不同类型生物炭理化特性及其对土壤持水性的影响

[目的]对比分析不同原料制备的生物炭的理化性质及其对土壤持水性的影响,为选择合适的生物炭改良和修复土壤提供理论依据。[方法]以鸡粪、浒苔及稻草为原料,分高、中、低3种不同温度制备生物炭,运用元素分析、盆栽培养等试验研究其特性。[结果]稻草中C,H及灰分的含量较高,鸡粪中N含量较高,浒苔中C含量低,O含量较高;而在制备的生物炭中,鸡粪基生物炭C和N含量较高,浒苔基生物C含量却比较低。另外,3种类型生物炭的H/C摩尔比值随着热解温度的升高而逐渐降低,C/N比随着热解温度的升高而增大。不同原料制备的生物炭pH值随着热解温度的升高而增大,pH值从6.82~8.35升高至9.33~10.29;3种类型的生物炭pH值随着灰分含量的增大而增大,但增长速率不同,稻草基生物炭浒苔基生物炭鸡粪基生物炭。并且,随着热解温度的升高,鸡粪、浒苔及稻草基生物炭引起土壤持水性逐渐增强。[结论]在土壤提供营养成分方面,鸡粪基生物炭显然更具优势,而且在促进土壤持水性方面,鸡粪生物炭也相对更强一些。     

生物炭主要类型、理化性质及其研究展望

【目的】 生物炭作为工农业生产副产品低碳利用的有效手段,其改善土壤及提高作物品质的有益功效已被逐步认识,但对其研究报道分散且差异较大。对已有研究进行梳理总结,可为生物炭生产施用以及形成有效的产业链提供科学依据。 主要进展 1）生物炭全碳含量在 30%～90% 之间,平均 64%。生物炭碳含量由大到小来源依次是木质、秸秆、壳类、粪污和污泥。秸秆类生物炭碳含量大多为 40%～80%,木质类生物炭在 60%～85%。生物炭灰分含量在 0～40% 之间变动,平均 15.52%。灰分含量由大到小依次是污泥、粪污、秸秆、壳类和木质。秸秆生物炭灰分含量主要在 20%～35% 之间,较少为 15%;木质炭灰分主要在 0～10% 范围内。生物炭碳含量和灰分含量相关系数为–0.77。裂解温度与生物炭碳灰组分呈正相关,相关系数分别为 0.17 和 0.28。施入生物炭可以改善土壤状况,生物炭灰分通常对养分贫瘠土壤及沙质土壤的一些养分补充作用较明显。2）生物炭比表面积绝大多数在 0～520 m2/g 之间,平均 124.83 m2/g,壳类、秸秆、木质、粪污和污泥生物炭比表面积逐渐降低。秸秆炭比表面积集中在 0～200 m2/g 以内,木质炭比表面积集中在 0～100 m2/g 以内。制备温度与比表面积的相关系数为 0.48。生物炭的孔隙结构能降低土壤容重、降低土壤密度,能较好地去除溶液和钝化土壤中的重金属。3）生物炭 pH 值范围在 5～12,平均为 9.15。秸秆、污泥、粪污、木质、壳类生物炭 pH 值中值逐渐降低。秸秆生物炭 pH 值多集中在 8～11 范围内,木质生物炭 pH 相对一致。生物炭的 CEC 从 0 到 500 cmol /kg 都有分布,平均为 71.91 cmol/kg。秸秆类生物炭 CEC 值大多集中在 0～100 cmol/kg 范围内,木质生物炭则在 5～10 与 15～25 cmol/kg 范围内均有一定数量的分布。裂解温度与 pH 值和 CEC 的相关系数为 0.58 和 0.30。生物炭施入土壤后可消耗土壤质子,提高酸性土壤 pH 值,提高酸性土壤一些养分的有效性;其巨大的表面积还可提高对阳离子的吸附,提高土壤保肥能力。4）生物炭的裂解温度大都集中在 200～800℃ 之间,偶有达到 1000℃ 的裂解温度。 建议和展望 目前,全世界范围内对生物炭的生产和使用还处于就近和来源方便的初级阶段,影响着生物炭功能和效益的最大化。应从以下几个方面加强研究和应用试验:首先,系统研究生物炭制造参数对理化性状的影响,研究不同原料生物炭的作用机理差异及其针对性,建立生物炭理化性质参数数据库;其次,加强应用研究,根据土壤理化性状和改良目标选择适宜的生物炭类型,根据对作物经济性状的要求,研究选择适宜的生物炭类型,实现生物炭功效的最大利用。加强不同原料的选配和组合研究,改良生物炭产品的目标性状,形成系列化产品。      

