Atmospheric sulfur deposition for a red soil broadleaf forest in southern China

A two-year study in a typical red soil region of Southern China was conducted to determine 1) the dry deposition velocity (Vd) for SO2 and particulate SO4^2- above a broadleaf forest, and 2) atmospheric sulfur fluxes so as to estimate the contribution of various fractions in the total. Using a resistance model based on continuous hourly meteorological data, atmospheric dry sulfur deposition in a forest was estimated according to Va and concentrations of both atmospheric SO2 and particulate SO2^4-. Meanwhile, wet S deposition was estimated based on rainfall and sulfate concentrations in the rainwater. Results showed that about 99% of the dry sulfur deposition flux in the forest resulted from SO2 dry deposition.In addition, the observed dry S deposition was greater in 2002 than in 2000 because of a higher average concentration of SO2 in 2002 than in 2000 and not because of the average dry deposition velocity which was lower for SO2 in 2002. Also,dry SO2 deposition was the dominant fraction of deposited atmospheric sulfur in forests, contributing over 69% of the total annual sulfur deposition. Thus, dry SO2 deposition should be considered when estimating sulfur balance in forest ecological systems.     

不同氮硫浓度及氮硫比对硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响

在硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化（Sulfate-Reducing Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,SRAO）脱氮工艺的基础上,探究了SO42-浓度在100 mg/L的条件下,控制NH4+的投加量在不同N/S（NH4+-N/SO42-）浓度比下ASBR（Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor）反应器的运行效果及其脱氮性能。N/S从1.0增大到3.0时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率从78.5%增加到94.4%,但体系内SAD（Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification）菌的丰度及活性未受到明显抑制,SRAO作用和ANAMMOX（Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation）作用始终是ASBR脱氮的主要途径。当N/S的浓度比由3增至4时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率由94.4%下降为69.2%。这表明随着N/S的增大,体系内ANAMMOX菌和SRAO菌活性的降低,抑制了体系脱氮性能。这时SAD菌的丰度及活性略有增加。硫的去除率随N/S比的变化趋势和总氮的去除规律类似,在N/S=3时达到最大74.2%。结合高通量测序结果,说明不同N/S下的脱氮微生物优势菌群会不断变化,改变体系脱氮除硫性能。     

河北典型农田大气重金属干沉降通量及来源解析

重金属是影响农田土壤环境质量和农产品品质的主要污染物,大气沉降是农田重金属的来源之一。长期以来,由于观测资料缺乏,对于我国农业区大气重金属的沉降量和来源认识一直不清楚。本研究基于河北典型农田连续1年的外场观测,测试分析了大气气溶胶9个粒径段中25种金属元素的含量,结合干沉降阻抗模型估算了这些金属的干沉降量,并利用PMF模型对其来源进行了解析。结果表明,该区域25种金属元素在细粒子（D_P ≤ 2.1 μm,D_P为空气动力学直径,下同）、粗粒子（2.1<D_P ≤ 9 μm）和巨粒子（D_P>9 μm）中的质量浓度存在较大差异。重金属（如：Zn、Cd和Pb等）主要富集在细粒子,而地壳源的金属（如：Al、Fe和Th等）主要富集在粗粒子。大多数金属元素的浓度呈现冬春季高于夏秋季的变化特征。Cr是细粒子和粗粒子中质量浓度最高的重金属,其次为As、Zn、Pb、V和Sb。重金属中,Cr的大气干沉降量最高,达350.7 mg·m^-2·a^-1,其次是As、Sb和V,分别为153.4 mg·m^-2·a^-1、103.1 mg·m^-2·a^-1和102.3 mg·m^-2·a^-1。研究区域大气中金属元素的主要来源为道路扬尘、工业、矿尘、燃煤和机动车排放。巨粒子中的金属主要来自矿尘源（62.0%）,细粒子中的金属主要来自燃煤、机动车和工业源（67.7%）。颗粒物的粒径越小,人为排放源的贡献越大,重金属的污染风险（富集因子）也越高。农田重金属污染防治需要充分考虑大气沉降的输入及来源的变化。     

外源硫在草甸草原黑钙土中的转化

  目的  探讨元素硫添加后在草甸草原黑钙土中的氧化速率,明确土壤无机S组分的变化特征。  方法  依托内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原硫磺添加试验平台,测定了元素S添加量（0、1、2、4、6、8、10 t hm?2）1年后的表观氧化速率及表层土壤（0 ~ 10 cm）各无机硫组分的变化。  结果  研究表明,对照中的土壤全硫含量为627.5 mg kg?1,其中无机硫和有机硫分别占2.4%和97.6%。硫添加处理的表土全硫含量分别比对照增加646.5 ~ 5182.5 mg kg?1,总无机硫分别比对照增加169.4 ~ 887.9 mg kg?1;硫添加处理中,表土中未氧化的元素硫分别为473.9 ~ 4264.0 mg kg?1,元素硫的表观氧化速率分别为173.5 ~ 271.3 g kg?1 a?1。在增加的表土总无机硫中,85.0% ~ 91.9%为（CaCl₂浸提）,7.8% ~ 17.1%为吸附性硫（ Ca(H₂PO₄)₂浸提）,0.8% ~ 1.6%为难溶性硫（HCl浸提）。土壤无机硫组分与土壤pH呈显著负相关,与土壤电导率呈显著正相关。  结论  外源添加的元素硫主要氧化为植物可利用态的易溶性硫 和吸附性硫,而氧化为难溶性硫的比例很低。     

