不同施肥管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳、氮形态的影响

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.     

利用方式和土壤肥力对土壤团聚体和养分的影响

The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C, N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard, upland, paddy, and grassland soils with high, medium, and low fertility levels. The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%, respectively, less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil. Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses. However, the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses. Soil organic C, N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones. The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C, N and P. For orchard and grassland soils, the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients, while for upland soil, the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients. Therefore, the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure. The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients. Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil.     

长期施肥对高原农业生态系统土壤有机碳和氮的影响

The effects of fertilization on the distributions of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates and whether these effects vary with cropping system have not been well addressed.Such information is important for understanding the sequestration of OC and N in agricultural soils.In this study,the distributions of OC and N associated with soil aggregates were analyzed in different fertilization treatments in a continuous winter wheat cropping system and a legume-grain rotation system in a 27-year field experiment,to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on the distributions of OC and N in aggregates and to examine the recovery of soil OC and N in a highland agroecosystem.Manure fertilizer significantly decreased soil bulk density but increased the amount of coarse fractions and their associated OC and N stocks in the soils of both systems.Fertilizers N + phosphorus (P) and manure had similar effects on total soil OC and N stocks in both systems,but had larger effects on the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates in the legume-grain rotation system than in the continuous winter wheat system.The application of P increased the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates and decreased the loss of N from chemical fertilizers in the legume-grain rotation system.The results from this study suggested that P fertilizer should be applied for legume-included cropping systems and that manure with or without chemical fertilizers should be applied for semiarid cropping systems in order to enhance OC and N accumulation in soils.     

Dynamic Relationship Between Biologically Active Soil Organic Carbon and Aggregate Stability in Long-Term Organically Fertilized Soils

Biologically active soil organic carbon (BASOC) is an important fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC), but our understanding of the correlation between BASOC and soil aggregate stability is limited. At an ecological experimental station (28°04 -28°37 N, 116° 41 -117° 09 E) in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, China, we analyzed the dynamic relationship between soil aggregate stability and BASOC content over time in the red soil (Udic Ferrosols) fertilized with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium chemical fertilizer (NPK) without manure or with NPK plus livestock manure or green manure. The dynamics of BASOC was evaluated using CO2 effux, and soil aggregates were separated according to size using a wet-sieving technique. The soils fertilized with NPK plus livestock manure had a significantly higher content of BASOC and an improved aggregate stability compared to the soils fertilized with NPK plus green manure or NPK alone. The BASOC contents in all fertilized soils decreased over time. The contents of large aggregates (800-2000 μm) dramatically decreased over the first 7 d of incubation, but the contents of small aggregates (< 800 μm) either remained the same or increased, depending on the incubation time and specific aggregate sizes. The aggregate stability did not differ significantly at the beginning and end of incubation, but the lowest stability in all fertilized soils occurred in the middle of the incubation, which implied that the soils had a strong resilience for aggregate stability. The change in BASOC content was only correlated with aggregate stability during the first 27 d of incubation.     

氮及相关的酶活性对小麦根际施肥的反应

In the present experiment,wheat seedlings(Trticucum aestivum L.)were grown on a purple soil with various fertilizer treatments in order to investigate the responses of nitrogen and related enzyme activities in the rhizosphere,The results revealed the increments of both organic matter and total N in the soil with the proximity to the growing roots,especially in treatment of supplying pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizer,suggesting that they could ome from root and microorganism exudation which could be intensified by inorganic-organic fertiliztion,being of benefit to improving the physical and bilogical envi-ronment in the rhizosphere of wheat.Much more inorganic N was observed in the fertilized soils surrounding wheat roots than in the CK treatment ,indicating ,the improvement of crop N supply in the rhizosphere of wheat by fertilization. The activities of invertase,urease and protease in the root zone were greatly enhanced as compared to those in the other parts of soil except that the urease activities were similar in the rhizospher and nonrhi-zosphere of the CK and pig manure treatments,indicating that invertase and protese could be produced by growing roots and rhizosphere microorganisms,in contrast to urease which could be stimulated by urea,Also,significant increment of chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure,suggested that fertilization not only accelerated the renewal of organic matter bu also enhanced bioavailability of organic N in that soil zone .This could be the reason why the total amount of inorganic N available for plants was increased more obviously in the rhizosphere of wheat of the fertilizaton treatments than in taht of the CK treatment.     

