北方农牧交错带界线变迁区的土地利用与景观格局变化

交错带是相邻生态系统的边缘交汇带,是陆地生态系统对全球变化和人为干扰响应较为敏感的地段。在全球气候变化和人为干扰的影响下,北方农牧交错带的地理位置和界线不断变迁,界线变迁区的土地利用和景观格局也处于快速的变化之中。该文基于气象和土地利用数据,利用遥感、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,界定了北方农牧交错带及界线变迁区的地理位置,并分析了1986-2000年界线变迁区的土地利用和景观格局时空变化特征。结果显示:(1)北方农牧交错带的西北界、东南界缓冲区土地利用结构变化、不同地类之间的相互转化及土地利用动态度变化存在明显区域差异;(2)西北界、东南界缓冲区景观重心迁移的距离和方向、景观格局变化呈现出不同的特征。     

中国北方农牧交错带农作物产量时空格局与情景预测研究进展

中国北方农牧交错带是中国少数关键的生态区域和全球变化响应敏感区域之一，对保持中国北方生态系统的农业生态服务功能起着至关重要的作用，该文从中国北方农牧交错带研究的重要性入手，分析了近年来国内外在农作物产量研究方面的进展，提出北方农牧交错带高时空分辨率的农作物产量分布格局和预测研究存在的问题，阐述了对发展北方农牧交错带高时空分辨率的农作物产量分布格局和预测研究的主要方向和途径，对未来气候变化对该区农业生产力和生态环境的影响具有重要意义。     

农牧交错带变迁的格局与过程及其景观生态意义

从景观生态角度出发研究了农牧交错带历史变迁的格局、过程、动力机制及其对区域农业发展的影响。阐述了我国农业发展与历史农牧界限的波动;农牧交错带气候变化与农笔业交替及农牧交错带的景观生态意义。秦汉以后农牧界限有限度波动和长城沿线农牧业交错变迁与区域内气候环境的干湿交替及农耕经济和游牧经济的此消彼长相对应,农牧交错带具有环境胞弱特征,农农业景观异质性的形成和流动输出及其对相邻区域农业技术发展的影响上表现明显作用。     

中国北方农牧交错带植被动态研究进展

通过回顾植被动态研究的历史,简要概述了植被动态的发展。综述了我国北方农牧交错带历年来植被动态的研究现状。研究指出植被动态变化与农牧交错带内气候、自然环境演变、农牧业经营方式的转变及土地利用有着密切的关系。结合前人的研究,根据农牧交错带内存在的生态环境问题,提出应从北方农牧交错带植被动态与生物多样性、生态环境、生态系统健康以及对全球变化响应的关系进行研究,揭示其受损及恢复机理,为农牧交错带受损的生态系统恢复与重建、区域可持续发展提供理论依据。     

北方农牧交错带气候变化与旱涝响应特征

依据北方农牧交错带1961-2012年46个气象站气温、降水数据,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall检测及Kring插值法,对该区气候变化及旱涝时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)近52 a,北方农牧交错带气候呈现暖干化趋势,1986年后暖干化趋势有所加强。(2)不同区域不同时段,气温、降水表现出不同的变化特征。(3)全区及3个子区旱涝等级均呈上升趋势,不同区域旱涝等级变化趋势差异显著。(4)北方农牧交错带大涝呈"片状"分布,大旱呈"斑点状"分布。全区整体相对较易发生大旱,东北段相对更易发生大涝,华北段更易发生大旱。     

典型农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析

农牧交错带土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力研究是生态环境演化内在规律的重要组成部分,可以科学指导该地区的可持续发展。该文以农牧交错带的典型区域——内蒙古翁牛特旗为例,从土地利用变化过程的空间角度,基于GIS以及相关数理统计软件,使用Logistic模型分析了土地利用/覆被变化的内部和外部驱动力。结果表明模型中耕地变化的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和农业气候区;草地变化的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离、土壤表层有机质含量和到乡镇中心的距离;林地变化的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和海拔;空间异质性和土地利用变化过程的时间变量共同影响使用logistic回归模型来进行推断的能力;通过对草地logistic回归模型拟合度的检验,验证了不同土地利用类型变化的主要驱动力可以用空间统计模型来解释。     

