晋西北沙化土地土壤机械组成与有机质的初步研究

晋西北是我国北方旱作农田沙化土地较严重的地区之一,开展不同地类土壤的机械组成、有机质及其二者之间关系的研究,以期为该区沙化土地类型和程度评价及其防治效益评估提供科学依据。对研究区农田、人工林地(乔木)和荒地的表层(0—20cm)和下层(20—40cm)土样进行粒度和有机质分析,结果表明:不同地类土壤的机械组成均为粉粒(0.002～0.05mm)极细砂(0.05～0.1mm)细砂(0.1～0.25mm)黏粒(0.002mm),中砂及以上粒级(0.5mm)含量极少,其中粉粒、极细砂和细砂为优势粒级组分,三者含量之和在90%以上。农田受翻耕影响,其表层和下层土壤机械组成差异不大;人工林地中林间表层受草本植被影响,其表层颗粒明显细于下层;荒地由于受冬春季风蚀影响,其表层则略粗于下层。不同地类土壤有机质的积累均表现出表层含量大于下层,总体上有机质含量表现为农田荒地人工林地。不同地类的土壤机械组成与有机质的关系,呈现出粉粒和黏粒与有机质含量呈正相关关系,而细砂和极细砂与有机质则呈负相关关系,在相关程度上,粉粒和细砂与有机质含量的正、负相关性最大,是研究区不同地类土壤有机质积累与否的关键粒级。     

晋西北不同土地恢复管理措施下土壤物理性状分析

【目的】晋西北丘陵风沙区由于受风蚀影响,土壤沙化十分严重,生态恢复是缓解此问题的主要措施之一。研究不同土地恢复管理措施旨在为提高晋西北黄土高原丘陵风沙区农田土壤质量及植被恢复提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以晋西北五寨县作为研究区,设置4种土地恢复措施:传统翻耕播种玉米(CTC)、免耕播种玉米(NTC)、免耕播种苜蓿(NTA)、撂荒地(WL)。通过野外和室内分析的方法,分析了0—50 cm土层土壤粒度组成、粒度参数和土壤质量含水量、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量。【结果】1)晋西北地区土壤主要以砂粒和粉粒为主。撂荒地砂粒含量最大,且随着深度的增加变化不明显;其它3种措施下的土壤表层砂粒含量均小于深层。不同土地恢复措施间粒度参数差异较大,翻耕分选较差,免耕玉米和免耕苜蓿属于分选中等到分选较好范围,表明翻耕地块土壤受到人为扰动较大,导致土壤偏细,其粉粒含量在0—50 cm土层变化范围为6.5%～15.3%,而免耕苜蓿和免耕玉米土壤环境相对较好。2) 4种土地恢复措施下表层0—40 cm的土壤容重均低于深层土壤,翻耕、免耕播种玉米和免耕播种苜蓿的土壤容重范围在1.10～1.50 g/cm^3之间,表现为WL>NTA>NTC>CTC,撂荒地土壤容重与其它三种处理措施的土壤容重差异显著(P <0.05),其他三种措施间差异不显著,40—50 cm土层四种土地恢复措施之间无显著差异;表层0—30 cm的土壤孔隙度以翻耕总孔隙度最大。翻耕地块土壤孔隙度显著高于其它三种恢复措施,其它三种恢复措施间无显著性差异,40—50 cm土层四种土地恢复措施之间无显著差异。3)不同土地恢复措施之间土壤质量含水量、饱和持水量和毛管持水量存在较大差异,翻耕地块表层0—20 cm土壤毛管持水量显著高于其它三种恢复措施;免耕苜蓿和免耕玉米地块毛管持水量无显著差异,两者均显著高于撂荒地,20—30 cm土层免耕苜蓿地块显著低于翻耕和撂荒地,30—40 cm土层撂荒地与免耕玉米显著低于翻耕和免耕苜蓿,40—50 cm土层四种土地恢复措施之间无显著差异。4)土壤毛管持水量和饱和持水量与毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙无显著相关关系,与总孔隙度呈显著正相关关系。土壤质量含水量和毛管持水量与粘粒含量无显著相关;与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为–0.619和–0.474;与粉粒含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.639和0.584。【结论】晋西北丘陵风沙区翻耕、免耕玉米和免耕苜蓿三种土地恢复措施都不同程度地降低了表层土壤砂粒含量,提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,改善了土壤的保水和供水能力,7年常规耕种和免耕种植作物都显著改善了土壤的物理性状,有助于生态的恢复和提高土壤的生产力。因此,在晋西北地区不提倡土地撂荒。     

不同沙生植被土壤微团聚体分形特征及抗蚀性

应用分形理论,以沙裸地为对照,不同沙生植被类型为研究对象,分析了不同沙生植被类型对土壤理化性质及抗蚀性的影响。结果表明,不同沙生植被中,踏郎土壤微团聚体组成和颗粒组成1～0.25 mm粒级含量较高;白柠条和踏郎的土壤微团聚体分形维数较低,且显著低于沙裸地。颗粒分形维数为沙蒿和踏郎较高,白柠条最低。沙裸地可蚀性K值最大,花棒和踏郎的可蚀性K值较小。综合分析表明沙裸地种植植被后,可以提高土壤质量和抗蚀性,其中踏郎较其它植被类型能更好地改善沙化土壤质量和提高土壤抗蚀性。     

