湘东丘陵区不同母质发育底土的土壤微生物商

土壤微生物商(土壤微生物生物量碳和有机碳的比值:MBC/SOC)常作为表土有机碳和肥力变化的敏感指标,但能否应用于不同母质发育的底土仍有待验证。通过选取湘东丘陵区3种母质发育的土壤(花岗岩红壤、酸性紫色土和第四纪红土红壤),挖掘土壤剖面采集土壤样品深至母质/母岩层,研究不同母质发育底土的微生物商分布和差异。结果表明,3种母质发育土壤SOC和MBC含量随剖面加深而降低,但微生物商在某些深层底土层(淀积层、母质层)升高。在酸性紫色土和花岗岩红壤底土层,微生物较易利用的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量也出现升高现象。底土DOC/SOC的升高可部分解释微生物商的剖面分布规律。土壤MBC含量与SOC、DOC含量均呈显著正相关关系,但MBC含量与DOC含量关系更为密切。在湘东丘陵区,微生物商无法指示不同母质发育底土的SOC和肥力差异,评价底土的肥力质量还需综合考虑SOC、MBC含量等其他土壤指标。     

不同母质发育土壤的中红外吸收光谱特征

选取湘东丘陵区四种典型母质发育土壤(酸性紫色土、花岗岩红壤、板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤),采集剖面(深至母岩/母质层)样品,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究灼烧去除有机质处理、土层深度和母质类型对土壤中红外吸收光谱特征的影响,分析吸收光谱与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,去除有机质后,特征区的中红外吸收值升高,反映矿物质对红外吸收谱线的强烈影响。在剖面上,底土(60~80 cm或100~120 cm)的中红外吸收值高于表土(0~20 cm),与土壤有机质含量的剖面分布相反。四种土壤的中红外光谱均属典型的高岭石图谱。砂粒、粘粒含量与红外吸收值的相关性最好,砂粒含量的最大相关系数(0.51)出现在3700、913和720~540 cm~(-1)附近,粘粒含量的最大相关系数(0.54)出现在1100~694 cm~(-1);本研究表明,原土的中红外吸收光谱特征主要受矿物质的支配,可以很好地反映土壤质地的状况,指示土壤质量变化。     

青海湖流域草甸土光释光年代学研究

高山草甸土是青藏高原的主要土壤类型,其特征为土层薄、土壤发育微弱,但由于土壤具体的发育时代尚不明晰,限制了对草甸土成土过程和气候背景的理解。选取青海湖流域西南部的橡皮山顶草甸土两个剖面(XPSD1、XPSD2)和东南部的日月山垭口两个剖面(RYS1、RYS2)进行了光释光(Optically Stimulated Luminescence, OSL)年代学研究,系统分析草甸土中颗粒(38～63μm)石英单片再生法测年的可靠性,探讨了草甸土发育的气候背景。结果表明:(1)OSL测年方法可有效运用于高山草甸土的测年中,释光自检验表明该测年结果可靠。(2)四个剖面的年代结果显示,现存的草甸土主要是晚全新世(4～0 ka)形成的,可能是相对干冷气候下的产物,其成土发育过程以风尘加积为主。(3)橡皮山顶2号剖面底部的黄土母质年代为16.2±1.8 ka,与上部土壤呈假整合接触,存在约14 ka的沉积间断。     

不同母质发育的柑橘园土壤团聚体及有机碳分布特征

作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤肥力的组成部分,土壤团聚体对其物理、化学和生物学特性均具有重要影响。选取湖南省永兴县5种典型母质发育的柑橘园土壤,采用湿筛法研究不同成土母质的柑橘园土壤团聚体结构变化和有机碳分配规律。结果表明:(1)研究区不同母质发育土壤以>0.25 mm粒径团聚体为主,占85.94%～95.89%,其中板页岩风化物发育的黄泥土中大团聚体含量最高;(2)不同母质柑橘园土壤团聚体的水稳性大小为板页岩风化物(黄泥土)>第四纪红色粘土(红黄泥)>石灰岩风化物(灰红土)>砂砾岩风化物(红砂土)>河流沉积物(河砂泥);(3)不同母质柑橘园土壤团聚体有机碳含量、团聚体有机碳储量和团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率均随着团聚体粒径的减小而减少;(4)平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)和土壤可蚀性(K)与>2 mm团聚体间的相关系数最大,表明>2 mm团聚体含量是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因子;(5)>2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率与土壤团聚体MWD和GMD呈显著正相关,与土壤K值呈显著负相关,与土壤D值呈显著负相关。总体而言,目前南方柑橘果园施肥管理应注重增施有机肥,提高土壤结构的稳定性,从而降低水土流失的风险。     

黄土高原古土壤成土过程的特异性及发生学意义

中国西北地区 ,从中新世以来就有持续不断的风尘沉积。这种风尘沉积作用即使在气候较为湿热的古土壤发育时期也未中断。黄土上土壤发生的独特性在于成土过程与风尘沉积的同步性。这种独特的成土过程使得土壤剖面深厚而均匀 ,常呈复合性状。古土壤与下伏黄土 ,不再是土壤与母质的关系 ;古土壤的真正母质应是成土过程中不断添加的风尘物质。古土壤中并不存在埋藏A层 ,对古土壤进行A、B、C等发生学层次的划分值得商榷。由于富含碳酸钙风尘物质的不断添入 ,成土作用强度受到不断削弱 ,绝大多数古土壤的成土作用强度未达到棕壤的发育强度。     