N2O and CH4 emission from soil amended with steam‐activated biochar

Steam‐activation increased CH₄ emission of stover biochar but decreased it for wood biochar by 14%^–70%. Biochar generally increased CH₄ emission but reduced N₂O emission by 10%–41%. Emission of N₂O was 17% lower for maize‐stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar, and 3% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. Emission of CH₄ was 21% higher for activated stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar and 10% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. No difference in net CO₂ equivalent was observed among biochar grades.     

Designing relevant biochars as soil amendments using lignocellulosic-based and manure-based feedstocks

Purpose

Biochars are a by-product of the biofuel processing of lignocellulosic and manure feedstocks. Because biochars contain an assemblage of organic and inorganic compounds, they can be used as an amendment for C sequestration and soil quality improvement. However, not all biochars are viable soil amendments; this is because their physical and chemical properties vary due to feedstock elemental composition, biofuel processing, and particle size differences. Biochar could deliver a more effective service as a soil amendment if its chemistry was designed ex ante with characteristics that target specific soil quality issues. In this study, we demonstrate how biochars can be designed with relevant properties as successful soil amendments through feedstock selection, pyrolysis conditions, and particle size choices.

Materials and methods

Biochars were produced by pyrolysis of parent lignocellulosic feedstock sources—peanut hull (PH; Archis hypogaea), pecan shell (PS; Carya illinoensis), switchgrass (SG; Panicum virgatum), pine chips (PC; Pinus taeda), hardwood wastes (wood), and poultry litter manure (PL; Gallus domesticus), as well as blends of these feedstocks at temperatures ranging from 250 to 700 °C. Additionally, blended feedstocks were made into pellets (>2 mm) prior to pyrolysis at 350 °C. Dust-sized (<0.42 mm) biochar was obtained through grinding of pelletized biochars. After chemical characterization, the biochars were evaluated as fertility amendments in a Norfolk soil (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kandiudult) during two different pot incubation experiments.

Results and discussion

PL biochars were alkaline and enriched in N and P, whereas biochar from lignocellulosic feedstocks exhibited mixed pH and nutrient contents. Blending PL with PC resulted in lower biochar pH values and nutrient contents. In pot experiment 1, most biochars significantly (P?<?0.05) raised soil pH, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and Mehlich 1 extractable P and K. PL biochar added at 20 g?kg^?1 resulted in excessive soil P concentrations (393 to 714 mg?kg^?1) and leachate enriched with dissolved phosphorus (DP, 22 to 70 mg?L^?1). In pot experiment 2, blended and pelletized PL with PC feedstock reduced soil pH and extractable soil P and K concentrations compared to pot experiment 1. Water leachate DP concentrations were significantly (P?<?0.05) reduced by pelletized biochar blends.

Conclusions

Short-term laboratory pot experiments revealed that biochars can have different impacts at modifying soil quality characteristics. Keying on these results allowed for creating designer biochars to address specific soil quality limitations. In the process of manufacturing designer biochars, first, it is important to know what soil quality characteristics are in need of change. Second, choices between feedstocks, blends of these feedstocks, and their accompanying particle sizes can be made prior to pyrolysis to create biochars tailored for addressing specific soil quality improvements. Utilization of these principles should allow for effective service of the designed biochar as a soil amendment while minimizing unwanted ex facto soil quality changes and environmental effects.     