风沙区不同种植制度下的土壤风蚀效果研究

为探究不同种植制度对风沙区喷灌圈耕地土壤风蚀效果的影响,以马铃薯－冬闲－玉米轮作（PT）、玉米－冬闲－玉米连作（SF）、马铃薯－燕麦－玉米轮作（WF）三种种植制度的喷灌圈耕地为研究对象,并以周边固定沙地（CK）为对照,春耕前采集表层0 ~ 5 cm土壤,用筛分法测定土壤的机械组成,分析土壤粒度参数及颗粒分形维数。结果表明:与CK相比,三种种植制度的耕地0 ~ 5 cm土层土壤细砂以下（< 0.1 mm）颗粒的含量下降12.83% ~ 42.45%,粗砂颗粒含量上升了284.12% ~ 502.86%,土壤颗粒表现出明显粗化现象,分选性变好,峰态向尖窄化发展,土壤退化严重,说明无论采用何种种植制度均会导致耕地土壤沙化。不同种植制度中,SF、WF相比PT均明显提高了耕地0 ~ 5 cm土层土壤细砂以下（< 0.1 mm）颗粒的含量,土壤颗粒出现细化趋势,分选性变好,峰态向尖窄化发展,分形维数值增大,表明玉米留茬和马铃薯收获后种植燕麦在风季可以减弱地表风蚀作用,降低耕地表层土壤细颗粒的流失。三种种植制度的偏差在各土层间没有显著差异,说明不同种植制度不足以使喷灌耕地的土壤粒度分配出现较大差异。     

荒漠草原风蚀地表颗粒空间异质特征

[目的]研究希拉穆仁荒漠草原地区风蚀地表颗粒的空间异质特征,对研判风蚀地表退化程度,进而合理保护与利用该区草地资源提供支持。[方法]利用数字图像处理技术,获取了希拉穆仁荒漠草原坡面表层土壤颗粒组成信息,结合经典统计学和地统计方法,研究易风蚀颗粒(0.42mm)、中等颗粒(0.42~0.84mm)、不易风蚀颗粒(0.84mm)的空间分布格局。[结果]荒漠草原地表颗粒含量组成表现为:不易风蚀颗粒中等颗粒易风蚀颗粒;颗粒变异系数变化范围为11.23%~38.17%,属中等程度变异。3种颗粒最优半方差函数模型分别为指数、球状、球状模型;Kriging插值结果显示坡顶土壤颗粒组成最粗,自坡顶向下表现出变细的趋势;南坡与西南坡土壤粗化最严重,粗化程度由重到轻依次为:南(S)西南(SW)西北(NW)西(W)东南(SE)北(N)东北(NE)东(E)。[结论]研究区土壤颗粒具有强烈的空间自相关性,土壤颗粒组成空间变异性主要由结构性因素引起,人为干扰也产生了一定影响。     

黄土区梯化坡地不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]研究覆膜作物、牧草地和撂荒地模式下梯化坡地不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响,为黄土区梯化坡地优化农业生产管理提供科学依据。[方法]以黄土区甘肃省陇西县梯化坡地为研究对象,选择5种土地利用方式(玉米地、苜蓿地、撂荒地2 a,撂荒地4 a和荒草地)按不同坡位(挖方段、中间段、填方段)进行土壤取样,对0—40 cm土层土壤理化性质进行研究。[结果]在5种土地利用方式下,土壤含水量、容重均随土层深度增加而增大,其中玉米地土壤含水量最高,容重最小;土壤机械组成均表现为:细砂粒黏粒粉粒粗砂粒;土壤含水量、容重、黏粒和粉粒均表现为:挖方段中间段填方段,而粗砂粒、细砂粒、有机碳、速效钾和水解性氮则呈现相反的趋势。土壤pH值均值变化为苜蓿地最大,撂荒地最小,且方差分析差异不显著(p0.05)。土壤有机碳、速效钾和有效磷均值均表现为玉米地最大,水解性氮均值表现为:苜蓿地玉米地撂荒地2 a荒草地撂荒地4 a。[结论]覆膜玉米地表现出对土壤含水量、容重及养分的促进作用均优于其他土地利用方式,且填方段的土壤更加肥沃,耕作中应注重加强对挖方段的施肥。     