长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

长期施肥对华北平原土壤生产力的影响

Soil productivity is the ability of a soil, in its normal environment, to support plant growth and can be evaluated with respect to crop production in unfertilized soil within the agricultural ecosystem. Both soil productivity and fertilizer applications affect crop yields. A long-term experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation was established in 1989 in a field of the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, a region typical of the North China Plain, including seven treatments: 1) a balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers(NPK); 2) application of organic fertilizer(OM); 3) application of 50% organic fertilizer and50% NPK chemical fertilizers(1/2OMN); 4) application of NP chemical fertilizers(NP); 5) application of PK chemical fertilizer(PK);6) application of NK chemical fertilizers(NK); and 7) unfertilized control(CK). To investigate the effects of fertilization practices on soil productivity, further pot tests were conducted in 2007–2008 using soil samples from the different fertilization treatments of the long-term field experiment. The soil sample of each treatment of the long-term experiment was divided into three pots to grow wheat: with no fertilization(Potunf), with balanced NPK fertilization(PotNPK), and with the same fertilizer(s) of the long-term field experiment(Potori). The fertilized soils of the field experiment used in all the pot tests showed a higher wheat grain yield and higher nutrient uptake levels than the unfertilized soil. Soil productivity of the treatments of the field experiment after 18 years of continuous fertilizer applications were ranked in the order of OM 1/2OMN NPK NP PK NK CK. The contribution of soil productivity of the different treatments of the field experiment to the wheat grain yield of Potoriwas 36.0%–76.7%, with the PK and NK treatments being higher than the OM, 1/2OMN, NPK, and NP treatments since the soil in this area was deficient in N and P and rich in K. Wheat grain yields of PotNPKwere higher than those of Potoriand Potunf. The N, P, and K use efficiencies were higher in PotNPKthan Potoriand significantly positively correlated with wheat grain yield. Soil organic matter could be a better predictor of soil productivity because it correlated more strongly than other nutrients with the wheat grain yield of Potunf. Wheat yields of PotNPKshowed a similar trend to those of Potunf, indicating that soil productivity improvement was essential for a further increase in crop yield. The long-term applications of both organic and chemical fertilizers were capable of increasing soil productivity on the North China Plain, but the former was more effective than the latter. The balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers not only increased soil productivity, but also largely increased crop yields, especially in soils with lower productivity. Thus, such an approach should be a feasible practice for the sustainable use of agricultural soils on the North China Plain, particularly when taking into account crop yields, labor costs, and the limited availability of organic fertilizers.     

Changes in Soil Iron Fractions and Availability in the Loess Belt of Northern China After 28 Years of Continuous Cultivation and Fertilization

Iron(Fe) deficiency in calcareous soils of the Loess Plateau of China is a wide spread issue and primarily affects agricultural production due to the relatively higher soil pH and carbonate content. Understanding the relationships between Fe distribution in soil fractions, Fe availability, and their responses to cropping and fertilization could provide essential information for assessing Fe availability in soils and managing soils to improve Fe availability. A long-term field experiment was established in 1984 in a split-plot design using cropping systems as main plots and fertilizer treatments as subplots on a farmland in the Loess Plateau. The cropping systems included fallow, continuous wheat cropping, continuous alfalfa cropping, continuous maize cropping, and a rotation system that included a legume. Various fertilization treatments using chemical and/or manure fertilizers were included in each cropping system. Soil samples were collected from 0–10 and 20–40 cm depths in 2012. Long-term planting of crops significantly increased the concentrations of available Fe in the soils. The largest increase was observed in the continuous alfalfa cropping system. Long-term cropping significantly increased the concentrations of Fe associated with carbonates and organic matter, but decreased the concentration of Fe associated with minerals in the soils. The effect of fertilization on the distribution of Fe in the soil fractions varied with cropping system and soil depth. The fertilization treatment with manure generally increased the concentrations of Fe associated with the soil fractions.Long-term cropping and fertilization in the highland farmland significantly affected the availability of Fe and the distribution of Fe fractions in the soil.     

