集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测模型构建与验证

传统的土壤压实风险评估方法是基于土壤的先期固结压力理论,以机械的接地压力与土壤先期固结压力间关系作为判断依据,缺少针对集约化稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的土壤结构破坏程度的评价方法和依据。为研究适合中国稻作特色,可以定量预测机械压实危害程度的压实容重预测模型,该研究基于土壤的回弹指数和压缩指数推导出土壤压实容重预测模型,以适用于集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测。采用调控原状土含水率的单轴压缩试验法分别构建了土壤初始容重、初始含水率与弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力之间的传递函数,然后基于典型机型的田间原位平板下陷试验验证所建模型的可靠性和实用性。结果表明,基于单轴压缩试验法构建的各传递函数拟合决定系数大于0.95。将各传递函数模型所得的弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力输入土壤压实容重模型预测的压实后的土壤容重与实测值的相对误差小于5%。可见,该研究设计的土壤压实预测模型能够准确量化受机械压实情况下土壤容重的变化量,而土壤传递函数法能为构建和应用区域性农业土壤的压实模型提供便利。研究可为集约化生产条件下稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的...     

初始含水量和容重对黑土压缩特性的影响

东北黑土区农业机械化水平高,农机作业压实导致的土壤结构和物理性状退化问题日益严重,压缩特性是定量分析土壤压实过程的有效手段,但目前黑土压缩特性随初始含水量和初始容重的变化规律尚不明确。为了解初始含水量和初始容重对黑土压缩特性的影响程度及其变化关系,该研究以重塑黑土为对象,设0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 g/g共6个初始含水量水平,设1.00、1.10、1.20、1.30、1.45、1.60 g/cm³共6个初始容重水平,使用固结仪进行单轴压缩试验测定土壤压缩曲线,分析初始含水量和容重对压缩特性影响。结果表明,土壤初始含水量、容重及两者交互作用均极显著影响重塑黑土压缩特性(P<0.001),据此建立了预测压缩特性的土壤传递函数。黑土的预固结压力为10.42～1 106.17 kPa,与初始含水量显著线性正相关、与初始容重显著线性负相关(P<0.05);压缩指数为0.311～0.852,与初始含水量和容重呈二元多项式方程的关系,随初始容重的增大而降低,在中等含水量时最大;回弹指数为0.007～0.321,与初始含水量正相关,与...     

铁矿尾砂配施有机物料对褐土压缩及回弹特性的影响

铁矿尾砂作为工业废弃物已经应用于农业生产，可以改善土壤结构；农业机械作业造成的土壤压实、破坏土壤结构是影响作物产量的主要原因之一。论文旨在探讨铁矿尾砂配施有机物料对褐土压缩—回弹特性的影响，将混有铁矿尾砂和有机物料的土壤以18%含水率培养一昼夜，按1.25 g/cm3容重装入土工试验专用环刀，采用快速固结试验方法，进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明，随铁矿尾砂施用量增加，在低应力时，土壤孔隙比减小量（?e）变大；在高应力时，土壤 ?e 变小。预固结压力值（Pc）和压缩指数（Cc）均随铁矿尾砂施用量增加而降低，Pc和Cc变化范围分别为72.91～119.30 kPa、0.445～0.720，二者均与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系；与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）。回弹指数（Cs）变化范围为0.0109～0.0169，与有机质及砂粒含量均无显著相关关系，有机物料是影响土壤回弹指数的主要因素。较对照相比，20%铁矿尾砂配施有机物料处理使压缩指数降低12.77%，预固结压力值和回弹指数分别提高6.93%和22.14%，降低压实风险。     

水稻土的先期固结压力测定与分析

土壤先期固结压力的大小通常采用受周向约束柱状土样的快速单轴压缩测试方法获取,该值的确定不仅是土壤结构保护的基础参考,还为确定合理的作业机械轴重、农业机械的设计及其田间运用提供理论依据。该试验通过对江浦农场水稻土的实际测试,得到未受压实耕层土壤的先期固结压力范围为58.84～69.19 kPa,而用拖拉机碾压处理后的先期固结压力区间上升为69.15～100.1 kPa,表明拖拉机的碾压导致土壤先期固结压力的增加,即破坏了土壤的原始结构。目前的农业机械接地压力通常在70 kPa以上,而大田所测的土壤先期固结压力却在60 kPa左右,因此机械的使用必会造成土壤的压实及其结构的破坏。     

秸秆添加与土壤基质势对棕壤压缩回弹特性的影响

土壤板结是农田土壤退化问题之一,秸秆还田是提高土壤有机质含量、改良土壤的重要措施。但秸秆还田和土壤基质势对土壤板结的影响尚不明确。试验设0,3,5 g/kg 3个秸秆添加量处理,以及高(1 000 kPa)、中(100 kPa)、和低(10 kPa)3个土壤基质势处理。通过固结试验,测定不同处理的压缩曲线并计算压缩回弹特性指标。结果表明:秸秆添加量、土壤基质势及其二者间的交互作用对压缩曲线最大曲率、预固结压力值、压缩指数和回弹指数的影响都达到显著性水平。预固结压力值、压缩指数和回弹指数均随着秸秆添加量的增加而增大,而最大曲率则随着秸秆增加量的提高而降低。土壤基质势与压缩曲线最大曲率、预固结压力值和压缩指数均呈正相关关系。回弹指数随着土壤基质势的增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势。秸秆添加有助于提高土壤回弹和抗压缩特性。     

