黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响

为研究海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响，该文在黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土上采用75%的海水于田间小区进行3年灌溉试验，分析了海水灌溉前后土壤含盐量、土壤盐碱化的各项指标、土壤中各种离子和饱和导水率的变化，结果表明：采用75%的海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量明显升高，在土层80 cm以下有盐分积累的现象；而饱和导水率减小；土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后变化不大；残余碳酸钠(RSC)的变化也较小；土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)和碱化度(ESP)在3年海水灌溉后上升较大，已经超过了碱化土壤的临界值，并均与土壤中的盐分含量呈对数曲线变化。在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉可能会对土壤资源安全产生影响，海水灌溉必须防治次生盐渍化和土壤碱化的发生。     

半干旱区海水灌溉农田土壤盐分运移规律的研究

对在海侵灾害最严重的莱州湾地区,在油葵生育期内利用不同浓度的海水直接灌溉两次,研究0～40cm土层土壤盐分及Na^ 、CI^-、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^ 含量的分布、迁移规律,为确定合适的灌溉定额和灌溉次数提供最基础的技术参数。结果表明：①60％以上浓度海水灌溉,5～40cm土层土壤盐分呈积累趋势,次生盐渍化明显;40％海水灌溉后轻微积盐．若无充沛的雨水淋洗,则须结合一定的农业措施以防造成次生盐害;20％海水浓度在灌溉定额为800m^3／hm^2时能保持土壤盐分的盈亏平衡。②Na^ 和CI^-主要分布在5～20cm土层,而Ca^2 和Mg^2 主要在20∽40cm土层,K^ 则极易被淋洗而迁移到40cm以下土层。③0～5cm土层盐分变化剧烈,在油葵整个生育期降雨量为171．7mm的情况下,至收获期时,各处理均能降至灌海水前的水平。     

磁化水灌溉条件下黄河三角洲刺槐林地土壤盐分时空分布特征及变化规律

[目的]探明磁化水灌溉条件下土壤盐分含量时空分布特征及变化规律,为滨海盐碱地磁化水灌溉技术提供理论依据。[方法]以黄河三角洲东营市河口区新营造刺槐人工林地为研究对象,分析了淡水灌溉(FW)、磁化淡水灌溉(MFW)、地下浅表层微咸水灌溉(GW)和磁化地下浅表层微咸水灌溉(MGW)4种措施下土壤盐分含量的时空分布特征及变化规律。[结果] 2种磁化处理灌溉方式均能降低滨海盐碱地土壤盐分含量;不同灌溉处理的土壤盐分含量均值皆表现出:GWCKFWMGWMFW,土壤盐分含量随土层深度增加而降低。[结论]①磁化水灌溉能够降低土壤盐分表聚,尤其在春、秋季适时采用磁化水灌溉,能够抑制土壤返盐,在20—40 cm土层效果更明显一些。②通过磁化地下浅表层微咸水进行适度灌溉,可以为该地区节约用水资源,有效地促进盐碱地土壤脱盐。     

海水倒灌农田土壤盐分空间变异特征

以海南省海口市三江农场为研究区域,采集并化验海水倒灌后土壤样品191份,利用地统计学方法和空间插值法对区域土壤盐分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明:14个土层中土壤盐分的均值最大的为0~5 cm土层,土壤盐分平均含量达到9.63 g/kg,最小的是20~40 cm土层,盐分平均含量仅为4.36 g/kg;24个土层中第一层(0~5 cm)土壤盐分含量属弱相关性,第四层(20~40 cm)土层属于剧烈空间自相关性;3各土层土壤盐分分布格局差异明显,含盐量1 g/kg的各土层均没有分布;含盐量1~3和3~5 g/kg两个级别随着土层深度的增加面积逐渐增大,9 g/kg的级别则面积逐渐减少。不同深度土壤层土壤盐分含量差异明显,空间变异特征各不相同,总体呈现土壤盐分表聚特征。     

不同气候带海水灌溉下滨海盐土水盐运动特征

自2001年开始,采用田间试验与室内模拟相互验证的方法,对山东莱州(暖温半干旱带)、江苏大丰(暖温湿润带)、海南乐东(热带湿润带)进行了海水灌溉下滨海盐土水盐运动特征研究,结果表明：(1)各气候带适宜的灌溉定额下,未作任何人为调控措施,半干旱的莱州虽呈自然积盐的趋势．但即使用50％的海淡水混灌,2年0～60cm土层盐分仍未超过3‰,江苏大丰用60％的海淡水灌溉,海水灌溉携入的总盐量与1m土体淋失的盐量持平,而海南乐东盐分收支平衡的海淡水比例为75％;(2)在半干旱的山东莱州,0～60cm各土层含盐量变幅起伏较大,表明蒸发为盐分运动的控制因子,而在湿润的江苏大丰,30cm以下土层含盐量平稳,ST水控制盐分运动的作用增强。两个气候带,在整个夏季,各海水灌溉处理表层土壤含盐量明显低于下层土壤;(3)海水灌溉明显降低土壤水吸力,表明海水灌溉可以缓解土壤水的蒸发,越是干旱,这种作用越明显。     