稻田系统管理措施对微生物生物量C、N、P的长期影响

A 12-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods and fertil-ization systems on microbial biomass C,N and P of a gray fluvo-aguic soil in rice-based cropping system .Five fertilization treatments were designed under conventional tillae(CT) or on tillage(NT) system:no fertilizer(CK) ; chemical fertilizer only(CF) ; combining chemical fertilizer with pig manure(PM); combining chemical fertilizer with crop straw (CS) and fallow (F). The results showed that biomass C,N and P were enriched in the surface layer of no-tilled soil,whereas they distributed relatively evenly in the tilled soil,which might result from enrichment of crop resdue,organic manure and mineral fertilzer,and surficial developent of root systems under NT.Under the cultivation system NT had slightly greater biomass C,N and P at 0-5 cm depth ,significantly less biomass C,N and P at 5-15 cm depth ,less microbial biomass C,N and equivalent biomass P at 15-30 cm depth as compared to CT,indicating hat tillage was beneficial for the multiplication of organims in the plowed layer of soil.Under the fallow system,biomass C,N and P in the surface layer were significantly greater for NT than CT while their differences between the two tillage methods were neligible in the deeper layers.In the surface layer,biomass C,N and P in the soils amended with oranic manure combined with mineral fertilizers were significantly greater than those of the treatments only with mineral fertilizers and the control.Soils without fertilzer had the least biomass nutrient contents among the five fertilization treatments.Obviously,the long-term application of organic manure could maintain the higher activity of microorganisms in soils.The amounts of biomass C,N and P in the fallowed soils varied with the tillage methods;they were much greater under NT than under CT,especially in the surface layer,suggesting that the frequent plowing could decrease the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the fallowed soil.     

Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

长期施肥对浙江稻田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

以浙江省稻田长期定位试验站为依托,研究长期不同施肥措施对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。研究结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施栏肥(OM)、秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)和单施秸秆(RS)处理均显著提高了2 mm和2~0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(p0.05),强化了团聚体对土壤有机碳的物理保护作用。此外,长期有机无机配施(NPKOM和NPKRS)处理显著提高了各个粒级团聚体中有机碳含量,并且显著增加水稳定性大团聚体有机碳的贡献率,而长期单施化肥和单施秸秆处理并未有效增加土壤总有机碳含量。不同施肥处理下,2~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳占土壤总有机碳的34.2%~48.6%,是土壤有机碳的主要载体。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)技术对2~0.25 mm和0.053 mm团聚体进行结构表征,发现长期单施有机肥或者有机无机配施下芳香族C较CK提高29.9%~45.2%,较NPK处理提高22.3%~36.6%,提高了土壤有机碳的芳构化。在有机碳积累方面,施用有机肥,尤其是栏肥与化肥配施,同时强化了团聚体对有机碳的物理保护以及促进了化学抗性有机碳组分的积累,是加强稻田土壤有机碳库积累的合理施肥模式。     

长期施肥对水稻土碳氮矿化与团聚体稳定性的影响

水稻土有机碳、氮矿化过程对水稻土质量和作物养分吸收具有重要的作用,但是它们对施肥措施的响应及其与土壤结构之间的关系尚不清楚。本研究基于红壤性水稻土长期施肥定位试验,分析了不施肥(CK)、施用常量化肥(NPK)、2倍化肥(NPK2)和常量化肥配施有机肥(NPKOM)等处理下水稻土碳氮矿化特征,并研究了其与土壤团聚体稳定性的关系。结果表明NPKOM处理显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量(P0.05),而单施化肥处理(NPK2和NPK)则同CK处理没有显著差异。土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率均为NPKOMNPK2NPKCK处理,其中NPKOM处理显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而后3个处理间没有显著差异。土壤氮矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率同土壤碳矿化的规律一致,NPKOM、NPK2和NPK处理累积矿化氮量较CK处理分别提高110.0%、29.4%和8.8%,矿化率分别提高110.8%、25.6%和13.0%。单施化肥处理(NPK和NPK2)的平均质量直径(MWD)分别降低了17.1%和15.5%,而NPKOM处理则增加了19.4%。相关分析表明,土壤碳氮矿化主要取决于土壤有机碳氮含量,而与土壤团聚体水稳定性无直接关系。在今后研究中,应重点分析土壤孔隙结构与有机碳氮周转的关系。     