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil

While a large-scale soil amendment of biochars continues to receive interest for enhancing crop yields and to remediate contaminated sites, systematic study is lacking in how biochar properties translate into purported functions such as heavy metal sequestration. In this study, cottonseed hulls were pyrolyzed at five temperatures (200, 350, 500, 650, and 800 °C) and characterized for the yield, moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents, elemental composition (CHNSO), BET surface area, pH, pHpzc, and by ATR-FTIR. The characterization results were compared with the literature values for additional source materials: grass, wood, pine needle, and broiler litter-derived biochars with and without post-treatments. At respective pyrolysis temperatures, cottonseed hull chars had ash content in between grass and wood chars, and significantly lower BET surface area in comparison to other plant source materials considered. The N:C ratio reached a maximum between 300 and 400 °C for all biomass sources considered, while the following trend in N:C ratio was maintained at each pyrolysis temperature: wood?cottonseed hull≈grass≈pine needle?broiler litter. To examine how biochar properties translate into its function as a heavy metal (NiII, CuII, PbII, and CdII) sorbent, a soil amendment study was conducted for acidic sandy loam Norfolk soil previously shown to have low heavy metal retention capacity. The results suggest that the properties attributable to the surface functional groups of biochars (volatile matter and oxygen contents and pHpzc) control the heavy metal sequestration ability in Norfolk soil, and biochar selection for soil amendment must be made case-by-case based on the biochar characteristics, soil property, and the target function.     

The potential feasibility for soil improvement, based on the properties of biochars pyrolyzed from different feedstocks

Purpose

Biochars have been considered as useful soil amendments due to their beneficial properties in improving soil fertility, carbon (C) sequestration, and soil decontamination. In our study, a series of biochars produced from different types of feedstocks at two pyrolysis temperatures (300 and 500 °C) were characterized to evaluate their different potentials as soil amendments.

Materials and methods

Ten types of feedstocks were used to prepare biochars at the pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 500 °C, for 2 h. Chemical and physical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses were conducted to determine differences in biochar properties. Then, soil incubation studies were used to investigate the relationships between these biochar properties and their different ameliorant values in soil.

Results and discussion

The pH, ash, total C, total potassium, total phosphorus, total base cation concentrations, surface areas, and total pore volumes of biochars produced at 500 °C were higher than at 300 °C, while the reverse applied for yields, total oxygen and total hydrogen, and average pore widths and particle sizes. Cluster analysis suggested that biochars derived from similar feedstock types belonged in the same category. The SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses of typical biochars from the different categories suggested both variations and similarities in their characteristics. In addition, the results from soil incubation experiments were consistent with the conclusions made from biochar characteristics analysis.

Conclusions

Biochars derived from swine manures, fruit peels, and leaves with high pH and macro-nutrients appeared appropriate to increase soil pH and soil nutrient availability; whereas, biochars from wetland plant residues with high C concentrations and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller were better for soil C sequestration and contaminant adsorption.     

Biochar derived from agricultural wastes and wood residues for sustainable agricultural and environmental applications

Lignocellulosic biomass can be circulated to produce many materials and products, including biochar. This study analyzed five different types of biochar produced from agricultural wastes and wood residues. The raw materials included three agricultural by-products: corncob, cassava rhizome, rice husk, and two types of wood residues: rain tree (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.) and krachid (Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner.). The biochar were made in patented retorts with locally-appropriated technology at a temperature range of 450–500°C. This research focuses on the primary physicochemical properties and biochar components, allowing biochar to become a vital material to support sustainable agriculture and the environment. Biochar properties used for agriculture consist of specific surface area, total pore volume, average pore diameter, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The properties that benefit the environmental purposes are the element: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and the molar ratio of H/C, O/C, and C/N. The study found that all five types of biochar contained suitable properties for soil amendment and carbon sequestration. However, significant differences were shown in specific surface area, average pore diameter, pH, CEC, and EC of various biochar. Based on O/C and H/C ratios, all five types of biochar persisted in soil from 100 to over 1,000 years.     

Performance of biochar derived from Cymbopogon winterianus waste at two temperatures on soil properties and growth of Bacopa monneri

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar derived from the distilled waste of Cymbopogon winterianus at two different pyrolysis temperatures (450°C and 850°C) on the chemical and biological properties of sandy loamy soil (SLS) and its subsequent impact on plant growth. Pot experiments utilizing Bacopa monnieri were performed in a greenhouse with four different application rates of biochar (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w)) for 120 days. Biochar induced alterations in soil properties (nutrients, enzymes, and microbes) and plant responses (yield, biocide and antioxidant content) to biochar addition were measured. Biochar application, notably improved the soil carbon, cation exchange capacity, and the availability of NH₄ ⁺ and phosphorus. Initially, biochar produced at the lower temperature had more effect on the available nitrogen, phosphorus, soil enzymatic properties, and plant biomass growth. After 120 days, the pyrolysis temperature had only a marginal influence on biochar-induced effects on soil pH, WHC, and soil enzymatic activities. Our results suggest that C. winterianus derived biochar amendment leads to an overall amelioration of soil fertility and plant growth improvement. In specific biochar produced at lower temperatures (450°C) was more effective for improvement of plant biomass and soil characteristics.     

