 kg/hm2。氮、磷、钾皮棉生产效率均随施氮量增加而显著降低。磷素、钾素皮棉生产效率与氮素皮棉生产效率呈正相关。产量收获指数与氮、磷、钾的累积量显著负相关,而与氮、磷、钾收获指数间呈显著正相关,可作为肥料利用效率的间接选择指标。  【结论】  适宜的施氮量可有效提高棉花地上部生物量和氮、磷、钾含量,二者的增加共同提高了棉铃和地上部的氮磷钾累积量,生物量增加对提高氮磷钾积累量的贡献率为65.9%～82.4%,氮、磷、钾含量增加的贡献率为17.6%～34.1%。氮素皮棉生产效率与磷素、钾素的皮棉生产效率呈正相关。综上,氮素吸收可促进棉花对磷、钾素的吸收,本试验条件下,冀棉228和鲁棉研28号皮棉产量和氮磷钾吸收利用率均较高的施氮量分别为180和188 kg/hm2。     

高产棉花膜下滴灌硼素营养及硼肥喷施技术研究

通过田间小区试验和室内分析,研究高产棉花品种对硼素营养的需求规律及硼肥喷施技术。结果表明,高产棉花对硼素的需求量较大,且在铃期需求量最大,可达总吸收量的56.20%。铃期较花期喷施硼肥增产效果好。在生育期中要求硼肥喷施次数、喷施浓度也不同,花期喷施1次0.7%溶液或花期、铃期喷施2次0.5%溶液,增产效果最好。当喷施0.1%的低浓度硼肥溶液时,喷施3次比2次增产效果好。     

施肥与缩节胺配合对麦后直播夏棉光合特性及产量的影响

研究了大田条件下3个N、P、K施肥水平配合2个缩节胺(DPC)用量对麦后直播夏棉光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,尿素225kg/hm2、过磷酸钙450kg/hm2和氯化钾150kg/hm2配合喷施DPC90g/hm2,有利于提高夏棉叶片PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fo)、光合效率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),棉花群体光合速率(CAP)高,单株结铃多,优质铃增加,铃重大,比其他处理皮棉增产17.4%～33.9%。     

滨海棉田土壤盐分时空分布特征及对棉花产量品质的影响

选择2个棉花早熟品种中棉所102(CCRI-102,苗期盐敏感)、中棉所103(CCRI-103,苗期较耐盐)和3个滨海盐土自然盐分水平(土壤浸提液电导率为6.29,9.51,12.83dS/m)进行盐土直播棉试验,研究滨海棉田土壤盐分时空分布特征及对棉花产量品质的影响。结果表明:(1)滨海棉田花铃期土壤含盐量随棉花生育进程的推进基本呈下降趋势;随着土层的加深,土壤含盐量逐渐下降并趋于稳定;0—20cm土壤含盐量最高,变幅也最大。(2)水溶性盐离子以Na+和Cl-为主,分别约占阳离子和阴离子总量的60%~70%和70%~80%,其它阳离子主要为K+、Ca2+、Mg2+,阴离子主要为SO42-。(3)随着土壤盐分的增加,棉株干物质累积、单株铃数、铃重、皮棉产量均呈下降趋势,两品种间趋势一致,且CCRI-102高于CCRI-103。土壤盐分对马克隆值影响最大,对纤维强度和纤维伸长率无明显影响,CCRI-102的主要纤维品质指标如纤维长度、纤维强度和马克隆值皆略高于CCRI-103。(4)CCRI-102花铃期的耐盐性高于CCRI-103。棉花品种苗期的耐盐性是立苗的基础,花铃期的耐盐性则是提高产量品质的关键。     

水氮供应对棉花花铃期净光合速率及产量的调控效应

为揭示水氮供应对黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田棉花光合特性和产量的调控效应,采用3种灌溉水平和5种氮素水平的田间试验,研究水氮供应对花铃期棉花净光合速率及产量的影响。结果表明,在施N 0～300 kg/hm2范围内,棉花花铃期日均净光合速率和蒸腾速率均随施氮量增加而增加,超过N 300 kg/hm2时略有下降。施N 150、225、300和375 kg/hm2较不施氮处理籽棉产量分别增加33.9%、45.8%、50.9%和49.2%;灌溉水生产力分别提高33.3%、45.8%、50%和50%。3个灌溉处理间籽棉产量差异不显著,灌溉水生产力依I1（10800 m3/hm2）、I2（9450 m3/hm2）、I3（8100 m3/hm2）顺序递增。棉花花铃期净光合速率与籽棉产量、秸秆生物量、单株铃数、铃重和籽指间均存在极显著正相关关系。在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田,施N 300 kg/hm2能够促进棉花花铃期净光合速率,有利于籽棉产量和水生产力的提高;与当地采用的10800 m3/hm2灌溉量相比,降低灌溉量至8100 m3/hm2不降低籽棉产量,使灌溉水的生产力提高27.5%。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.