LED红蓝弱光照射保持樱桃番茄冷库贮藏品质

为了探究单色光对番茄冷藏过程中品质的影响,开发樱桃番茄保鲜新技术,以绿熟期樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)为试材,在4℃条件下分别采用发光二极管(LED,light emitting diode)红蓝单色弱光(30 lx)持续照射,研究LED红蓝单色弱光对樱桃番茄采后贮藏过程中感官和主要营养品质指标的影响。结果表明:研制的LED试验装置稳定可靠,红蓝单色光的发射光谱稳定,不因光照强度的变化而发生偏移。贮藏10 d以后LED红蓝光处理的樱桃番茄感官品质显著优于无光对照(P0.05),且LED红光处理好于蓝光处理(P0.05)。LED蓝光照射能较好地保持樱桃番茄维生素C含量(P0.05),但LED红光照射不利于维生素C含量的保持。LED红蓝单色弱光照射有利于促进樱桃番茄早期贮藏过程中的还原糖和可溶性总糖积累,显著抑制贮藏后期糖含量的下降(P0.05)。LED红蓝单色弱光照射处理还能显著延缓樱桃番茄贮藏过程中可溶性固形物下降(P0.05),提高樱桃番茄果实可滴定酸的含量,其中LED红光处理显著高于蓝光处理(P0.05)。贮藏20 d时,红光照射可显著促进番茄红素的合成,但贮藏过程中LED蓝光照射与对照差异不显著(P0.05)。综合来看,与对照(CK)相比,LED红蓝弱光(30 lx)照射有利于樱桃番茄4℃贮藏过程中感官和营养价值的保持,其中LED红色弱光照射处理效果较好。作为一种简便可行的物理保鲜方法,LED红蓝弱光持续照射处理在樱桃番茄采后营养品质调控方面具有应用潜力。     

“喷施宝”茶叶专用肥对铁观音茶园的影响初探

试验初步探讨了喷施宝茶叶专用肥对茶园产量,茶树叶片稀土含量、农残,茶叶品质及其成分的影响。结果表明:喷施加入1500倍喷施宝茶叶专用肥的铁观音茶园产量优于喷施清水的对照组;喷施加入1500倍喷施宝茶叶专用肥+"喷施0.05%联苯菊酯、0.3%毒死蜱、0.3%虫螨腈"的铁观音茶园鲜叶的3种农残含量相比对照组清水喷施有降解作用。浇灌500倍喷施宝茶叶专用肥+叶面喷施1500倍喷施宝茶叶专用肥铁观音毛茶,感官审评中色泽砂绿油润,清香;但滋味略有苦涩味;鲜叶及毛茶品质成分相比喷施清水的对照组咖啡碱含量有所降低,EGCG含量有显著的提高。     

不同堆闷程度对六堡茶毛茶香气的影响研究

采用顶空固相微萃取方法(HS—SPME)结合气质联用技术(GC—MS),探索六堡茶初制过程中不同堆闷程度处理对毛茶香气组成和感官品质的影响,结果表明:不同堆闷程度处理的毛茶在香气组成和感官表现上存在明显差异,重度堆闷处理的六堡茶毛茶在陈香物质积累最多,在感官表现上最优。本研究结果可为六堡茶的标准化生产提供技术支撑。     

LED光质萎凋对绿茶品质的影响研究

采用1芽1叶、1芽2叶鲜叶为原料,以自然光萎凋为对照,分别采用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝光质LED灯单色光照射萎凋,研究了不同LED单色光质在萎凋过程中对主要内含成分含量变化及绿毛茶品质的影响。结果表明:与对照(自然光萎凋)相比,LED光质萎凋有利于茶叶水浸出物含量的增加;萎凋叶茶多酚含量均随时间增加呈下降的趋势,其下降最多的是蓝光萎凋,其含量比鲜叶减少3.59%、比对照减少1.20%;红光萎凋的氨基酸含量最高,比对照增加0.12%。;萎凋可增加可溶性糖含量,自然萎凋的萎凋叶可溶性糖含量最高,黄光次之;几种方式萎凋叶咖啡碱含量相对稳定;经橙光照射萎凋的茶鲜叶所制绿毛茶综合得分最高为89.65,其次是绿光。从各项评分来看,经橙光、绿光照射萎凋后有利于绿茶汤色、香气及滋味的提升。     

摇青工艺对工夫红茶品质影响初探

为制作出品质更为优异的红茶,实验将摇青工艺加入到传统红茶制作工艺中。结果表明:摇青处理为1-2-5 min的茶样香气花果香较浓且香气较持久、汤色橙黄明亮、滋味浓醇,甘甜,品质较为优异。生化成分测定结果,茶多酚含量均明显大于对照;咖啡碱含量虽为1-2-5 minCK4-7-9 min2-5-7 min3-6-8 min,但实验过程中整体变化量不大;氨基酸含量为1-2-5 min3-6-8 min4-7-9min2-5-7 minCK;水浸出物含量为处理1-2-5 min3-6-8 min4-7-9 min2-5-7 minCK。通过感官与生化成分的综合分析,认为摇青处理为1-2-5 min工艺参数制得的红茶品质较为优异。     

不同红光远红光配比对冰草生长发育、光合特性及品质的影响

为探明人工光植物工厂中红光远红光配比对水培冰草产量和品质的影响,本研究在光合有效辐射强度200 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,以白光LED作为CK(R/FR=5.5),在CK基础上添加不同强度远红光,分别设置FR1(R/FR=1.2)和FR2(R/FR=0.8),研究不同光质组合处理下冰草的生长发育、光合特性及营养...     