滴灌沙枣防护林土壤盐分分布特征

利用3年(2008-2011年)的野外对比试验与长期实地监测数据,分析喀拉米吉绿洲滴灌沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)防护林地的土壤盐分及动态情况。结果表明:(1)林地在滴灌与不滴灌条件下,土壤盐分含量差异显著(p<0.05)。在不同灌水量条件(单株单次灌水18,30,48L)下的林地土壤盐分含量与分布特征不相同,其中单株单次灌水48L处理与对照相比,土壤盐分含量差异达极显著水平(p<0.01);3种不同灌水量处理(18,30,48L)分别使30cm以上土层、50cm以上土层、整个根系土层的盐度值低于1.4mS/cm;(2)在沙枣生育期内,土壤盐分呈现逐渐上升的趋势,且通过了显著性水平;不同深度(20,40,60cm)的土壤盐分上升趋势有差异,其中40cm深处土壤盐分上升趋势最显著,20cm与60cm深处趋势水平差异不大;(3)在1个灌溉周期内(20d),林地土壤盐分动态表现为集中-均匀-集中的过程。停水后第2天,上层土壤盐分含量明显下降,滴灌将盐分压于30cm以下,并集中于40-60cm土层;停水后第4～8天,整个观测范围内的剖面土壤盐分明显下降,原聚集于中土层的盐分基本消失,从而使停水后第4～8天土壤盐分淋洗效果最显著;停水后第12天,剖面高盐分土层又重新出现,然后随着时间的延续高盐分土层愈加明显。因此,随着1个灌溉周期的结束,高含盐量土层的位置逐渐上移,其范围逐步扩大;(4)本试验中,在种植的第2～3年,水分供给不足是沙枣成活率低、生长量低的主要原因,而影响沙枣第1年成活率的是土壤次生盐渍化(盐分高达5～9mS/cm)。滴灌洗盐只是局部,建议滴灌防护林1年采取1次大水漫灌。     

咸水结冰融水入渗对土壤水盐运移和玉米苗期生长的影响

依据咸水冰盐水融离原理,利用土柱模拟试验,设置4个灌溉方式,分别为对照处理(淡水)、咸水灌溉、咸水结冰灌溉和咸水结冰灌溉+秸秆覆盖,研究咸水结冰灌溉条件下土壤水盐的独特运移机制。结果表明,与淡水灌溉相比,咸水灌溉处理表层0~40 cm土壤水分含量偏低,而深层土含水量则较高;咸水结冰灌溉下这一规律更为明显。但配合秸秆覆盖措施能在一定程度提高咸水结冰灌溉后各土层土壤含水量。咸水直接浇灌使各土层土壤盐度EC1:5偏高,盐分累积量增大,且盐分具有明显表层聚集特性,表层0~40 cm盐分累积量占0~80 cm土体的62.2%;而咸水结冰后灌溉则显著降低表层0~40 cm土层的盐分累积,仅占18.6%;咸水结冰后灌溉配合秸秆覆盖则进一步促进表层的脱盐率提高,特别在0~10 cm土层,土壤盐度仅为0.15 dS·m -1,盐分累积67.8 g·m-2,与淡水处理间差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。咸水结冰灌溉配合秸秆覆盖可促进表层土壤的脱盐,使土壤根系分布密集层保持较低盐分水平,缓解或消除盐分对作物生长的危害,使玉米的生长状况达到淡水灌溉处理的效果。     

