贵州草海沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险分析

为研究重金属在草海沉积物中富集污染状况,以7种毒性重金属为研究对象,从不同方位对草海沉积物中重金属进行采样测试,分析重金属含量水平及空间分布特征,同时应用潜在生态危害指数法进行评价。结果表明,草海沉积物中重金属富集特征为Zn〉Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Hg,且在空间分布上呈现从湖心向边缘逐渐减少的趋势,重金属污染程度表现为Cd〉Hg〉Zn〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Cr,在Cd的潜在生态风险系数高贡献下,沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险指数均大于150,多数达到严重程度。     

长江三角洲近岸水域表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其影响因子

采用ICP-MS测定了不同季节长江三角洲沉积物中重金属(Ni,Cu,Cr,Zn,Cd和Pb)含量并探讨了其影响因子。结果表明:(1)长江三角洲沉积物中Pb和Zn占重金属总量比例最高,Hg和Cd占重金属总量比例较小;沉积物重金属含量均以秋季和冬季最高,夏季次之,春季最低。(2)长江三角洲沉积物中Cr,Cu和Ni元素均以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb较均匀地分布于不同形态中。(3)长江三角洲沉积物中pH值和电导率基本表现为春季夏季秋季冬季,其中秋季和冬季pH值差异不显著(p0.05),二者显著低于春季和夏季(p0.05);沉积物中全碳、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均以秋季和冬季最高,夏季次之,春季最低,其中不同季节全氮和全钾含量差异均显著(p0.05)。(4)Pearson相关性分析可知,长江三角洲沉积物中Cr,Pb,Cd的弱酸浸提与重金属总量之间表现出显著的正相关关系(p0.05),而6种重金属元素的可还原态与重金属残渣态之间没有显著的相关性(p0.05);Cr,Cu,Pb的弱酸浸提与可还原态没有显著的相关性(p0.05),Ni,Zn和Cd的弱酸浸提与可还原态具有显著的相关性(p0.05)。(5)长江三角洲沉积物中6种重金属元素的不同形态均与养分等指标存在显著的正相关性,而pH值和电导率与不同形态重金属呈负相关,全碳含量是控制长江三角洲沉积物重金属元素分布的主要因素。     

丹河水系表层沉积物重金属污染及生态风险评价

采用原子吸收分光光度法和原子荧光光谱法,测定了丹河水系干流及主要支流表层沉积物中重金属（Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As）的含量,同时用沉积物质量基准法（SQG）和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对重金属的毒性效应、污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了评价,并分析了重金属的主要来源。结果表明,丹河水系表层沉积物中Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的平均含量分别为115.1、18.78、8.46、6.49、2.85、60.6、0.047、14.22mg·kg-1。Cd、As和Cr的含量介于最低效应水平（LE-L）与严重效应水平（SE-L）之间。根据SQG,丹河表层沉积物中重金属含量处于中度污染水平,可能会对河流生物产生一定的毒性效应,而Pb、Cu、Zn则尚无毒性效应。除了As和Cr之外,其他重金属元素之间均呈现较明显的正相关,表明在沉积物中这些重金属的含量具有共同的变化趋势,且具有一定的同源性。工业排污是造成丹河水质恶化的主要原因之一,也是重金属的主要来源。以山西省土壤背景值为参比进行Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评价发现,丹河水系表层沉积物呈现由强至极强的生态风险,其中Cd生态风险最大,Hg、As次之。对单个重金属的潜在生态风险系数和多个重金属的潜在生态风险指数进行分析显示,生态风险较大的样点是高平市、巴公河和水东。研究结果旨在得到单一污染物的环境影响和多种污染物的综合效应的评价结果,为丹河水系沉积物及水体重金属污染防治和决策管理提供科学依据。     

重庆市长寿湖重金属污染评价

中国环境科学研究院采集了长寿湖沉积物样品,分析其表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Hg、As 8种重金属元素含量特征,结果表明,按照《土壤环境质量标准》,目前长寿湖主要是Cd、Hg和As的污染,且中部湖区沉积物重金属污染强度要高于东部和西部两区。各重金属间的相关性分析表明,Cu-Zn、Cu-Ni、Zn-Ni之间呈极显著相关,说明这3种元素污染源可能相同。由潜在生态风险评价结果可知,长寿湖重金属污染只是略超轻微生态危害,各重金属对长寿湖生态风险影响程度由高到低依次为：Hg〉Cd〉As〉Pb〉Ni〉Cu〉Cr〉Zn。应用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态风险,并提出了相关污染防治措施,为预防和综合治理长寿湖提供了科学依据。     