贵州中部山区植烟土壤有机质含量与海拔和成土母质之间的关系

土壤有机质含量影响着烤烟的产量和品质,与成土母质类型关系密切。本文在贵州中部山区7个烤烟主产县共采集了42个典型烟田耕层多点混合农化样品和来自剖面的165个发生层样品。对土壤有机质含量分析结果表明,贵州中部山区植烟土壤有机质含量的平均值为27.7 g/kg,变幅为24.3~31.6 g/kg,变异系数为9.48%,土壤有机质含量总体处于全国第二次土壤普查肥力评价标准中的三级水平(20~30 g/kg),总体处于植烟适宜水平;贵州中部山区植烟土壤有机质含量与海拔高度呈极显著正相关关系;沟谷堆积物母质发育的土壤有机质含量显著高于第四纪红土和岩类风化残积-坡积物母质发育的土壤;在剖面垂直分布上,土壤有机质含量均表现出较强的表聚性,表现出较明显的从上往下依次递减的规律,不同成土母质发育形成的土壤在相同土层上有机质含量由高到低依次是沟谷堆积物第四纪红土岩类风化残积-坡积物。     

贵阳市乌当区不同母质发育的土壤理化性质和重金属含量差异研究

在贵阳市乌当区采集了9种母质（岩）上发育的土壤样品763个，分别测定了土壤的主要理化性质和主要重金属元素含量，通过对比分析表明不同母质（岩）发育的土壤理化性质和重金属含量都具有很大的差异。土壤理化性质的差异性主要表现为：石灰岩、红色粘土、老风化壳和页岩发育的土壤质地粘重。砂岩发育的土壤质地较轻，钙质紫色砂页岩、白云岩、砂页岩和河流冲积物发育的土壤质地适中；石灰岩、白云岩和钙质紫色砂页岩发育的土壤pH值为中性至微碱性。河流冲积物发育的土壤pH值为中性，其余5种母质（岩）发育的土壤pH值为酸性至强酸性；白云岩、钙质紫色砂页岩和河流冲积物发育的土壤有机质含量较高，而砂岩发育的土壤有机质含量较低，其余5种母质（岩）发育的土壤有机质含量介于二者之间；河流冲积物、石灰岩、白云岩和钙质紫色砂页岩等发育的土壤CEC较高，而砂岩发育的土壤CEC较低，其余4种母质（岩）发育的土壤CEC介于它们之间。土壤重金属含量差异性表现为：钙质紫色砂页岩、石灰岩、河流冲积物等发育的土壤中锅、铬、汞的含量较高。而红色粘土、河流冲积物和石灰岩等发育的土壤中铅和砷含量较高，砂岩发育的土壤中5种重金属元素的含量均为最低，其余母质（岩）发育的土壤中5种重金属元素的含量均介于上述之间。通过相关性分析结果表明：研究区域内土壤重金属镉、铬、汞、铅、砷的含量差异主要是由于成土母质（岩）的差异性所致，土壤理化性质的变化则是影响土壤重金属含量的次要因素。     

南方典型母质发育水稻土剖面酸化特征研究

明确我国南方典型母质发育水稻土的剖面酸化特征及其影响因素,为稻田土壤酸化有效防控及治理提供理论依据.选取湖南长株潭区域不同母质(板页岩、第四纪红土、花岗岩、河流冲积物、砂岩、石灰岩及紫色砂页岩)发育的潴育性水稻土剖面,分别测定耕作层(A)、犁底层(P)、潴育层(W)及母质层(C)各层次的土壤pH,利用A与C层间pH的变...     

湖南澧阳平原玉成土壤剖面粒度组成及其环境意义

通过对澧阳平原大量的野外考察、典型剖面玉成(YC)土壤剖面的系统采样和室内粒度分析和年代学分析,探讨了YC土壤剖面的粒度特征,揭示了澧阳平原末次冰期至全新世早期环境演变过程。研究结果表明,澧阳平原YC土壤剖面沉积物粒度无砾石,野外调查发现土壤剖面无明显层理,沉积物主要以粉砂为主,属于典型风尘沉积物特征,非水流沉积物。澧阳平原YC土壤剖面沉积物粒度经历了粗-变细-细-粗-细的变化过程,表明澧阳平原YC土壤剖面记录了末次冰期至全新世早期环境经历了5次明显变化,大致为56.0kaBP～31.8kaBP为相对寒冷干旱,31.8kaBP～23.6kaBP气候转型阶段,23.8kaBP～14.8kaBP为相对冷湿,14.8kaBP～10.6kaBP位于晚冰期阶段,气候变化剧烈,10.6kaBP～6.96kaBP为全新世早期,气候向暖湿转变。     

云南耕地土壤硒含量空间分布及其影响因素研究

为了解云南耕地土壤硒含量状况,采集了640个云南代表性耕地表层土壤样品,对土壤硒含量空间分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)云南省耕地土壤硒总量变幅在0.05～7.12 mg/kg,平均含量为0.51 mg/kg,达到富硒水平;(2)不同成土母质发育的土壤硒含量差异较大,基型结晶盐类的玄武岩等发育的土壤硒含量最高,平均为0.77 mg/kg;(3)土壤类型对硒的含量影响明显,其中棕壤硒含量平均为1.24mg/kg,显著高于其他土壤类型,石灰(岩)土硒含量最低仅为0.21mg/kg;从行政区看位于滇东的曲靖市和昭通市土壤硒平均含量明显高于其他州市;(4)相关分析表明,土壤硒含量与土壤p H之间的相关性均没有达到显著水平;而土壤硒含量与土壤有机质呈极显著的正相关性(r=0.110,P 0.001),说明有机质影响土壤硒的含量。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.