Effect of exogenous substances on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration under maize stover addition

ABSTRACT

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC) are important carbon reservoirs in terrestrial ecosystems. A large portion of carbon from stover enters the atmosphere after stover return. However, there is little information on soil carbon sequestration during stover decomposition. In this study, a 54-day incubation experiment was conducted in calcareous soil to investigate the effects of wood ash or oil shale application (1.2 w/w%) on CO₂ emissions, soil C content, and other soil chemical properties. Four treatments were compared: (i) no maize stover addition; (ii) 1.5% maize stover; (iii) 1.5% maize stover plus 1.2% wood ash; and (iv) 1.5% maize stover plus 1.2% oil shale. Wood ash addition decreased CO₂ emission as a result of enhanced SIC sequestration in soil amended with maize stover; oil shale enhanced SOC due to increased carbon input from recalcitrant oil shale. Wood ash addition also significantly increased soil pH and soil microbial biomass carbon. The addition of wood ash to soil may be a potential strategy for promoting inorganic carbon storage and mitigating CO₂ emissions after stover return. In addition, oil shale is a very stable C source and oil shale amendment could be an ef?cient, long-term strategy to sequester organic C in soils.     

Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil

The effects of biochar properties on crop growth are little understood. Therefore, biochar was produced from eight feedstocks and pyrolyzed at four temperatures (300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C) using slow pyrolysis. Corn was grown for 46 days in a greenhouse pot trial on a temperate and moderately fertile Alfisol amended with the biochar at application rates of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 2.0%, and 7.0% (w/w) (equivalent to 0.0, 2.6, 6.5, 26, and 91 t biochar ha⁻¹) and full recommended fertilization. Animal manure biochars increased biomass by up to 43% and corn stover biochar by up to 30%, while food waste biochar decreased biomass by up to 92% in relation to similarly fertilized controls (all P < 0.05). Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 300°C to 600°C decreased the negative effect of food waste as well as paper sludge biochars. On average, plant growth was the highest with additions of biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C (P < 0.05), but feedstock type caused eight times more variation in growth than pyrolysis temperature. Biochar application rates above 2.0% (w/w) (equivalent to 26 t ha⁻¹) did generally not improve corn growth and rather decreased growth when biochars produced from dairy manure, paper sludge, or food waste were applied. Crop N uptake was 15% greater than the fully fertilized control (P < 0.05, average at 300°C) at a biochar application rate of 0.2% but decreased with greater application to 16% below the N uptake of the control at an application rate of 7%. Volatile matter or ash content in biochar did not correlate with crop growth or N uptake (P > 0.05), and greater pH had only a weak positive relationship with growth at intermediate application rates. Greater nutrient contents (N, P, K, Mg) improved growth at low application rates of 0.2% and 0.5%, but Na reduced growth at high application rates of 2.0% and 7.0% in the studied fertile Alfisol.     

Effect of Three Different Qualities of Biochar on Selected Soil Properties

An incubation study was conducted to determine how biochar interacts with a nitrogen fertilizer and how it reacts in the soil as well as to measure the effect of different biochars on soil chemical properties. Two Iowa soils, Nicollet surface soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) and Storden subsoil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Eutrudept), were mixed with three different qualities of biochar and a nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The biochar was created from corn stover that was pyrolized with three different amounts of atmospheric air: 0% (biochar 1), 10% (biochar 2), and 25% (biochar 3). Soil tests for pH, total nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P), extractable potassium (K), ammonium N, nitrate N, organic matter, and total carbon (C) were performed. The different biochars significantly affected the total N, total organic C, and pH in both soils at all rates of urea applied. The conditions during pyrolysis influenced how the biochar/fertilizer reacted with the soil.     

