上海市老港垃圾填埋场潮滩重金属污染及评价研究

以上海市老港垃圾填埋场潮滩为例,研究了沉积物中重金属的分布特征,并采用化学法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了潮滩重金属的污染状况及其潜在生态危害,以期为保护潮滩环境以及利用潮滩进行垃圾渗滤液的净化提供科学依据。结果表明,受垃圾渗滤液排放和生物活动影响,老港潮滩表层沉积物中重金属(除Cu外)的含量在向海向上均表现为:高潮滩>低潮滩>中潮滩;Cr和Zn的含量在氧化池排污口处明显高于其它排污口,而Pb的含量在自然排污口处最高;老港潮滩沉积物受到一定程度的重金属污染,以Zn的污染最为严重,由这4种元素造成的潜在生态危害是中等的,其中,Cu和Pb的毒性贡献最大。     

呼伦湖沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

采样分析了呼伦湖表层沉积物重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg）的含量、分布特征及富集状况,分别以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值和我国《土壤环境质量标准》的一级自然背景值为参比值,采用瑞典学者Lars Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对呼伦湖沉积物中重金属的富集系数和生态危害系数以及各采样点的生态危害指数进行了评价。结果表明,呼伦湖沉积物中7种重金属的空间变异性较小,其中Zn、Cr、Cu的含量变化具有相同趋势,其他元素的含量分布无明显区域变化;以两种背景值为参比得出的重金属污染水平顺序相近,Cd和As为对呼伦湖生态环境具有潜在影响的主要重金属元素。     

松花江沉积物重金属形态赋存特征研究

采用Tessier连续提取法分析了松花江表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn4种重金属的赋存形态,并结合次生相富集系数法,探讨了沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险及来源。结果表明,沉积物中Cu以残渣态为主（高于50%）,其次为有机质结合态,从上游至下游,沉积物中Cu形态的稳定程度逐渐增加;沿程所有沉积物样品中可交换态Pb的含量均高于当地沉积物背景值,存在较高的可迁移性和二次释放风险;在二松大部分江段和松花江干流,Zn主要以比较稳定的残渣态存在,不存在二次释放污染水体的风险;Mn的有效态含量均在流域沉积物背景值范围之内。对重金属次生相富集系数的研究表明,沿程沉积物中Cu、Pb均有一定程度的富集,主要来源于人为输入;Zn在二松中下游的哈达湾至松原江段有一定的富集,其余江段人为输入的Zn较少;沉积物中的Mn主要为自然来源。     

渭河中下游河道沉积物重金属污染生态风险评价

以渭河中下游河道沉积物为研究对象,在分析12个干流采样点和7个一级支流采样点沉积物中Pb,Zn,Cr,Cu,Co和Ni六种重金属元素含量变化的基础上,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对河道沉积物重金属污染的生态风险程度进行了评价。渭河中下游河道19个采样点沉积物中Pb,Zn,Cr,Cu,Co和Ni六种重金属元素含量均不同程度超过了陕西省土壤重金属背景值,除Pb外,支流沉积物中其他五种重金属的平均含量都低于干流沉积物;Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果显示,渭河中下游采样点的六种重金属元素单项生态风险指数均小于40,综合潜在生态风险指数均小于50,潜在生态风险处于较低水平,表明渭河中下游河道沉积物中重金属富集量小,基本不构成生态风险。     

小埠东橡胶坝对沂河临沂城区蓄水段沉积物重金属分布的影响

为探讨小埠东橡胶坝对沂河临沂城区蓄水段沉积物重金属分布和富集的影响,利用柱状沉积物采样器在橡胶坝前2km处(对照)和坝前50m处分别获取原位柱状沉积物,在比较分析典型重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As分布特征的基础上,对重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,橡胶坝前50m处采样点表层沉积物(0-4cm)Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均显著高于对照点,垂向分布上,橡胶坝前50m采样点同对照点相比,重金属含量均具有随深度增加而逐步减小的趋势,说明橡胶坝的建成改变沉积物重金属的分布与富集状况,促进坝前沉积物中重金属的富集,建坝后水动力条件的改变是其富集的主要原因。地积累指数评价法和潜在风险评价法一致表明,临沂城区蓄水段表层沉积物As、Cr和Pb污染较轻,污染程度为无或无-中,具有轻微的生态危害;Cu和Cd的污染程度分别为中和中-强,具有轻微和很强的生态危害;Hg处于极强污染,具有极强的生态危害。潜在风险评价法表明,橡胶坝前50m采样点和对照点重金属的风险水平分别为HgCdCuPbAsCr和HgCdCuAsPbCr,Hg为最主要生态风险贡献因子。     