海南省农产品重金属污染评价与特征分析

采用单项与综合污染指数法,以海南省农产品为研究对象,开展了农产品中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Cr和Hg含量的抽样调查分析与评价。结果表明,全省农产品中重金属的平均含量均低于食品中规定的限值,各重金属的单项与综合污染指数均≤1,综合污染指数为0.57;全省农产品未受重金属污染,属于安全水平,适宜发展无公害农产品。同时发现,个别监测点的农产品中重金属含量有超标现象,新鲜水果中个别样品Pb、Cd、Hg超标,超标率在2.17%～10.87%之间;豆类蔬菜中个别样品Ni超标,超标率为9.09%;瓜果类蔬菜中个别样品Pb、Cd超标,超标率为12.24%～24.49%;叶菜蔬菜中个别样品Pb超标,超标率为6.67%;谷物中个别样品Pb、Cd、As超标,超标率在2.11%～7.37%之间。农产品中重金属含量间多呈正相关,其中Zn与Ni、As与Hg之间差异达到极显著水平,Cu与Zn、Cu与As、Cu与Hg、Zn与As、Zn与Hg、Cd与As、Cd与Cr、Cd与Hg、Ni与As、Ni与Hg、As与Cr之间差异达到显著水平。结合主成分分析结果,推测Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Hg含量主要受农业生产和人类活动的影响,而Cr、Pb和Cd含量受土壤母质的影响比较大。     

工业区周边农田重金属污染评价及来源分析

以新疆北疆某工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm土壤样品254个,测定了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Cd共8种重金属含量。运用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨工业区周边农田土壤重金属的来源,运用GS+进行数据拟合,选取最佳模型,再进行克里格插值分析重金属的空间分布格局。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量分别为45.00、28.53、55.66、73.57、13.39、2.17、15.38和0.50 mg kg~(-1)。测量的金属除Cr之外均超过土壤的背景值,只有Hg处于中度污染,其余元素都处于非污染,而研究区综合潜在生态风险程度为严重型。重金属空间分布表明,Ni、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在东部和南部含量较高。来源分析表明,Hg来源受研究区内工业活动的影响;Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd主要来自于化肥、农药和地膜等农业活动和土壤母质的共同作用;As、Hg和Pb主要来源是受研究区内工业活动的影响。     

滇东南农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染风险评价

为了解滇东南农田土壤重金属污染及其环境风险状况,测定分析了该区域农田土壤8种重金属含量,并使用相关统计方法对其重金属进行了来源解析及污染评价。结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Zn、Ni、Cr和Hg的平均含量均超过了云南省土壤重金属背景值,其中Cd的点位超标率最高、达77.78%。As、Hg主要来源于人类活动,Cu、Zn来源可能受自然和人为叠加影响,Pb、Cd主要来源于工业活动。污染评价结果表明,6.5

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泰安市农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

泰安市土壤污染的研究还处于起步阶段,尚缺乏系统的研究和探讨。利用因子分析法对泰安市110个农田表层土壤（0～20cm）中7种重金属（Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg）元素进行分析并提取了3个主因子,结合泰安市工业分布情况,对比这3个主因子,分析其可能来源,并对土壤中重金属污染进行了潜在生态风险评估。结果表明,泰安市农田土壤重金属的累积现象比较明显,尤其是Hg、Ni、Cu的最大值均超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准。相关性分析表明Zn与Ni、Zn与Cu、Ni与Cr之间分别呈显著正相关,Zn与Hg呈显著负相关。因子分析显示,研究区土壤中Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr主要来源于工矿业活动,农业活动和居民生活对Cd和Hg的影响较大,商业活动对Pb污染贡献最大。潜在生态风险评估的结果是Cr、Zn、Ni、Pb4种元素的潜在生态风险均处于低危害水平,Hg、Cd、Cu均存在不同程度的潜在生态风险。     

杞麓湖径流区不同湿地沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解杞麓湖农业径流区低污染水所致湖滨带湿地重金属空间分异特征及潜在危害,采集湖滨带农业径流区32个不同类型湿地(河流湿地n=13、人工湿地n=10、湖泊湿地n=9)的表层沉积物,检测重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni和Hg含量,利用ArcGIS反距离权重插值法(IDW)分析7种重金属空间分布特征,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价杞麓湖农业径流区湿地重金属污染。结果表明:不同类型湿地7种重金属污染程度存在差异,平均含量由高到低依次为河流湿地人工湿地湖泊湿地,各重金属平均含量由大到小依次为ZnCrCuNiPbCdHg,除Pb外,其余6种重金属平均含量均超过云南省土壤背景值,Cd超背景值样点比例高达100%。单因子污染指数表明重金属Cd和Hg呈重度污染,存在危害风险;农业径流区潜在生态风险指数介于112～1 241,平均264,属中度风险水平;重金属含量分布存在明显空间差异,北部高于南部、西部高于东部,含量分布高值区与潜在生态风险评价结果一致。相关性分析表明Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn污染源主要是农业活动;Pb来源主要与道路交通有关,还受工业活动影响;Cd主要受农业活动和工业活动影响。研究表明,杞麓湖农业径流区不同类型湿地重金属污染存在空间差异,Cd和Hg污染严重,生态风险高值区出现在西北部和西南部。     