开垦对黑土表层土壤压缩—回弹行为的影响

为探讨开垦对典型黑土表层土壤压缩与回弹行为的影响,以未经开垦天然次生林和开垦年限为17 a、30 a、40 a耕地的表层(0~10 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用快速固结试验方法,研究了土壤压缩与回弹过程中土壤孔隙比(e)、压缩指数(C_c)、压缩系数(a)和回弹指数(C_s)的变化。结果表明:土壤孔隙比(e)、压缩指数(C_c)、压缩系数(a)和回弹指数(C_s)随着开垦年限的增加而降低,C_c、a、C_s变化范围分别为0.252~0.426、0.002 04~0.003 70 k Pa~(-1)、0.041~0.070;未经开垦天然次生林地土壤C_c、C_s显著高于耕地土壤(p0.05);C_c、a、C_s与容重均呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。土壤压缩性与回弹能力随着开垦年限的增加逐渐降低,容重、有机质含量对其影响最大。     

不同土壤水吸力与耕作方式对土壤压缩—回弹特性的影响

[目的]合理耕作方式是缓解土壤压实、提升土壤生产能力的有效措施,而土壤水分是影响土壤机械物理性能的重要因素,直接影响土壤耕作质量.通过研究不同土壤水吸力和耕作方式下土壤压缩曲线及模型拟合效果,分析土壤回弹—再压缩曲线变化及机械力学参数(预固结压力、压缩指数和回弹指数)差异,以期为农田土壤耕作和培肥提供科学依据.[方法]...     

有机质与黏粒含量对黑土压缩-回弹特性的影响

为探明有机质和黏粒对黑土压缩-回弹行为的影响,以典型黑土区耕作土壤为研究对象,通过人工添加腐植酸、人工分离-提取-添加黏粒、恒温恒湿培养的方法各配制3个梯度的重塑土。采用室内固结的方法,通过压缩系数、压缩指数及回弹指数的测定与分析,研究了2种含水量条件下黑土压缩与回弹对有机质和黏粒含量变化的响应行为。结果表明:(1)压缩指数均随有机质含量的增加而增大,且在高含水量时二者呈极显著正相关,有机质含量最高时压缩指数为0.246 3,但有机质含量对回弹无显著影响。(2)无论含水量高低,压缩指数均与黏粒含量呈极显著正相关,而回弹指数随着黏粒含量的增加逐渐降低,且在低含水量时二者呈显著负相关。(3)含水量不同,有机质与黏粒对黑土压缩-回弹特性的影响亦不同;黏粒对黑土压缩-回弹行为的影响更为显著。     

冻融循环和土壤含水率对棕壤崩解特性的影响

以沈阳地区5～7 cm和25～27 cm 2个深度原状棕壤为研究对象,分析冻融循环次数和土壤含水率对棕壤崩解特性的影响。根据气象数据结合野外观测结果,共设计了5个冻融循环次数。控制土样质量含水率分别为10%、15%、20%、25%和35%。采用静水崩解,通过数显拉力计及测量软件测定崩解过程。结果表明：（1）棕壤崩解具有阶段性,包括快速吸水阶段、指数崩解阶段、阶跃崩解阶段和崩解完成阶段。其中指数崩解阶段是崩解过程的主要发生阶段,土样因拉扯或失去支撑接连崩落。该阶段的崩解速率和非毛管含水率对冻融循环次数的响应规律一致。根据拟合曲面,10%～15%的含水率区间存在最易崩解含水率,其最终崩解率最大。当土样含水率为25%和35%时,土样会跳过指数崩解过程直接进入阶跃崩解阶段。含水率35%条件下,5～7 cm和25～27 cm土样的最终崩解率很小,不超过6.93%和11.14%。（2）冻融作用会对含水率为10%和15%土样产生超固结效应,加速土壤孔隙的两极化分布,土样指数崩解阶段的崩解速率和非毛管含水率,最终在多次冻融后增加。冻融作用也会对含水率为25%和35%土样结构产生影响,扩张土壤孔隙造成内...     

不同土地利用方式下农地土壤侵蚀与养分流失

利用人工模拟降雨装置对影响坡耕地土壤入渗的诸因素进行了研究。发现坡面产流历时与土壤容重、初始含水率、坡度、降雨强度、耕作管理措施呈负相关;土壤稳渗速率与降雨强度、耕作管理措施呈正相关,与土壤容重、初始含水率、坡度呈负相关。通过综合因素分析可知,影响坡面土壤入渗和产流历时的主要因子为土壤物理性质和耕作管理措施。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。