农牧交错带土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响

[目的]研究农牧交错带不同土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响,为干旱沙区土地资源的合理利用及经营耕作提供科学依据。[方法]通过气象资料和野外风蚀试验,分析该区不同土地利用方式下的土壤风蚀状况。[结果]不同土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响显著,在不同利用类型的人工草地中羊草地较苜蓿地减蚀效果显著,天然草地中滨草地减蚀效果优于蒿草地,人工草地较天然草地显著降低土壤风蚀量。农田用地中耕翻地土壤风蚀量最高,未留茬免耕玉米地较耕翻地风蚀量减少46.7%~48.6%;作物留茬地土壤减蚀效果显著,且留茬作物不同,减蚀效果差异明显,玉米留茬较耕翻地风蚀量减少了58.1%~63.5%,荞麦留茬较耕翻地减蚀率为50.5%~54.6%。在不同地形坡地中迎风坡风蚀量高于背风坡3.12~3.73倍。[结论]应在该地区适宜增加人工草地种植面积,减少冬春季节耕翻地面积,减少迎风坡土地的开垦利用,在冬春季节采取地表覆盖或者作物收获后留茬的保护措施,以降低土壤风蚀程度。     

华北土石山区坡面溅蚀和片蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究

基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究3种降雨强度(35,65,100mm/h)、2种坡度(5°,15°)和3种植被盖度(0%,30%,80%)条件下,溅蚀和片蚀泥沙颗粒的粒径动态分布特征,及其与降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度的关系,揭示表层土壤团聚体在侵蚀过程中的破碎机制。结果表明,2种侵蚀方式下的泥沙颗粒主要集中在0.1~0.002mm粒级范围内,显著高于其它粒级颗粒含量。在溅蚀泥沙颗粒中0.1~0.05mm粒级颗粒含量较高,而片蚀泥沙颗粒中0.02mm粒级颗粒含量较高,溅蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径均大于片蚀泥沙颗粒。对比泥沙颗粒粒径的变化特征,溅蚀泥沙颗粒中粗砂粒(2~0.25mm)和细砂粒(0.25~0.05mm)含量逐渐减少,粉粒(0.05~0.02mm)和粘粒(0.002mm)含量逐渐增加,而片蚀泥沙颗粒中砂粒(2~0.05mm)含量呈增加趋势,粘粒(0.002mm)含量呈减小趋势。2种侵蚀方式下不同粒径泥沙颗粒与坡面径流深和径流量的相关性分析表明,泥沙颗粒粒径分布与地表产流过程密切相关。同时,雨滴击溅侵蚀泥沙颗粒的分形特征与侵蚀土壤的相对机械破碎指数有关,能够有效预测侵蚀过程中降雨和径流对坡面土壤团聚体的分选特征。     

豫东北黄泛区易风蚀性土壤特征

为分析不同土壤类型的性质、界定易风蚀性土壤类型并探索其特征，选取豫东北黄泛区为研究区域，采用野外取样、室内试验分析结合的方法测定土壤颗粒粒径、可蚀性因子K值等指标，界定区域易风蚀性土壤类型，并分析其空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）从土类看，豫东北黄泛区4种土类，以潮土为主，占区域面积的65.57%；从亚类看，共11种土壤亚类，以小两合土、沙土为主，占区域面积的59.76%。（2）土壤颗粒粒径组成上，沙土、草甸风沙土、盐化潮土、淤土等类型以砂粒为主；其余类型以粉粒为主。沙土、草甸风沙土、灌淤潮土、盐化潮土等类型易蚀颗粒含量较高，处于28.30%~31.36%范围内。草甸碱土、两合土、小两合土的土壤可蚀性因子K值相对较高，范围为0.038~0.041。（3）综合考虑易蚀颗粒含量≥25%和可蚀性属中等及以上2个指标，将沙土、草甸风沙土、灌淤潮土、盐化潮土、脱潮土界定为区域易风蚀性土壤。易风蚀性土壤面积占研究区的41.79%，主要分布在中牟县、祥符区、尉氏县等区域。研究结果可为黄泛区后续土壤研究及风蚀防治提供参考和科学依据。     

延怀盆地葡萄种植区不同土地利用方式表土风蚀特征分析

研究延怀盆地葡萄种植区不同土地利用方式下土壤风蚀特征,可为区域土地利用布局调整、生态环境建设提供数据支撑。以怀来县为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分析了葡萄、果桑、欧李、玉米留茬免耕、玉米翻耕5种土地利用方式的2018年11月—2019年3月土壤含水量、粒径及风蚀量月变化特征。结果表明:(1)未出现降水事件之前,5种土地利用方式土壤含水量均呈现随时间增加而下降的趋势,3种林果用地中土壤水分下降幅度表现为葡萄欧李果桑。(2)研究区5种土地利用方式表层土壤粒度主要为砂砾,含量达47%～63%。0.05～0.002 mm的粉粒是该区域风蚀过程中损失的主要颗粒。(3)5种土地利用方式中地表风蚀量表现为玉米翻耕地葡萄玉米留茬免耕欧李果桑。在该区域土壤风蚀防治过程中可以通过在小尺度上合理调整果桑等林果用地与葡萄、粮食用地土地利用布局的方式,达到降低近地表风速、拦截风沙、降低风蚀的作用。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.