水体重金属污染状况及其与养殖场排污之间关系的探讨

随着畜禽养殖业规模化、集约化程度不断提高,其污染物产量也不断加大,并对水体造成严重的污染,为搞清楚水体重金属污染与养猪场排污之间的相关性,对江西省余江县部分水库水相部分进行了采样调查分析,结果发现养猪场排污与水库重金属含量有极大的正相关性,随着采样点距养猪场排污口的距离增加,3个水库pH值均逐渐减小,重金属含量均逐渐减小。3个水库中重金属含量由于受到养猪场排放的粪污的影响,都比研究区水体背景参考值高出几十至近百倍,排污口附近库水中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等含量明显增加,虽然水库中各种重金属浓度大多符合国家饮用水标准,但是其浓度已经远远超过了背景值,对水体造成严重的潜在危害。这都说明养猪场排污是造成水库水体污染特别是重金属污染的主要原因。     

克鲁伦河流域岸边土壤重金属风险评价

为了解克鲁伦河岸边土壤的重金属污染状况,分别在河两岸各取10个采样点,测定土样中的重金属含量。结果表明,除Cr以外,各采样点的重金属含量均不同程度地高于国家土壤重金属含量背景值一级标准,As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的超标率分别为45%、90%、85%、75%、5%和5%。地质累积指数法评价表明:7种元素的平均值为ICuINiICdIAsICrIPbIZn,除Cu和Ni属于无到中度污染外,其他重金属基本无污染;潜在生态风险指数法评价表明:7种重金属的潜在生态风险由强至弱依次为CdAsNiCuPbCrZn。     

武汉市中小河流沉积物重金属污染特征及其生态风险

调查了武汉市9条中小河流表层沉积物中7种重金属的含量及其不同形态组成,并探讨了沉积物重金属污染的来源.研究结果表明,沉积物中7种重金属含量均超过武汉土壤背景值,污染程度中等,其中Cd,Zn和Hg富集严重;基于沉积物质量基准值.Cr,Ni和Zn是沉积物重金属污染生物毒性的主要贡献者;流经武汉市区的罗家渠、府河和巡司河重金属污染急性生物毒性较强.沉积物中不同重金属形态分布迥异,Cd的生物可利用态含量最高,其次为Zn,Ni和Cr,沉积物重金属来源复杂,相关分析和主成分分析表明,Pb和Cd可能主要来源于大气沉降和城市污水,Cr,Zn和Hg来源于金属加工冶炼.而As来源于岩石风化等地球化学过程.     

辽宁典型工矿区与污灌区土壤重金属污染状况及原因

对辽宁省几个典型工矿区以及污灌区土壤重金属污染状况进行调查研究,结果表明:调查区土壤重金属含量绝大多数高于土壤背景值,尤其工矿区附近土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和污灌区的Cd、Hg的污染状况应该引起足够的重视;重金属元素间存在着一定的伴生规律;土壤中重金属污染物主要来源于工矿开发、废岩、尾矿泥、大气飘尘以及污水灌溉等。     

乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物重金属含量分布及污染评价

以乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物中Cu等7种重金属为研究对象,在野外实地调查取样及重金属含量测定基础上,以中国海洋沉积物质量(GB18668-2002)一类标准值为评价标准,利用单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数评价法和沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline,SQG),对单项重金属污染程度、多种重金属综合污染效应及重金属潜在生物毒性风险进行了评价。结果表明,乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物重金属含量分布差别明显,所有采样点表层沉积物均受到Cu污染,局部受到严重Hg污染;大部分养殖区表层沉积物重金属污染达到轻度等级;所有养殖区均可发生由Cu偶尔引起的不利生物毒性效应,个别养殖区可发生由Hg频繁引发的不利生物毒性效应。乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物重金属主要来源于沿岸电镀企业废水排放及农药化肥造成的农业面源污染。开展Cu、Hg污染治理修复是实现乐清湾养殖环境安全的迫切需求。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Sediments of the Swan River Estuary,Western Australia