泉州走马埭典型土壤重金属的赋存形态分析

采用改进的Tessier连续萃取方法研究了泉州走马埭国家农田示范保护区典型土壤中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的化学形态分布,通过土壤重金属的赋存形态分析比较了6种重金属的生物可利用性。研究结果表明,土壤中不同重金属元素化学形态分布具有不同的特点:Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在,其余形态所占的比例很小;Cu以残渣态含量最高,碳酸盐结合态含量最低;Zn以残渣态为主,可交换态含量最低;Cd以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态为主,水溶态含量最低;Pb以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,水溶态含量最低。土壤中除Cd外,Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni在正常自然条件下相对比较稳定。     

Potato glycoalkaloids and metabolites: roles in the plant and in the diet

Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as major, inexpensive low-fat food sources providing energy (starch), high-quality protein, fiber, and vitamins. Potatoes also produce biologically active secondary metabolites, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. These include glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, protease inhibitors, lectins, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance and to have a variety of adverse as well as beneficial effects in cells, animals, and humans, a need exists to develop a clearer understanding of their roles both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the (a) history of glycoalkaloids; (b) glycoalkaloid content in different parts of the potato plant, in processed potato products, and in wild, transgenic, and organic potatoes; (c) biosynthesis, inheritance, plant molecular biology, and glycoalkaloid-plant phytopathogen relationships; (d) dietary significance with special focus on the chemistry, analysis, and nutritional quality of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein; (e) pharmacology and toxicology of the potato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine and their hydrolysis products (metabolites); (f) anticarcinogenic and other beneficial effects; and (g) possible dietary consequences of concurrent consumption of glycoalkaloids and other biologically active compounds present in fresh and processed potatoes. An enhanced understanding of the multiple and overlapping aspects of glycoalkaloids in the plant and in the diet will benefit producers and consumers of potatoes.     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

昔日荒山秃岭今日鸟语花香--永安市西华小流域治理初见成效

本文分析了小流域水土流失原因、特点基础上，提出提高思想认识，编制水土保持方案，加强水土流失治理，强化水土保持预防监督和管理，普及防灾减灾知识，加大农民对水土保持科技投入，是小流域水土流失治理的主要对策之一。     

黄土丘陵区土地利用变化与地形梯度关系研究

土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)是人类活动与自然环境相互作用最直接的表现形式,是反映人类活动程度的重要因子。以彭阳县为例,应用1995年和2014年25m×25m的DEM数据和土地利用现状数据,运用GIS空间分析功能,采用地形位指数以及分布指数定量分析了1995—2014年彭阳县土地利用基于地形梯度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)1995—2014年,彭阳县耕地和未利用地面积大量减少,草地面积大量增加,林地、水域和建筑用地面积均有不同程度的增加;(2)随着地形位的升高,耕地、水域、建筑用地的分布指数逐渐降低,林地和草地的分布指数逐渐升高,未利用地的分布指数先升后降。草地的优势分布区间增加了2个地形位,未利用地的优势分布区间降低了2个地形位;(3)水域的优势度区间集中在低地形位区间,耕地和建筑用地的优势度区间集中于低中地形位区间,林地、草地和未利用地的优势度区间集中于中高地形位区间。     

Nutrient disturbances in forest trees and the nature of the forest decline in Quebec and Germany

The serious decline of forest trees in Quebec and adjacent areas of the U.S. parallel those observed in Germany. In certain locations, in both cases, K deficiency is now occurring on glacial tills and outwash soils and is associated with a low concentration of exchangeable K⁺ and a high molar ratio of exchangeable Ca⁺ ions to K⁺ ions in the soil. This deficiency results from the so-called Ca-K antagonism in which an increased concentration of Ca²⁺ ions blocks the entry of a reduced concentration of K. Mg deficiency is occurring on granitic soils and results from a low concentration of exchangeable Mg²⁺ and a high molar ratio of A1³⁺ ions to Mg²⁺ ions. The role of the parent rock, weathering reactions and atmospheric inputs are discussed in relation to the changes that have resulted from the cumulative effect of acid deposition. The changes in storage, transfer and losses of cationic nutrients in soil and trees can explain the development of these imbalances, which are still increasing, and are resulting in these forest declines.     