典型农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析

农牧交错带土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力研究是生态环境演化内在规律的重要组成部分,可以科学指导该地区的可持续发展。该文以农牧交错带的典型区域——内蒙古翁牛特旗为例,从土地利用变化过程的空间角度,基于GIS以及相关数理统计软件,使用Logistic模型分析了土地利用/覆被变化的内部和外部驱动力。结果表明模型中耕地变化的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和农业气候区;草地变化的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离、土壤表层有机质含量和到乡镇中心的距离;林地变化的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和海拔;空间异质性和土地利用变化过程的时间变量共同影响使用logistic回归模型来进行推断的能力;通过对草地logistic回归模型拟合度的检验,验证了不同土地利用类型变化的主要驱动力可以用空间统计模型来解释。     

北方农牧交错带沙尘源植被恢复潜力评价模型研究

针对北方农牧交错带沙化土地植被恢复进程缓慢和沙尘源植被恢复潜力评价困难的问题,该文采用模糊综合评判模型对北方农牧交错带沙尘源植被恢复能力进行潜力评价.该评价模型首先采用比例标度法对沙尘源影响因素打分,再用改进的层次分析法确定沙尘源植被恢复影响因素的权重,并通过综合指数反映植被恢复能力,最后利用模糊隶属度对植被恢复能力进行分级.试验结果表明:该模型能够确定北方农牧交错带沙尘源植被恢复潜力,并为确定沙尘源植被恢复的优先顺序提供决策依据.     

晋北地区环境特征及其土地沙化机制研究

晋北地区地处中国北方农牧交错带,自然环境具有脆弱性和过渡性的特点。以实地调查为基础,从植被退化、土层厚度和风蚀强度等3个方面,提出了评价晋北地区土地沙化程度的综合指标,并划分为轻度、中度、重度3个等级。分析了晋北地区土地沙化的成因机制,分析结果表明:脆弱的自然条件是晋北地区土地沙化发生、发展的基础,落后的社会经济条件是晋北地区土地沙化发生、发展的驱动力,不合理的人类活动是晋北地区土地沙化发生、发展的根源。     

灌溉因素订正的北方农牧交错带界定

我国北方农牧交错带为典型生态脆弱带,对其科学合理的界定对基于资源利用的区域可持续发展具有重要意义。北方农牧交错带界定的最基本条件是水分条件,但是前人的界定均以降水作为水分条件,均没考虑灌溉对农牧交错带形成的影响。本研究在传统界定方法的基础上,增加了灌溉条件订正,以订正后的水分条件作为界定指标,并结合水分变率和干燥度指标,运用模糊综合评判法,对北方农牧交错带进行界定,并进一步结合行政边界进行农牧交错带县域的划分。结果显示,我国北方农牧交错带呈东北—西南走向的带状分布,总面积65.90万km~2;北方农牧交错带县(市、旗)共有123个,总面积66.08万km~2,分布于北方的9个省(自治区),农牧交错带县数量以内蒙古自治区、山西省和青海省居多,农牧交错带县总面积以内蒙最大。本研究的界定结果在位置上比农业部指定范围略向西北方向偏移,范围上分别向东北和西南扩展,增加了黑龙江、吉林、青海3个省份,去掉了辽宁省;在县域总数上有所减少,黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、青海的农牧交错带县域(市、旗)总数有所增加,而河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、宁夏的农牧交错带县域(市)总数有所减少;部分位于内蒙河套灌区和宁夏河套灌区的县域被划入。由对农牧交错带水热条件的分析可知,农牧交错带大部分地区的年积温为2000～3500℃,空间上呈中间高,东北、西南低的趋势;大部分地区的水分条件(降水和灌溉)为300～450mm,空间上沿东南—西北方向递减;大部分地区的表层土壤有机碳含量为0～1%,空间上呈中间低,东北、西南高的趋势。本研究将灌溉指标纳入农牧交错带的界定指标系统,弥补了传统气候界定方法的缺陷,是对农牧交错带界定工作的科学补充和发展,得到的县域尺度的农牧交错带结合农牧交错带水热条件分布研究,可为农牧交错带区域农牧结构调整和精准可持续发展提供科学借鉴。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.