长期施肥下石灰性潮土有机碳变化的DNDC模型预测

为探讨长期不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳的变化规律及DNDC模型的应用,利用封丘石灰性潮土不同施肥措施下的长期定位试验数据,选取CK、NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM4个处理,分析了15年来作物产量及土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化特征,并用DNDC模型预测了试验地近100年(2000~2099)的SOC变化趋势。结果表明,各施肥处理的多年产量平均值和对照处理差异显著;施用化肥(NPK和1/2NPK+1/2OM)处理和有机肥(OM)处理间也有显著差异;产量最高为NPK处理,达10811 kg/ha,CK处理最低,但1/2NPK+1/2OM处理产量与NPK处理无显著性差异。15年来土壤耕层(0—20cm)有机碳平均值,以OM处理最高,达到7.90 g/kg,显著高于1/2NPK+1/2OM、NPK处理;而CK处理仅为4.15 g/kg。从15年来有机碳的变化看出,CK处理略有下降,NPK处理较为平稳,而1/2NPK+1/2OM和OM处理呈现不断上升趋势,OM处理上升幅度较1/2NPK+1/2OM处理大。对试验地SOC变化趋势长期(100a)的模拟结果显示,与初始土壤SOC含量相比,100a后不施肥处理(CK)土壤有机碳含量下降了52%,化肥(NPK)处理土壤SOC含量较为稳定,而1/2NPK+1/2OM处理和OM处理土壤有机碳增加明显,大约25a后基本上稳定,100a后分别较2000年增加了24%和25%。从实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟分析可以看出,有机肥和化肥配施能获得较高作物产量,并能有效地增加土壤SOC含量,从而提高土壤的可持续利用能力。     

施肥对红壤性水稻土颗粒有机物形成及团聚体稳定性的影响

土壤颗粒有机物 (POM)是土壤有机碳库中活动性较大的碳库。POM的形成对提高土壤碳库和缓解大气CO2 的升高具有重要意义。POM的形成与土壤团聚体的形成和性质密切相关 ,且深受土地利用和土壤管理的影响。实验土壤采自江西省红壤研究所无机肥长期定位试验地 ,各施肥处理为 :CK(不施肥 )、NPK(施氮磷钾肥 )、NPK(=) (施双倍氮磷钾肥 )和NPK OM(施氮磷钾肥和猪粪处理 )。研究发现 :施肥显著地增加了水稻土POM的含量 ;随着化肥施肥量和有机肥的增加 ,POM含量增加 ,NPK、NPK(=)和NPK OM处理的POM含量比CK分别增加了 1 1～ 1 3倍、1 2～ 1 4倍和 1 5～ 1 9倍 ;施肥也提高了土壤团聚体稳定性 ,表现为NPK OM >NPK(=) >NPK >CK ;各处理POM含量随土壤团聚体粒级的减小而增加 ,其C/N比为降低趋势 ;团聚体稳定性与POM含量呈极显著关系 (r=0 98,p <0 0 1)。研究结果说明施肥导致POM碳库的增加是因为有机物投入的增加以及水稻土大团聚体的形成     

紫色土坡耕地土壤团聚体分形维数与有机碳关系

为深入理解有机碳对土壤团聚体的影响,采用干筛法和重铬酸钾外加热法并基于相关分析研究了不同施肥处理紫色土耕地土壤团聚体分形维数（D）与有机碳（SOC）的关系。结果表明：不同施肥处理和土层间 D 与SOC均存在差异,变化范围分别为2.376～2.603、3.54～12.07 g/kg,均值都随土层变深呈递减趋势。全样本（n=36,不区分处理和土层）中D与SOC显著相关,但并非简单相关。进一步对D与各粒级有机碳含量（fSOC）的相关分析表明,在全样本中二者相关性显著,且随粒级的减小相关程度变大。不同施肥处理和土层间的相关分析中二者相关性又表现不同：除对照CK,其他处理的呈现多组显著相关,耕作层（0～20 cm）多组的相关性都很微弱,而犁底层（＞20～30 cm）的多个组却显著相关。分析认为,这与不同施肥处理所提供的碳源在团聚体形成过程中所起作用的差异有关,该差异将使团聚体形成各自的特点从而表现出各自的分形特征;并且D与fSOC相关性的差异是团聚体中大小颗粒间结构相似程度的反映,体现出各级团聚体在形成过程中的主导因素是否具有一致性,表明该相关关系对形成土壤结构的主导影响因素具有表征作用。该研究结果有助于深入认识和理解土壤团聚体分形维数的影响因素、物理意义以及对土壤结构的表征性。     

