耕地健康产能内涵及评价指标体系研究进展

耕地健康产能是保障国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展的基础。目前大多数研究只针对于土壤健康、土壤质量和耕地产能的某一方面展开,将耕地健康和耕地产能结合起来的研究较少,对耕地健康产能的认识也不够全面。本文采用文献回顾法,综述了国内外有关耕地产能和耕地健康相关的概念和指标,界定了耕地健康产能的内涵,并从气候、土壤、技术水平、生产环境、作物安全性、生产弹性6个方面构建了耕地健康产能评价指标体系,提出了评价思路。本文建议今后应进一步研究指标定量分析和获取方法,探索不同尺度、不同区域耕地健康产能评价指标体系和方法,加强对耕地健康产能的监测,识别限制健康产能的因子,为耕地保护和农业可持续利用提供支持。     

县域耕地健康产能评价

耕地的产能水平和健康状况是保障粮食安全和可持续发展的基础,对耕地健康产能进行研究,有利于指导优质耕地优先划入基本农田,全面落实耕地数量、质量、生态"三位一体"保护。在梳理土壤健康、耕地产能等研究基础上,界定耕地健康产能的内涵,并将生物活性、作物品质、系统弹性等指标纳入耕地健康产能评价指标体系,运用加权求和法、"1+X"累加模型、连乘积法、叠加法等方法对研究区进行了实证研究。结果表明:研究区耕地产能呈现出由东北地区向西南地区逐渐降低的趋势,耕地健康产能评价结果与耕地健康诊断结果具有相似的规律性,研究区耕地健康产能总体状况良好,级别较低的耕地主要分布在研究区的南部及S湖沿岸,南部大部分为丘陵区,土壤养分含量低,基础设施不完善,产能较低,又由于产业结构和S湖污染的影响,耕地重金属污染严重,导致耕地多为不健康类型。建立的评价指标体系能够反映研究区耕地健康产能的实际情况,能为县域耕地健康产能评价提供借鉴。今后还应重点研究其他尺度的评价指标体系,探索提升耕地健康产能的措施,建立长期的监测网络,为永久基本农田划定和耕地保护提供决策依据。     

耕地生态安全评价研究展望

本文采用文献资料法和对比法从耕地生态安全研究阶段、概念、特征、驱动因素、评价尺度、评价方法与技术、评价指标体系、模拟预测、保护措施等方面对国内外耕地生态安全评价的主要研究成果进行系统的总结、对比和分析。研究表明:耕地生态安全研究经历了区域生态安全格局构建的初始研究阶段、生态环境评价研究的发展研究阶段、耕地生态安全评价研究的崭新阶段,并逐渐成为研究的难点与热点;耕地生态安全概念初步建立,耕地生态安全评价刚刚起步,中尺度综合研究与科学合理的评价指标体系相对缺乏,现有研究多侧重于现状分析,缺乏动态变化和模拟研究,难以从整体上把握区域耕地生态安全时空演变规律与机理。因此,今后开展耕地生态安全评价与模拟研究十分迫切,对于完善耕地资源安全研究具有重要的理论意义,可为控制未来耕地规模减少以及保护耕地生态环境,编制土地利用总体规划提供科学依据。     

农田土壤健康评价体系构建的若干思考

健康土壤是保障粮食安全、耕地产能提升和农业高质量发展的基础。目前土壤健康评价已成为全球土壤学领域研究的焦点和热点,国内外学者对于土壤健康评价方法及指标的选择进行了系统总结,然而缺乏具体评价过程中的实操性建议。本文重点剖析了土壤健康的特点与多功能性、评价的通用原则、指标选择的n+X模式及评价方法的选择与落地实现,提出了土壤健康差与基准值、基础指标和约束性指标的选择及指标选择的制宜性,明确了土壤健康指标体系建立需要考虑土壤质地、作物类型、土地利用方式、气候条件等因素,建议土壤健康技术和模式落地实现需要与相关政策结合。未来需要继续开展土壤健康驱动机制和健康土壤培育机理研究;基于长期定位试验和耕地质量长期监测网点,构建基于土壤质地、作物类型、土地利用、管理目标和评价尺度的指标体系和阈值、数据库和决策支持系统;结合相关政策和区域环境的约束性,形成跨区域、跨国家的共识、公约和行动,推动全球土壤健康行动落地和农业可持续发展。     