不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤水分入渗和盐分运移的影响

为探究不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤水分入渗和盐分运移的影响。采用室内有机玻璃土柱模拟试验,设置3个梯度灌水水质(蒸馏水、3 g/L微咸水、10 g/L咸水)和2种灌溉方式(结冰灌溉、直接灌溉)的6种不同处理,对土壤的水分入渗特性及脱盐效果进行对比分析研究。结果表明:(1)3个梯度灌水水质下,结冰灌溉方式的土壤初始入渗速率分别是直接灌溉方式的8.2,4.6,5.8倍。结冰灌溉方式下,灌溉水矿化度越高,土壤入渗速率越快;(2)Kostiakov模型适合拟合不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉方式下的土壤水分入渗过程,Horton模型适合拟合不同矿化度咸水直接灌溉方式下的土壤水分入渗过程;(3)3个梯度灌水水质下,直接灌溉方式0—60 cm土层土壤含水率较结冰灌溉方式分别提高1.4%～6.3%,1.6%～3.6%,0.9%～7.6%;(4)各处理下0—30 cm土层土壤脱盐效果较为显著,盐分不断向土层60 cm处迁移,各处理土壤脱盐率逐渐降低。0—30 cm土层处,淡水直接灌溉方式下土壤脱盐率最大(93%～97%),3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉的脱盐率次之(87%～91%)。50—60 cm土层处,淡水结冰灌溉方式下土壤脱盐率最高(13.3%),其次为3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉方式(9.1%)。综合考虑,3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉能够提高土壤水分入渗速率,有效降低0—60 cm土层的土壤盐分含量。     

磁化水灌溉对盐渍化土壤生化性质的影响

为了探究磁化水灌溉对盐渍化土壤生化性质的影响,以黄河三角洲冬枣园的盐渍化土壤为研究对象,对土壤的盐分含量、交换性盐基、养分含量和土壤酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,在3个不同土层深度下,与淡水相比,磁化淡水灌溉的土壤含盐量分别显著降低了17.3%、19.8%和10.5%(P0.05);在0~20和20~40 cm土层中,与地下浅表层微咸水相比,磁化地下浅表层微咸水灌溉的土壤含盐量分别显著降低5.7%和8.8%(P0.05)。在3个不同土层深度中,磁化地下浅表层微咸水灌溉与未磁化灌溉相比分别显著降低了土壤中全Na的含量(P0.05)。磁化水灌溉显著增加了交换性K和Ca的含量,而交换性Na含量显著降低(P0.05)。不同的土壤深度下,磁化水灌溉可显著提高土壤中P、Ca和Mg的含量(P0.05)。与未磁化相比,磁化水灌溉的土壤蔗糖酶活性提高11.5%~15.2%,且差异显著(P0.05)。与未磁化相比,磁化淡水灌溉的脲酶活性提高了10.6%,磁化地下浅表层微咸水的磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性提高了10.0%和7.0%,且差异显著(P0.05)。由此可知,磁化水灌溉能有效促进沾化冬枣园盐渍化土壤脱盐、维持土壤离子平衡、促进土壤养分有效性及提高土壤酶活性。本研究结果为磁化水灌溉技术在冬枣产业区的广泛应用提供了依据。     

灌水处理对漫灌改滴灌红枣土壤盐分时空分布的影响

为确定南疆沙区成龄红枣漫灌改滴灌适宜的滴灌模式,采用双因素组合试验设计,研究了不同灌溉定额(900,1 050,1 200mm)和灌水次数(10,14,18次)对红枣漫灌改滴灌后整个生育期0—200cm土层盐分时空分布及产量的影响。结果表明:水平方向上各处理均表现为距树干越远土壤盐分质量比越高,增大灌溉定额使距树干60cm处0—20cm土层土壤盐分质量比明显增大;增加灌水次数可以显著降低距树干60cm处0—80cm土层土壤盐分质量比。垂直方向上土壤盐分质量比呈"S"形分布,表层土壤有明显积盐现象;不同灌溉定额处理垂直方向上均出现一个低盐带(2g/kg),低盐带深度范围随灌溉定额的增加而增大。漫灌相比改滴灌水平方向上土壤盐分质量比变化不大,且表层土壤也无明显积盐现象。整个生育期内,各处理土壤盐分质量比峰值出现在6月新稍期或7月花期;在0—200cm土层,10次、1 200mm灌水处理和14次、900mm灌水处理的盐分淋洗效果与漫灌CK处理相近,漫灌处理只在0—100cm土层盐分淋洗效果明显优于改滴灌处理。灌水次数对0—200cm土层各时间阶段土壤盐分质量比的影响弱于灌溉定额。漫灌改滴灌不同于连续滴灌,漫灌改滴灌后,过低或过高的灌溉定额均不利于提高红枣的产量,与其他处理相比,18次、1 050mm灌溉定额处理不但具有合理的盐分时空分布,且产量(7 549kg/hm2)和水分利用效率最高,比漫灌增产12.87%,节水30%,可以作为当地节水、高产和高效的红枣漫灌改滴灌灌溉制度。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.