生物质炭对设施大棚土壤性质与果蔬产量影响的整合分析

【目的】 设施大棚是果蔬的重要生产基地，量化和评估生物质炭在设施栽培中的应用效果，对生物质炭在设施大棚的推广应用具有重要的实践价值。 【方法】 通过文献收集并建立数据库，共获得典型设施大棚或温室环境条件下相对独立的匹配数据214组，采用数据整合分析 (Meta-analysis) 方法，定量分析生物质炭特性 (原料、制备温度、C/N、pH) 与管理措施 (施用量与施用时长) 对果蔬产量、土壤理化性质的影响程度。 【结果】 设施条件下施用生物质炭可显著提高土壤pH，且土壤有机碳、氮、磷等均有不同程度的增加。果蔬增产效应显著，其中，叶菜类、块茎类、果菜类以及豆类产量分别增加23.9%、43.3%、60.6%和79.5%。低量施用 (< 10.0 t/hm2) 平均增产30.8%，高量施用 (10.0～80.0 t/hm2) 增产14.0%～27.4%。施用生物质炭前6个月增产效果显著，最高可达30.4%，超过6个月，增产效果不显著。不同制备生物质炭的增产效果也存在一定差异，畜禽粪便类 (66.4%) > 秸秆类 (31.2%) > 木材类 (19.0%) > 壳渣类 (5.9%)。制备温度低于600℃的生物质炭增产20.4%～36.5%，超过600℃时增产效果不显著。当原料生物质炭C/N值 < 100时，增产19.3%～49.1%，且随C/N值的增加增产效果呈降低趋势。当生物质炭呈碱性时 (pH 9～10) 增产效果最佳。 【结论】 生物质炭类型及施用量是影响设施土壤肥力与果蔬产量的关键因素，低温 (400～500℃下) 制备的生物质炭增产效果显著，建议施用量控制在10.0 t/hm2以下且间断性施用，可降低成本，提高经济效益。      

Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochars Derived From Corn,Hardwood, Miscanthus,and Horse Manure Biomasses

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of biomass pyrolysis, is widely recognized as a potential ingredient for soil amendment, fertility, and carbon sequestration owing to its favorable physicochemical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical and physical properties of biochars produced through pyrolysis at 450°C from agricultural residues available in Northwest Missouri, namely hardwood (HW), corn stover (CR), miscanthus (MS), and horse manure (HM). These properties were assessed through the analysis of pyrolysis yield, pH, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash and carbon (C), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) contents, trace metal concentrations, surface morphology, surface functional groups, bulk density, and water holding capacity. The biochars derived from HW, MS and CR materials showed high volatile-matter (33–42%), high fixed carbon contents (42–47%), very low ash contents (6–15%), and low bulk density (0.14–0.28 g cm^?3) as compared to that of HM. A wide range of trace elements was observed in biochar samples with significant differences in concentrations. In addition, CR, HW and MS biochars displayed a disordered graphitic-like structure with well-developed pores and surface areas of 23, 70 and 90 m²/g respectively, and high water-holding capacity up to 750%, indicating their potential application as a soil amendment.     

Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms: review and research needs

The stability of biochar in soils is the cornerstone of the burgeoning worldwide interest in the potential of the pyrolysis/biochar platform for carbon (C) sequestration. While biochar is more recalcitrant in soil than the original organic feedstock, an increasing number of studies report greater C‐mineralization in soils amended with biochar than in unamended soils. Soil organisms are believed to play a central role in this process. In this review, the variety of interactions that occur between soil micro‐, meso‐ and macroorganisms and biochar stability are assessed. In addition, different factors reported to influence biochar stability, such as biochar physico‐chemical characteristics, soil type, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and agricultural management practices are evaluated. A meta‐analysis of data in the literature revealed that biochar‐C mineralization rates decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar‐C content and time. Enhanced release of CO₂ after biochar addition to soil may result from (i) priming of native SOC pools, (ii) biodegradation of biochar components from direct or indirect stimulation of soil organisms by biochar or (iii) abiotic release of biochar‐C (from carbonates or chemi‐sorbed CO₂). Observed biphasic mineralization rates suggest rapid mineralization of labile biochar compounds by microorganisms, with stable aromatic components decomposed at a slower rate. Comparatively little information is available on the impact of soil fauna on biochar stability in soil, although they may decrease biochar particle size and enhance its dispersion in the soil. Elucidating the impacts of soil fauna directly and indirectly on biochar stability is a top research priority.     

Effects of biochar and fertilizer management on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) feedstock and soil properties

The need for bioenergy is increasing with increase in global energy demand, and sustainable soil and fertilizer management practices for bioenergy feedstock production are gaining importance. In this greenhouse study, we evaluated the effects of biochar and fertilizer nitrogen on soil and energy crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. Giganteus). Sunflower plants were treated with three rates of biochar, control (0 Mg ha^?1), low (25 Mg ha^?1) and high (50 Mg ha^?1), and three rates of fertilizers, 0% (control), 50% (low) and 100% (high) of the recommended nitrogen dose. Plant height, quality (chlorophyll content), biomass yield, feedstock energy, ash content and tissue nutrients were measured along with soil moisture and pH. Results showed an 11% increase in mean plant height under low biochar compared to control biochar-treated plants. High nitrogen treatment produced 26% and 18% more stalk and total above-ground plant (whole plant) biomass, respectively, compared to the control nitrogen treatment. High biochar treatment resulted in higher soil moisture holding, but lower soil pH than the control biochar treatment. Plant quality, energy and ash contents were not affected by either biochar or nitrogen. The plant tissue analysis provides a complete tissue macro- and micronutrient information on sunflower cultivar Giganteus, which was not done previously.     

生物质炭对不同pH值土壤矿质氮含量的影响

为了揭示生物质炭作为土壤调理剂添加后对土壤矿质氮形态、含量等土壤性质的影响,该研究利用芒草分别在350和700℃裂解制得生物质炭,发现2个温度尤其是700℃制得的生物质炭,对NH4+有很强的吸附能力,但对NO3-的吸附能力很弱。将生物质炭分别加入到酸性(pH值为3.8)和碱性(pH值为7.6)土壤中,25℃下室内培养180d。结果表明,生物质炭提高了土壤全氮含量,酸性和碱性土壤分别平均提高了22%和17%;但使土壤铵态氮含量大幅降低至接近仪器检测限水平;生物质炭对土壤硝态氮含量的影响因生物质炭和土壤类型而异。生物质炭对土壤矿质氮形态和含量的影响,显然与生物质炭对铵的吸附作用、提高土壤pH值、增强氨挥发损失,以及形成微生物量氮等密切相关。该研究可为开展生物质炭基氮素新型肥料及制剂等方面的科学研究提供参考。     

镉污染水稻秸秆生物炭对土壤中镉稳定性的影响

中国农田土壤镉等重金属污染问题突出,对其生产过程中产生的镉污染水稻秸秆进行无害化和资源化利用研究具有重要意义。该研究通过连续提取试验、风险评价指数法、吸附动力学/热力学、土柱试验,以及X射线衍射分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析等手段,探究了不同热解温度下制备的镉污染水稻秸秆生物炭对土壤中Cd的稳定特性。研究结果表明,镉污染水稻秸秆热解制备的生物炭可有效吸附土壤镉。热解温度显著影响生物炭对Cd的吸附能力（P<0.05）,高温生物炭对Cd吸附容量大,700 ℃下制备的生物炭对Cd的吸附容量可达72.57 mg/g。生物炭对Cd的吸附主要通过含氧官能团表面络合和碳酸盐共沉淀吸附,其吸附过程符合Langmuir方程和准二级动力学模型,吸附过程受化学速率控制。土柱试验表明,镉污染水稻秸秆生物炭能有效降低土壤Cd的下渗迁移能力,其作用机制主要是将土壤Cd从酸可提取态转化为残渣态,施入高温生物炭的土壤中Cd的残渣态比例最高。上述结果表明,热解可有效处理镉污染水稻秸秆,制备的生物炭可用于Cd等重金属污染土壤的稳定修复,有效解决镉污染水稻秸秆的潜在二次污染问题并实现其安全利用。     

Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on soil C and N turnover dynamics

This study compared the effect of two principal pyrolysis methods on the chemical characteristics of biochar and the impact on C and N dynamics after soil incorporation. Biochar was produced from wheat straw that was thermally decomposed at 525 °C by slow pyrolysis (SP) in a nitrogen flushed oven and by fast pyrolysis (FP) using a Pyrolysis Centrifuge Reactor (PCR). After 65 days of soil incubation, 2.9% and 5.5% of the SP- and FP-biochar C, respectively, was lost as CO₂, significantly less than the 53% C-loss observed when un-pyrolyzed feedstock straw was incubated. Whereas the SP-biochar appeared completely pyrolyzed, an un-pyrolyzed carbohydrate fraction (8.8% as determined by acid released C6 and C5 sugars) remained in the FP-biochar. This labile fraction possibly supported the higher CO₂ emission and larger microbial biomass (SMB-C) in the FP-biochar soil. Application of fresh FP-biochar to soil immobilized mineral N (43%) during the 65 days of incubation, while application of SP-biochar led to net N mineralization (7%). In addition to the carbohydrate contents, the two pyrolysis methods resulted in different pH (10.1 and 6.8), particle sizes (113 and 23 μm), and BET surface areas (0.6 and 1.6 m² g^?1) of the SP- and FP-biochars, respectively. The study showed that independently of pyrolysis method, soil application of the biochar materials had the potential to sequester C, while the pyrolysis method did have a large influence on the mineralization-immobilization of soil N.     

不同热解温度制备的烟秆生物炭理化特征分析

分别对100 ~ 800 ℃下于马弗炉中低氧炭化制备的烟秆生物炭进行研究,分析其基础理化性质的变化。结果表明,烟草秸秆生物炭微量元素含量在热解温度为100 ~ 400 ℃时呈逐渐上升的趋势,在400 ~ 500 ℃时较为稳定;大量元素含量增加;C含量和N元素含量在100 ~ 300 ℃时逐渐增加,在400 ~ 800 ℃时先增加后下降,C/N在300 ~ 500 ℃时较为稳定。随着热解温度的升高,烟草秸秆生物炭表面水分子、甲基和亚甲基等官能团减少,C＝C含量逐渐增多;烟草秸秆生物炭的BET比表面积、孔径、比孔容均在400 ~ 500 ℃时较大。烟草秸秆生物炭的中孔较多,孔隙内部特征多为墨水瓶状孔。热解温度为400 ~ 500 ℃时,烟杆生物炭大量和微量元素含量相对较高,C/N较为稳定,孔隙结构最为复杂。     

The importance of biochar quality and pyrolysis yield for soil carbon sequestration in practice

Biochar is a carbon (C)-rich material produced from biomass by anoxic or oxygen-limited thermal treatment known as pyrolysis. Despite substantial gaseous losses of C during pyrolysis, incorporating biochar in soil has been suggested as an effective long-term option to sequester CO₂ for climate change mitigation, due to the intrinsic stability of biochar C. However, no universally applicable approach that combines biochar quality and pyrolysis yield into an overall metric of C sequestration efficiency has been suggested yet. To ensure safe environmental use of biochar in agricultural soils, the International Biochar Initiative and the European Biochar Certificate have developed guidelines on biochar quality. In both guidelines, the hydrogen-to-organic C (H/C_org) ratio is an important quality criterion widely used as a proxy of biochar stability, which has been recognized also in the new EU regulation 2021/2088. Here, we evaluate the biochar C sequestration efficiency from published data that comply with the biochar quality criteria in the above guidelines, which may regulate future large-scale field application in practice. The sequestration efficiency is calculated from the fraction of biochar C remaining in soil after 100 years (F_perm) and the C-yield of various feedstocks pyrolyzed at different temperatures. Both parameters are expressed as a function of H/C_org. Combining these two metrics is relevant for assessing the mitigation potential of the biochar economy. We find that the C sequestration efficiency for stable biochar is in the range of 25%–50% of feedstock C. It depends on the type of feedstock and is in general a non-linear function of H/C_org. We suggest that for plant-based feedstock, biochar production that achieves H/C_org of 0.38–0.44, corresponding to pyrolysis temperatures of 500–550°C, is the most efficient in terms of soil carbon sequestration. Such biochars reveal an average sequestration efficiency of 41.4% (±4.5%) over 100 years.