Mobility and breakdown of asulam in the soil and the possible impact on the environment

Asulam reaching the soil either directly as spray drift or as rain washings from bracken fronds would, due to its rapid mobility in soil, be expected to leach down the soil profile into the drainage water and thereby contaminate streams and water catchments. The mobility of asulam in soil is influenced by pH, where undissociated asulam will leach less rapidly than the associated form (asulam pK_a 4·82). This is particularly relevant in the case of bracken as it can grow satisfactorily over a wide range of pH values (3·6 – 7·6). Adsorption coefficients expressed as Kd values [(μg asulam/g soil)/(μg asulam/ml solution)] were 2·54, 1·94 and 0·96 at pH readings of 4·0, 4·3 and 4·9 respectively. Another factor involved, the breakdown of asulam, was shown to be temperature dependent, 30·95, 7·65 and 2·50% remaining after 28 days at 5, 18 and 25°C respectively, thus underlining the influence of geographical regions and climatic conditions on asulam behaviour.     

Levels and Distribution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Coastal Waters and Sediments of the United Arab Emirates in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

The levels and distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons incoastal waters and sediments of the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E.) along theArabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman were investigated. Oil concentrations in the waters ofthe U. A. E. were below the 15 μg L^-1 and ranged from 1.6 to 13 μg L^-1.Petroleum hydrocarbons showed different pattern of distribution in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman withmore or less similar values. Horizontal distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons atthe Arabian Gulf showed significant differences between most sites. At the Gulf ofOman, similar oil concentrations were measured at different sites. Meanwhile,vertical distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons indicated higher concentrations atsurface layers of the Arabian Gulf compared to bottom layers. Whereas, more or less similarconcentrations were measured at the Gulf of Oman. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in marinesediments varied from 2.5 to 8.2 μg g^-1 (dry sediment weight), with higher concentrations at theArabian Gulf compared to the Gulf of Oman. The pattern of distribution for petroleumhydrocarbons in marine sediments resembled to some extent the distribution of organiccarbon in marine sediments. The study revealed that the concentrations ofpetroleum hydrocarbons in waters and sediments of the investigated area are not highcompared to other areas of the world.     

水土保持世行二期贷款项目的实践经验

灵石县水土保持世行贷款项目涉及12个乡(镇)，19条流域，总面积l206km^2。1999年1月开始实施，五年间计划完成综合治理面积115．58km^2，至2003年5月底前，共完成治理面积108．16km^2，占计划的93．6％。项目在实施过程中，严格实行工程、内业和财务的规范化管理，其主要经验是：强化组织领导，加强技术培训，创新治管机制，严格督查奖惩。     

Lenacil degradation in the environment and its metabolism in the sugar beets.

14C-Lenacil photolysis and hydrolysis studies were conducted at 2 ppm in sterilized buffers at pH 5, 7, and 9 for up to 15 and 30 days, respectively. The degradation of (14)C-lenacil in three soils and in two sediments systems was monitored for up to 100 days. Residue level and metabolites were analyzed in sugar beets following the application of (14)C-lenacil at 4- and at 6-leaf stages at the rate of 204 g ai/ha and 321 g ai/ha, respectively. Lenacil was stable in the dark and at pH 5 and 7 under irradiation. At pH 9 under irradiation, the half-life (DT(50)) was 41 days. Lenacil DT(50) in three soils ranged from 81 to 150 days. The DT(50) in two sediments ranged from 32 to 105 days. In mature sugar beets, the total radioactive residue was 0.16 ppm in the tops and <0.03 ppm in the roots. The majority of lenacil metabolites identified were hydroxylated or oxidized products and their conjugates.     

Diversity and dominance of crop plantations in the agroecosystems of the Kujawy and Pomorze region in Poland

Abstract

The Kujawy and Pomorze Province with 127 rural and municipal-and-rural communes in 19 districts is a typical agricultural region, with the highest plant farming intensity in Poland. The diversity and dominance of crop plantations in the agroecosystems in communes were calculated based on percentage share of 21 kinds of crops in the cropland structure. The algorithms applied in ecological research of biodiversity were used: the Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H’) and Simpson's dominance index (λ). The diversity (H’) of crops in arable land in the Kujawy and Pomorze Province ranges from 1.68 to 2.54. The diversity of crop plantations in the region was bigger in the communes in which there are: better soil, a higher share of arable land in the agricultural acreage and cropland in the arable land as well as with a higher share of barley, corn for grain and sugar beet in the cropland structure. The highest dominance index (λ) for crops in the whole province is 0.291. The index of dominance of agricultural crops in this region increases with an increase in the share of: woodland in the total area, meadows and pasture in the agricultural acreage and rye in the cropland structure.