长期施肥对黄棕壤细菌多样性的影响

  【目的】   基于武汉黄棕壤长期定位试验 (1981—2016年),探究不同施肥措施下土壤肥力演变和土壤微生物多样性变化,为黄棕壤培肥以及农业绿色可持续发展提供依据。   【方法】   本研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和偏最小二乘路径模型 (PLS-PM) 综合分析了不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾 (NPK)、常量有机肥 (OM)、氮磷钾+常量有机肥 (NPK+OM) 和氮磷钾+高量有机肥 (NPK+OMM) 5种不同施肥方式对黄棕壤理化性质、细菌多样性的影响及其与产量的关系。   【结果】   1) 与CK相比,施有机肥处理显著增加了土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机碳含量,而NPK处理只显著增加了土壤有机碳含量。NPK+OMM处理的土壤有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于OM和NPK+OM处理,3个有机肥处理间的碱解氮、有机碳含量差异不显著。4个施肥处理均显著提高了水稻产量,但处理间差异不显著。2) OM处理土壤微生物多样性最高,而高量粪肥投入的NPK+OMM处理,细菌多样性有下降的趋势,但各施肥处理间细菌多样性差异不显著。3) 长期不同施肥方式影响土壤细菌群落结构,其中NPK+OM和NPK+OMM处理细菌群落结构更接近。OM处理提高了变形菌纲和放线菌纲的相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌纲和硝化螺旋菌纲的相对丰度。NPK处理降低了放线菌纲和硝化螺旋菌纲相对丰度,提高了酸杆菌纲相对丰度。与NPK+OM处理比较,NPK+OMM处理降低了放线菌纲和α-变形菌纲相对丰度,提高了厌氧绳菌纲、绿弯菌纲和硝化螺旋菌纲相对丰度。4) PLS-PM显示土壤有机碳 (SOC)、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾对细菌群落结构表现出正调控 (路径系数 = 0.36),而pH表现负调控 (路径系数 = ?0.48);但是对细菌多样性的影响都较小;影响产量的理化指标主要是SOC、碱解氮和有效磷。土壤细菌多样性对产量显示正调控 (路径系数 = 0.42)。   【结论】   土壤有机碳 (SOC) 和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量对细菌群落结构有正调控作用,而pH有负调控作用。与NPK处理相比,长期施用常量有机肥 (OM) 处理提高了细菌多样性和水稻产量,而高量有机肥配施氮磷钾肥 (NPK+OMM) 会导致细菌多样性和产量降低。     

长期施肥对红壤旱地土壤活性有机碳和酶活性的影响

以江西进贤长期肥料定位试验为平台,研究了红壤旱地不同施肥措施对土壤微生物生物量、活性有机C、C库管理指数以及土壤酶活性的影响。研究结果表明:与不施肥和单施化肥土壤相比,施有机肥处理土壤的pH、CEC、有机C、全N、全P、无机N、速效P、速效K及土壤微生物生物量均显著增加,土壤活性有机C和C库管理指数也较试前土壤和其他处理土壤明显提高,此外,土壤的转化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性也较其他处理显著增加。土壤微生物生物量、活性有机C以及4种土壤酶活性之间的相关关系显著,且它们均与土壤有机C、全N、全P、无机N、速效P等土壤养分呈显著正相关。因此,红壤旱地通过长期施用有机肥或与无机肥配施,不仅能显著提高土壤有机质的数量和质量,而且能增加土壤微生物生物量和酶活性,从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力。     

施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响

分析了施肥对土壤活性碳（ＣＡ）、微生物生物量碳（ＣＭＢ）、矿化碳（ＣＭ）及碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）的影响。结果表明,不同土壤ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ的大小为：水稻土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉潮土。施肥对ＣＡ和ＣＰＭＩ,ＣＭＢ和ＣＭ的影响分别为：处理３〉处理〉处理１〉处理４〉ＣＫ,处理３〉处理５〉处理４〉处理１〉ＣＫ。在提高ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ方面,稻草肥、绿肥优于厩肥,厩肥高量施用优于常量施用。     