Estuarine systems adjacent to urban areas are at risk of contamination by contaminants from anthropogenic sources, such as heavy metals. We anticipated that the sediments of the Swan River estuary, which runs through metropolitan Perth in Western Australia, would show metal contamination related to industrialization and inputs of stormwater. Total Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations, and Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn inoperationally-defined fractions, were determined inseparate sampling exercises in near-shore sediments ofthe upper Swan River estuary.Total metal concentrations in sediments were not high (maximum values of 297 mg kg^-1 for Cu, 184 mg kg^-1 for Pb and 0.9 mg kg^-1 for Cd) when compared with Australian environmental assessmentguidelines for soils. On the basis of linear regressions between sediment metal concentrations andphysicochemical properties of the sediments (pH, organic carbon, particle size distribution), no single parameter could explain the variation in metal concentrations for all metals. Sediment organic carbon content was positively correlated with Cu concentration; Cu concentrations also increased significantly with increasing clay content anddecreasing sand content. Pb concentrations showed a significant increase with increasing sediment pH, and were approximately three-fold higher in sediments adjacent to stormwater drain outfalls than in sediments remote from drains; no such effect was observed for Cu or Cd. No effect of distance downstream was observed. Sequential extraction of sediments showed that most of the metals were in relatively immobile forms, for example bound to Feoxides, or only extractable by aqua regia. The enhanced concentrations of Pb near stormwater outfalls suggest that vehicle-derived Pb may be an important contributor of Pb to the estuary.     

Natürlicher gehalt und anthropogene anreicherung von Schwermetallen in den Sedimenten von Elbe, Eider, Trave und Schwentine

The sediments of four rivers in Northern Germany were analysed for heavy metals. 371 sediment samples were taken from 24 investigation sites of the rivers Elbe, Eider, Trave and Schwentine and from North Sea tidal flat areas. Within each investigation site strong positive relationships exist between the heavy metal contents and the contents of the fine size fractions < 2 μm and < 20 μm of the sediments. To compare the metal contents in the sediments from different areas, differences in grain size were eliminated by computing the metal contents for a clay content of 25% by means of regression equations.The fluvial sediments at a few inland investigation sites, as well as the tidal flat sediments are not detectably polluted with heavy metals. Their metal contents could be used as background values for computing enrichment factors of polluted fluvial deposits.Sediments from the river Elbe in and upstream of the port of Hamburg, and from some parts of the rivers Eider and Trave near industrial and densely populated districts, are highly enriched with heavy metals. The highest enrichment factors are for Hg 85, Cd 56, Pb 37, Cu 34, Zn 29, As 19, Cr 6, Ni 4 and Co 3 times the background values.The ecological importance of the heavy metal contents in the sediments is discussed.     

府河-白洋淀沉积物中重金属污染特征及潜在风险评价

沉积物重金属污染是水环境污染评价的重要内容,重金属含量水平常被作为水环境质量的重要指标之一。为了掌握华北平原的府河和白洋淀中沉积物重金属的污染水平,研究了19个沉积物样品和3个土壤样品中7种重金属的污染特征,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及生物效应浓度法评估了重金属的环境风险,并初步分析了污染来源。结果表明,府河和白洋淀沉积物受多种重金属复合污染,其中Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd污染较为严重,府河沉积物的潜在生态环境危害强于白洋淀。相关分析显示府河和白洋淀重金属污染具有相似污染源,保定市工业废水、生活污水及府河沿岸金属冶炼企业很可能是白洋淀地区重金属的主要来源。从城市环境管理、生态环境修复、宣传教育等方面提出白洋淀区域重金属污染控制对策与建议,为白洋淀区域生态环境保护提供科技支撑。     

Mapping the Distribution of the Bioaccessible Fraction of Trace Metals in the Sediments of an Urban Stream,Park River Watershed,Connecticut