东北典型平原区耕地健康产能评价与验证——以吉林省大安市为例

为了保障粮食安全与耕地可持续发展,进一步探索耕地资源管理的新方式,急需通过耕地健康产能评价来摸清耕地状况。本文在耕地产能维度选取气候条件、土壤特性等四个要素,在耕地健康维度选取耕地胁迫状况、耕地生态状况等三个要素,基于"需求—功能—维度—要素—指标"理论框架构建耕地健康产能评价指标体系,利用综合算法、最小限制因子法"、1+X"累加模型法定量评价耕地健康产能,选取吉林省大安市验证,并将评价结果与分等定级结果进行对比分析。结果表明:大安市耕地健康产能总体状况良好,分布有明显的集中性,主要分布在健康和亚健康区间,不健康产能所占比例比较低;西部耕地健康状况明显较东部好,北部耕地产能状况较南部高:根据面积对应关系得出不健康耕地面积主要由利用等10等和利用等11等耕地构成,在空间分布上耕地产能较高的地块与耕地不健康的地块的位置分布具有叠置关系,该结论可为东北典型平原区耕地质量评价以及耕地粮食安全问题研究提供科学参考与新思路。     

毛乌素沙地县域生态环境质量评价研究--以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例

以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例,建立了毛乌素沙地县域尺度上的生态环境质量综合评价指标体系,应用层次分析法,对各指标进行了量化处理,全面地评价了盐池县1991~2000年间的生态环境质量动态变化状况,并且对盐池县生态环境质量状况进行了发展趋势预测。在定量和动态的层面上,对该地区的生态环境建设及可持续发展提供了参考和借鉴。     

区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究

在全球区域和我国范围内,生态安全形势越来越严峻,局部地区的生态安全态势甚至已经损坏了社会经济与农业生产可持续发展的基础,但是从学术层面上的区域生态安全研究,尚未真正开展起来。本文研究建立的区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架和提出的区域生态安全评价指标体系,将为区域生态安全评价研究和生态环境管理实践提供理论基础。     

基于GIS的省级耕地质量综合评价及时空演变分析——以贵州省为例

耕地质量直接关系国家粮食安全、社会经济及生态环境的可持续发展,对保证国家粮食安全、维系资源与环境的可持续发展,强化耕地质量保护具有十分迫切的现实意义,耕地质量评价及时空演变分析历来对耕地保护就具有重要指导作用。基于贵州省1989—2010年全省县域尺度的耕地变化数据,应用GIS空间分析技术构建了耕地质量评价指标体系,通过耕地模糊优选模型与理想点法相结合的耕地质量组合评价模型、相对变化率等方法对全省耕地质量及时空演变予以探讨。结果表明:1989—2010年,贵州省耕地质量明显提升,耕地总面积增加了9 202.69km~2,其中优等地、中等地、低等地分别增加7 854.11,2 054.80,1 273.09km~2;耕地土层、坡面构型、水土流失、"四化同步"进程、土地开发、建设用地、耕地保护制度、退耕还林项目、社会舆论导向等自然、经济及社会因素构成全省耕地质量及时空演变的主要驱动因素。     

农田土壤生态系统多功能性研究进展

健康土壤培育是耕地产能提升的先决条件,也是应对粮食安全和环境保护挑战,保障土壤可持续利用,实现农业绿色发展和构建生命共同体的基础。健康土壤培育的核心是实现土壤生态系统多功能性。在生态文明建设的新时代,土壤生态系统多功能性评价、培育过程及机制研究已成为全球土壤健康行动的焦点和前沿。本文系统梳理了土壤功能、土壤生态系统服务与土壤生态系统多功能性的概念,讨论了土壤生物多样性对多功能性的影响、土壤功能间的协同与权衡关系,总结了土壤功能评价及量化的方法,并提出了突破单一追求粮食高产目标,发展基于多功能性综合调控的农田健康土壤培育新思路。提出在不同层级上提高土壤多功能性的途径：在全国尺度调整土地利用方式及农业结构、区域尺度协调资源配置、景观尺度构建农业设施建设与景观格局、田块尺度优化田间土壤管理技术,全面提升土壤健康和多功能性。未来需要通过多学科交叉深入探索不同时空尺度的土壤多功能性形成与维持机理,与现代科技相结合,完善土壤功能管理相关政策与落地方案,强化土壤多功能性在可持续环境政策与管理中的多维作用,为山水林田湖草生命共同体协调发展和“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略的实施提供重要支撑。     

基于改进农业生态区划法的耕地综合量能指数模型构建

研究粮食产量与耕地产能间的关系以及区域差异,对于挖掘区域增产潜力,提高耕地资源利用效率,实现区域均衡增产,保障粮食安全战略具有重要意义。该文在农业生态区划法估算土地生产潜力基础上,提出基于耕地质量新内涵的耕地质量修正的耕地产能核算方法。通过探讨耕地综合产能的概念体系,构建了反映粮食产量与耕地产能关系的耕地综合量能指数模型,模型由耕地综合量能指数、耕地质量产能指数和耕地数量产能指数构成。并以曲周县为例,对该模型进行了实证研究,曲周县耕地综合量能指数为0.16,耕地质量产能指数为0.31,耕地数量产能指数为0.99,耕地总体产出效率不高,粮食增产的潜力较大,耕地粮食生产平均开发程度也不高,但数量增加潜力较小。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.