荧光粉激发型远红光LED植物灯对番茄生长的影响研究

为探究远红光对植物生长的影响,采用“燃烧法+高温二次烧结”的方法制备了ZnGa₂O₄:Cr³⁺,Ge⁴⁺,Li⁺(ZGO:Cr³⁺,Ge⁴⁺,Li⁺)荧光粉,将自制的荧光粉材料涂覆在410 nm的蓝紫光LED芯片上,封装成发射主峰位于710 nm左右的LED远红光器件,并进一步组装成LED植物生长灯作为直接光源。以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)品种红矮生为试材,白光(W)为对照(CK),设置3个处理:T1:红蓝组合光(1R1B)加远红光(光质比为3:1);T2:红蓝组合光(1R1B);T3:白光加远红光(光质比为3:1),研究红蓝组合光(1R1B)和远红光对番茄生理周期、农艺性状、光合色素和番茄果实主要品质的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1处理可显著缩短番茄生理周期,T1、T2和T3处理对番茄农艺性状中的株高有抑制作用。添加远红光降低了光合色素的含量,但提高了番茄果实中可溶性糖、番茄红素和维生素C的含量,特别是在红蓝组合光与远红光的共同作用下,可溶性糖含量提高效果最明显,达到CK的3.3倍。添加远红光能够促进维生素C和番茄红素含量增加;红蓝组合光则有利于番茄红素的积累。综上,采用ZGO:Cr³⁺,Ge⁴⁺,Li⁺远红光荧光粉激发型LED植物灯能调控番茄开花时间,缩短其生理周期,提高番茄果实品质。本研究结果为提高番茄以及其他园艺作物的品质提供了一种新的光照手段,具有广阔的应用前景。     

海藻提取物与养分配施对葡萄果实品质及养分吸收的影响

研究海藻提取与养分配施对葡萄果实品质和养分吸收的影响,以“阳光玫瑰”葡萄为试验材料,设置5个处理:NPK 水溶肥(CK)、0.375% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T1)、0.75% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T2)、1.5% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T3)和3% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T4)。结果表明,海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施能增加葡萄单穗重、产量和SPAD 值,T1、T2 和T3 处理果实可溶性糖和糖酸比含量分别较CK 提高77.98%、17.51%、1.42% 和69.45%、35.65%、11.45%,T4 处理降低果实可溶性糖和糖酸比含量。T2 处理果实磷含量和叶片钾含量最高,较CK 分别显著提高26.97% 和47.87%。此外,海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施均增加果实香气化合物种类,其中,T2 处理果实香气化合物种类数最高。主成分分析中,T2 处理的葡萄果实产量、品质、养分吸收和果实香气物质影响中得分最高。综合分析,海藻提取物与养分一定比例配施能够提高葡萄产量、改善品质、促进养分吸收以及增加果实香气物质种类和相对含量,其中,0.75% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施处理效果更佳。     

采收前LED红蓝光连续照射对水培生菜品质的提升作用

在环境可控的植物工厂内,以水培"意大利耐抽薹"生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)为试验材料,于采收前72h,用不同光照强度的LED红蓝光进行连续照射(CL),研究照射对水培生菜叶片C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mg、Cu和Zn十种营养元素含量的影响。生菜定植后在6:00-22:00光期下连续培养17d,培养阶段红蓝光光强均为150μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),从定植后第18天开始进行连续72h不同光强的CL处理。试验设置CL光强分别为100、150、200、300和500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)(用CL100、CL150、CL200、CL300和CL500表示),并设置全生长期光强为150μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)的处理作为对照(CK),其光期为6:00-22:00。结果表明:CK处理下,生菜干物质中P、K、Ca、Mg的含量最高。采收前最后72h用LED红蓝光连续照射后,生菜干物质中C的含量随CL光强的增加而增加,CL100处理下,N和Mn的含量最高,CL300时,Cu的含量最高,CL对Zn的含量无显著影响。生菜干物质中C、N、Fe和Zn的总量在CL500处理下最高;CL200处理下,P和K的总量最高;CL300处理下,Mg和Cu的总量最高。CL光强对Ca和Mg的总量无显著影响。因此,实际生产中可以通过采收前集中连续LED红蓝光照射,达到提高生菜品质或生产富含某种营养元素的功能性蔬菜的目的。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI