不同施氮量对稻田氨挥发的影响及阈值探究

以浙江嘉兴地区水稻(明珠2号,晚稻)为研究对象,在稻田原状土柱渗漏池条件下研究施氮量与水稻产量及氨挥发损失关系,进一步构建基于环境和粮食安全的氮肥投入阈值。结果表明,水稻籽粒产量随施氮量变化符合二元一次方程,从粮食安全和经济效益考虑,最佳施氮量为252.80 kg hm-2,稻田体系氮肥利用率随施氮量增加线性递减,氮损失随施氮量增加递增,不同处理下氮素损失比例达15.31%~66.32%;稻田氨挥发主要集中在施肥后的7天内,施肥后1~2 d便迅速达到峰值,随后迅速降低,低温降雨会延迟氨挥发峰值的出现,基肥期氨挥发量远高于穗肥期,氨挥发总量随施氮量的增加呈指数增长,施氮量217.73 kg hm-2为氨挥发量拐点;基于粮食安全、经济效益和以氨挥发为指标的环境安全的多重考虑,在仅施用尿素配施有机肥条件下,浙江嘉兴地区氮肥投入阈值推荐量为217.73~252.80 kg hm-2。     

施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响

以嘉兴地区水稻为研究对象,研究了不同施氮水平对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响。结果表明:水稻籽粒产量及吸氮量均随施氮量的增加而增加,与施氮量的关系均符合一元二次方程;施氮量为213.6 kg hm-2所对应的氮肥利用率最高,氮肥农学利用率则随施氮量的增加而下降;水稻的表观氮损失量、氮损失比例随施氮量的增加呈线性增长趋势,水稻氮损失量占氮总输入量的14%~52%,其中氨挥发损失的氮占氮总输入量的4%~12%;稻田氨挥发总量随施氮量的增加而增加,氨挥发量在施氮量为393.6 kg hm-2时发生明显跃增;增施有机肥有利于提高水稻籽粒的产量和植株吸氮量,并提高氮肥利用率及氮肥农学利用效率,但同时也增加了氮损失总量(包括氨挥发量)。从经济与环境双赢的角度出发,嘉兴的适宜施氮量为213.6 kg hm-2,且施氮量不宜超过303.6 kg hm-2。     

添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是稻田氮素损失的重要途径,为探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT对小麦秸秆还田稻田中氨挥发的影响,采用密闭室通气法,在太湖地区乌珊土上,研究了脲酶抑制剂n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对小麦秸秆还田稻田中施肥后尿素水解和氨挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:稻田氨挥发损失主要集中在基肥和分蘖肥时期。添加NBPT可明显延缓尿素水解,推迟田面水NH4+-N峰值出现的时间,并降低NH4+-N峰值,降低了田面水氨挥发速率和挥发量。NBPT的效果在基肥和分蘖肥施用后尤为明显,不加NBPT时施入的尿素在2~3 d内基本水解彻底,NH4+-N和氨挥发速率在第2 d即达到峰值,两次施肥后NH4+-N峰值分别为132.3 mg·L-1和66.3mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值为15.6 kg·hm-2·d-1和10.4 kg·hm-2·d-1;而添加NBPT后,NH4+-N峰值推迟至施肥后第4 d出现,NH4+-N峰值降至70.7 mg·L-1和51.6 mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值降至4.7 kg·hm-2·d-1和2.6 kg·hm-2·d-1。添加NBPT使稻田氨挥发损失总量从73.3 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的24.4%)降低至34.5 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的11.5%),降低53%。在添加小麦秸秆稻田中添加NBPT通过延缓尿素水解而显著降低了氨挥发损失。     

氮肥运筹对旱作覆膜玉米产量及固碳减排效应研究

在黄土高原雨养农业区,依托布设于2012年的定位试验研究氮肥运筹对全膜双垄沟播玉米固碳效应和NH3挥发的影响。采用裂区设计,主处理施氮水平:不施氮对照(N0)、低施氮100 kg·hm-2(N1)、中施氮200kg·hm-2(N2)和高施氮300 kg·hm-2(N3);副处理为施肥时期及比例:设基肥∶拔节肥=1∶2(T1)和基肥∶拔节肥∶大喇叭口肥=1∶1∶1(T2)。结果表明:将200 kg·hm-2氮肥以基肥∶拔节肥=1∶2的比例施用能显著提高全膜双垄沟播玉米的籽粒产量和生物产量,分别较对照增加197%和131%,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率较高施氮水平分别降低48%和47%。氨挥发排放主要集中在追肥后的一周,穴施追肥后,NH3挥发速率迅速升高,1～4 d内达到峰值,随后逐渐降低至对照水平,且施氮水平越高排放峰值越大。高、中、低施氮水平的NH3挥发量较不施氮对照分别增加6.5、5.9、5.4倍;T1处理较T2处理显著降低了37%;N3T2的NH3挥发量最多,较其他处理显著增多了13%～47%。NH3挥发损失率变幅在13%～60%,随施氮水平增加而降低,高、中施氮水平较低施氮水平降低了59.6%和44.6%;与T2相比,T1处理NH3挥发损失率显著降低了40.4%,增加施氮水平和追肥次数潜在增加NH3挥发损失。综上所述,在黄土高原雨养农业区种植全膜双垄沟播玉米时,能提高玉米籽粒产量和土壤固碳减排能力的适宜施肥制度为:施纯氮200 kg·hm-2,全部氮肥按基肥∶拔节肥=1∶2的比例施用。     

太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响

在太湖地区乌栅土上,采用田间小区试验连续两年研究了施氮(N)量为0、180、255、330kg hm-2,施磷(P2O5)量为0、309、0、180 kg hm-2的6个组合(对照N0P0、低氮N180P90、优化N255P90、低磷N255P30、高磷N255P180、高氮N330P90)以及三个施肥时期对稻田氨挥发损失的影响,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇通气法测定。结果表明,稻田氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后6d内,基肥和第一次追肥后各处理氨挥发量占施氮量的0.4%~11.5%,而第二次追肥后氨挥发损失比例较大,对照、低氮、优化、低磷、高磷和高氮处理的氨挥发在2002年稻季分别占施氮量的5.8%、9.7%、25.6%、15.6%和11.6%,在2003年稻季则分别为27.4%、26.2%、30.0%、35.1%和27.6%。若施肥后遇阴雨天气或正值水稻拔节孕穗期,氨挥发量便降低。田面水中的NH4 -N浓度是氨挥发的决定因素之一,与氨挥发通量呈正相关。施磷量相同时,氨挥发随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同时,高磷和低磷处理氨挥发均高于优化处理,表明在氮磷不平衡施用时,氮肥氨挥发损失会加剧,从氨挥发损失方面考虑,稻田推荐施磷量不宜超过P2O590 kg hm-2。     

华北平原中部夏玉米农田不同施氮水平氨挥发规律

以华北平原中部地区潮土为对象,研究了撒施不同水平尿素对夏玉米季氨挥发的影响,为合理施用氮肥和减少农田氨挥发损失提供依据。结合当地农民种植与施氮习惯,试验设置8个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、50(N1)、100(N2)、150(N3)、200(N4)、250(N5)、300(N6)、400(N7)kg·hm~(-2),利用田间试验原位测定-密闭室连续抽气法测定氨挥发。结果表明,夏玉米种植体系在施入氮肥后发生了明显的氨挥发,且氨挥发主要发生在施肥后5 d内,在施肥后1～3 d出现氨挥发速率峰值,基肥与追肥后氨挥发通量最大分别达到N 2.35、5.30 kg·hm~(-2)·d~(-1),基肥期氨挥发量在N 3.76～9.82 kg·hm~(-2),追肥期氨挥发量在N 5.79～27.29 kg·hm~(-2)。在整个夏玉米生长期间,氨挥发量随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。施氮量为200 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,氨挥发量相对较低,夏玉米产量为10 721.87 kg·hm~(-2),高于其他施氮水平处理的玉米产量。可见,合理的氮肥用量能够兼顾产量和生态环境,京郊夏玉米田间土壤在200 kg·hm~(-2)的氮肥水平下,玉米产量最高且氨挥发损失较低。     

稻田养萍模式下不同施氮量对稻田氨挥发及红萍生物固氮作用的影响

红萍对水体铵态氮浓度较为敏感，稻田放养红萍模式下，红萍的生物固氮作用及其抑制氨挥发的作用对不同施氮量的响应未知。红萍为水生蕨藻共生体，具有很强的生物固氮能力。红萍可作为优质绿肥放养于稻田，以替代部分化学氮肥，起到节能减排的效应。为明确稻田养萍模式下不同施氮量对红萍生物固氮作用和田间氨挥发的影响，采用盆栽试验设置了0、75、150、225、300kg/hm²共5个施氮(以纯N量计)水平，监测了稻田放养红萍和水稻单种各处理的氨挥发量、生物固氮速率和水稻产量。结果表明：(1)同一施氮水平下，稻田放养红萍可显著降低氨挥发日通量峰值及氨挥发总量。在施氮量为225 kg/hm²时，稻田放养红萍对氨挥发总量的抑制作用最大，与水稻单种相比，抑制幅度可达83.2%。(2)红萍的生物固氮速率及固氮总量与施氮量呈线性负相关关系，随施氮量的增加，固氮速率和固氮量逐渐降低，施氮量300 kg/hm²并放养红萍处理得到的固氮速率及总量同不施氮肥不养萍处理之间无显著差异。(3)与不养萍处理相比，放养红萍组各处理的水稻产量都明显增加，其中施氮量为225...     

东北黑土玉米单作体系氨挥发特征研究

采用通气法测定了东北黑土玉米单作体系田间土壤的原位氨挥发。试验设5个氮肥用量处理,即:施氮量（N）分别为0、150、225和300 kg/hm2（用N0、N1、N2 和N3表示）,基施氮肥和拔节期追肥各1/2,其中N3为习惯施肥;同时设置优化施肥处理N4,用量为N 225 kg/hm2,基施氮肥、拔节期和孕穗期追肥各1/3。结果表明,来自肥料的氨挥发持续时间较短,一般发生在施肥后的7 d内。由于追肥期高温低湿,追肥期氨挥发量显著高于基施氮肥。随施氮量增加,氨挥发损失增加;优化施肥（N4）的氨挥发损失量明显低于习惯施肥,N1、N2、N3和N4处理来自氮肥的氨挥发依次为N 5.09、9.18、13.47和7.14 kg/hm2,相当于施氮量的3.39%、4.08%、4.49%和3.17%。可见,优化施肥对于我国东北集约化农区节省氮肥和提高氮肥利用率有重要意义。     

不同施氮量及施氮方式对水稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

施用缓控释氮肥是降低稻田土壤氨挥发损失的常用措施之一。将缓控释氮肥与速效氮肥配施,可以解决水稻对氮素的需求与降低氮素损失之间的矛盾。在保证水稻产量的前提下,以减少稻田氨挥发损失、提高氮肥利用效率以及降低环境污染为目的,采用大田裂区试验的方法,设置不施氮肥和施氮量分别为60(N60)、120(N120)、180(N180)、240(N240)kg·hm-2 5个施氮水平,以及氮肥一次性施用(SF)及氮肥一基二追(TF)2种施肥方式,研究不同氮肥用量及运筹模式对水稻田氨挥发、氮肥利用率以及水稻产量的影响:结果表明,氮肥施用方式和施氮量对水稻田氨挥发损失量影响显著,同一施氮方式下,稻田土壤氨挥发损失量随着施氮量增加而增加,SF各处理氨挥发损失量为14.46～23.74 kg·hm-2,TF各处理的氨挥发损失量则为23.3～47.74 kg·hm-2,SF氨挥发损失量比TF降低37.9%～50.3%;氮肥施用方式显著影响氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力,SF和TF的最大氮肥表观利用率均出现在N180,分别为50.02%和38.68%;低施氮量(N60)和高施氮量(N240)时,TF氮肥偏生产力高于SF,而施氮量为120(N120)kg·hm-2、180(N180)kg·hm-2时,SF比TF氮肥偏生产力分别高出3.32和5.58 kg·kg-1;施氮量极显著影响水稻的氮素吸收量和氮肥农学利用率;SF和TF的最高产量分别出现在N180和N240,且SF高于TF,两者相差465.3 kg·hm-2。缓控释氮肥与速效氮肥配施一次性施肥可以有效降低稻田氨挥发损失,同时提升氮肥表观利用率和偏生产力,且能在施氮量较低的情况下获得较高产量,在水稻氮肥管理上具有应用价值。     

基施氮肥对麦田冬前氨挥发损失的影响

通过田间原位测定农田氨挥发的方法，研究了京郊不同基施氮肥水平的麦田冬前土壤氨挥发情况及其时间变化规律。结果表明，麦田土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后1~2周内，以施肥后连续采样14 d的氨挥发累积量作为小麦冬前氨挥发总排放量，高施氮量处理的氨挥发总量大于低施氮量处理的氨挥发总量，50~400 kg·hm-2不同施肥水平下土壤的氨挥发总量（N）为1.83~14.29 kg·hm-2，占施氮量的2.04%~6.74%。温度回升也导致了氨挥发量小范围升高。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.