长期不同施肥下塿土有机碳和全氮在团聚体中的分布

【目的】研究小麦/玉米轮作体系不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)在(?)土不同水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以期深入理解不同施肥方式对土壤碳、氮固持的机制。【方法】采集(?)土21年长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土样,分析其水稳性团聚体(2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm以及0.25 mm)有机碳和全氮的分布特征。试验设不施肥(CK),化肥氮磷钾配施(N、NP、NK、PK、NPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾(SNPK)以及两个水平有机肥与氮磷钾配施(M1NPK、M2NPK)9个处理。【结果】长期施肥0-10 cm土层土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量明显高于10-20 cm,平均增幅20%以上。2~1 mm或1~0.5mm团聚体中SOC和TN的含量最高,0.25 mm团聚体最低。长期不施磷肥处理的土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量均与CK相似。NP、NPK以及SNPK处理,0-10 cm土层SOC较CK分别增加16%~43%、9%~40%和22%~47%;TN增幅分别为28%~48%、39%~61%和39%~91%。10 20 cm土层,NP、NPK以及SNPK处理2mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm土壤团聚体SOC较CK增幅分别为35%~49%、17%~40%和45%~46%,TN增幅分别为44%~47%、39%~54%和54%~64%。长期有机肥与氮磷钾配施处理(M1NPK、M2NPK),0-10 cm土层的团聚体SOC平均较CK分别增加68%~122%和61%~163%,TN平均分别增加84%~133%和97%~175%;10-20 cm土层,SOC较CK平均增幅分别为20%~61%和39%~118%,TN增幅平均分别为43%~86%和107%~136%。SOC和TN主要储存于0.25 mm团聚体中(40%)2~1 mm团聚体储存最少(10%)。长期不施氮或不施磷对SOC和TN在团聚体中的储存比例基本没有影响。长期NP、NPK以及M1NPK、M2NPK均降低了各土层SOC和TN在2 mm或2~1 mm的储存比例增加了在1~0.25 mm团聚体储存比例。2 mm或2~1 mm团聚体的C/N比值高于微团聚体(0.25 mm),而与CK相比,长期施肥降低了土壤团聚体的C/N比值。【结论】关中地区(?)土长期偏施化肥对有机碳和全氮在团聚体的含量及分布没有显著影响而长期氮磷或氮磷钾化肥配合、氮磷钾与有机物配合均明显增加土壤团聚体的有机碳及全氮含量,特别是长期氮磷钾配合有机肥能显著增加土壤1~0.25 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳和全氮的固存比例,提高土壤有机碳和全氮储量减少温室气体的排放。     

长期施肥棕壤团聚体分布及其碳氮含量变化

【目的】探究玉米-玉米-大豆轮作体系不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳、全氮的影响,以期深入了解施肥对土壤培肥、改善土壤结构的机制。【方法】选取不施肥（CK）,化肥（NPK）,低量有机肥（M1）,低量有机肥与化肥配施（M1NPK）,高量有机肥（M2）,高量有机肥与化肥配施（M2NPK）6个处理。采集棕壤37年长期定位试验微区不同施肥处理的0-20 cm和20-40 cm土样,分析其水稳性团聚体（ 1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm及 0.053 mm）分布及其有机碳、全氮分配特征。【结果】棕壤长期施肥对团聚体分布及其碳氮的影响0-20 cm大于20-40 cm,随土层深度的增加,有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量减少。各处理团聚体及碳、氮在团聚体中的分配主要在黏粉粒中（40%以上）。与CK相比,NPK处理显著提高了黏粉粒的含量,降低大团聚体与微团聚体含量,显著增加黏粉粒储碳比例;M1、M2处理显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,显著增加 0.25 mm各粒级团聚体的储碳比例,且M2处理显著高于M1处理;M1NPK、M2NPK处理也显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,M1NPK与M2NPK处理在NPK处理的基础上依次增加0.5~0.25 mm（M1NPK）、1~0.5 mm及 1 mm团聚体的储碳比例,M2NPK处理 0.25 mm团聚体储碳比例最高,土壤团聚体全氮的变化趋势与有机碳类似。【结论】棕壤连续有机无机配合施用可显著增加土壤大团聚体数量、SOC、TN含量及其储碳、氮比例,是提高土壤质量、改善土壤结构的有效施肥措施。