The Park River watershed (PRW), a sub-basin of the Lower Connecticut River watershed, has experienced increased urbanization over the last century as the city of Hartford and its surrounding towns have grown and developed. We present watershed-wide and outflow scale maps of the trace metals Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb to determine patterns of contamination in fine (<63 μm) stream sediment. Results are compared to established sediment quality guidelines (SQG) and probable effect concentrations (PEC) for each metal. Throughout the watershed, higher concentrations of trace metals are observed in the more urbanized south branch of the PRW. In this sub-basin, there are more industries that use, and waste, metals in their manufacturing processes that contribute to acutely high concentrations of metals in the fine bedload sediments. Impervious surfaces are examined as well in the context of the entire watershed. While an increase in metals can be attributed to an increase in impervious surfaces, these increases do not generally exceed SQGs and PECs. Two focused mapping studies were conducted at the storm water outflow of the West Hartford Landfill and the Trout Brook Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO). The purpose of these studies was to analyze the local effects of natural stream features such as channel bar deposits next to the outfalls. We determined that the sediment directly below the two outfalls often exceeded the PEC, while the accumulated sediment around the channel bar deposits was not contaminated beyond background stream levels. We believe mapping at both the small (watershed) and large (outfall) scale can be helpful in future urban studies to determine the extent of trace metal sediment contamination in both channelized and natural sections and may provide a useful method for sediment mitigation endeavors.

     

Sediment-bound Arsenic and Uranium Within the Bowman�CHaley Reservoir, North Dakota

The purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of regional historical uranium mining activities within sediments of the Bowman?CHaley reservoir of southwestern North Dakota. The extent of anthropogenic-influenced watershed impacts were quantified through the determination of sediment metals concentrations and metal enrichment factors to evaluate the potential of geochemically influenced As and U remobilization within the reservoir sediments. Sediment cores were collected and analyzed for total metal concentrations at five locations within the reservoir: Spring Creek delta, Alkali Creek delta, two locations within the North Fork of the Grand River confluence, and adjacent to the reservoir outfall. Pearson-moment correlations were used to establish inter-core metal correlations, while sediment enrichment factors were determined relative to background concentrations. Enrichment factor results suggest all sampling sites are classified as minor to moderately enriched for As and U. Metal behavior for the three reservoir inlets indicated similar metal loading sources and post-depositional behavior, while metals migration within the vicinity of the reservoir outlet appear to be controlled by geochemical and/or physical processes. For the reservoir outlet, As and U normalized to Al suggest the occurrence of vertical migration of As, while surface-bound U remobilization was apparent within the water column immediately above the sediments. Elevated U was found within the Spring Creek inlet, and appear attributed to historical uranium processing operations located in Griffin, North Dakota. While the reservoir As and U sediment concentrations may be considered low, their presence appears directly attributed to historical uranium mining activities within the Bowman?CHaley reservoir watershed.     

河口湿地沉积物中腐殖酸含量对外源重金属分布的影响研究

通过向不同腐殖酸含量的河口湿地沉积物添加人工配制的重金属污染海水,测定污染后沉积物的重金属总量与形态分布,以研究不同腐殖酸含量条件下外源重金属在水-沉积物系统中的转化。结果表明,腐殖酸含量对重金属在沉积物中的吸收量和形态组成有较大的影响,尤其对酸可提取态与可还原态。但是不同重金属之间有一定差别,腐殖酸含量对Cu,Pb的作用较明显,而对Zn,Cd的影响较小。此外,由于河口湿地沉积物处于较高盐度的环境,海水中的离子浓度影响有机质与金属的络合反应,因此与土壤相比,河口湿地沉积物中腐殖酸含量对重金属的生物有效性的影响有所不同。     

Anthropogenic heavy metal inputs to lowland river systems,a case study. The River Stour,U.K.

Surface waters, sediments and interstitial waters were collected from 9 sites of the River Stour, UK, during June 1987. The aim was to identify the sources of EC List I (Hg, Cd) and List II (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) metals and metalloids to this lowland river system and to assess the magnitude of metal enrichment. The study reach spanned some 60 km, traversing rural and urban landscapes. Results indicate that the larger municipal sewage treatment works (STW), which receive industrial effluents, were the major source of metals, but smaller rural works also exerted some contaminative influences. Metal concentrations in bottom sediments, displayed 2–11 fold increases over catchment background levels with maximum loadings coinciding with discharges from the Great Cornard and Sudbury STWs. Elevations in water column metal concentrations were also apparent downstream of point source inputs, but concentrations were consistently below designated ‘Water Quality Standards’. Distance from the point source, sediment texture and hydrology appeared to be the main factors responsible for the observed distribution of metals within this river system.