氮硫互作对越冬大葱生长及品质的影响

为探讨氮、硫对大葱生长及产量品质的影响，本文采用裂区试验设计，研究了盆栽砂培条件下越冬大葱对营养液氮、硫水平的响应特性。结果表明，随着氮水平的提高，大葱各器官生长量均显著增加，产量以N 16.00 mmol/L（N2）时较高，分别比N 4.00 mmol/L（N1/2）、 8.00 mmol/L（N1）时提高了50.09 %和22.46 %；而随硫水平的升高，大葱生长量亦呈增加趋势，但反应不如对氮敏感，产量以S 1.68 mmol/L（S1）、3.35 mmol/L（S2）时较高，继续增加硫浓度至6.69 mmol/L（S4）时则产量降低。尽管氮、硫对大葱主要内含物质的作用方向不尽相同，但大葱硫化物（以丙酮酸计）含量均随氮、硫供应水平的增加而显著增加，且合理增施氮、硫均可显著改善大葱的综合品质。氮、硫对大葱生长及产量品质存在显著的互作效应，综合分析表明，以营养液中N 16.00 mmol/L（N2）、S 3.35 mmol/L（S2）时最有利于大葱的生长及产量和品质的提高。     

陕西省农田土壤硫含量空间变异特征及亏缺评价

陕西省 13种耕地土壤 30 5个表层 (0～ 2 0cm)土壤样点分析结果表明 :该省土壤全硫和用0 0 1molL-1Ca(H2 PO4) 2 浸提的有效硫含量分别为 33～ 76 9mgkg-1(均值 36 0mgkg-1)和 4 6～ 15 7 3mgkg-1(均值 2 9 3mgkg-1) ,其中黑垆土 (普通干润均腐土 )、绵砂土 (灌淤湿润砂质新成土 )的有效硫平均含量最低。土壤全硫具有中等空间相关性 ,有效硫空间相关性较差。土壤全硫和有效硫分布具有渐变性 ,其最大相关距离分别为 5 31km和 34km。全硫以较大区域变异为主 ;有效硫以小区域变异为特征。陕西省耕地土壤有效硫含量低于硫亏缺临界值 (18 5mgkg-1)的占总面积的 13 9% ,相当于 5 3 7万hm2 农田缺硫。陕西省中部地区 ,尤其是延安西部地区土壤硫亏缺风险较大     

陕西省不同生态区大气氮沉降量的初步估算

2008年,对陕西省4个不同生态区5个监测点的干湿沉降输氮量进行为期1年的观测研究,旨在对不同生态区大气氮沉降量进行初步估算。结果表明,2008年各生态区总无机氮（TIN）沉降量在8.25-16.12 kg·hm-2之间,其中以地处长城沿线风沙草原生态区的榆林地区最小,渭河谷地农业生态区的杨凌地区最大。榆林、洛川、西安、杨凌以及安康地区NH＋4-N沉降量分别为3.10、 3.66、 8.60、 9.14和9.96 kg·hm-2,NO-3-N沉降量分别为5.15、7.54、6.29、6.98和5.66 kg·hm-2 ,NH＋4-N沉降量的不同是造成TIN沉降量之间差异的主要原因。各生态区湿沉降输氮量为6.57-14.43 kg·hm-2,干沉降输氮量为1.19-2.74 kg·hm-2,均显示出一定的时间变异性。受降雨量影响,湿沉降量在降雨量大的夏秋季较高,降雨量小的冬春季较低;干沉降量则与之相反,可能是由于雨水的冲刷作用和冬春季节扬尘天气较多引起的。     

氮、硫供应对章丘大葱生长和含硫有机物含量的影响

以章丘大葱为材料,并以珍珠岩为栽培基质,采用盆栽试验研究了不同氮、硫供应水平对大葱生长前期的干物质累积及含硫有机物含量的影响。结果表明,氮、硫供应及其交互作用显著影响大葱生长和含硫有机物含量。在硫不足（SO42- 0.01 mmol/L）和硫充足（SO42- 4.00 mmol/L）供应条件下,随氮供应水平提高,大葱植株干物重明显增加,当供氮水平为N 6.0 mmol/L时,植株干物重及氮素吸收数量达到最大;增加硫素供应可显著提高植株的硫含量和总硫量。然而,硫供应不足时,随着供氮水平提高,植株含硫有机物含量逐渐下降;反之,充足供硫条件下,随着氮供应水平的提高,大葱含硫有机物含量出现先增加后降低。当供氮水平为N 12.0 mmol/L时,含硫有机物含量最高,达到7.23 μmol/g,FW。过量氮供应（N 24.0 mmol/L）则抑制植株生长,降低含硫有机物含量。因此,充足供硫条件下,氮素调控水平对保证大葱高产和高含硫有机物含量至关重要。     

河北曲周盐渍土区的地下水化学特征

对河北曲周县盐渍土区浅层地下水的水化学类型、基本化学性质、主要化学组分及其形式和微量元素的状况及分布等化学特征进行了分析和研究。资料表明，该区地下水化学类型以Cl-SO4型为主，其次为SO4-Cl型。阳离子以Ca∧2 为主，其次为Na∧ 。各地下水化学类型可用于3种特征指标，即rHCO3/r（Cl SO4)、rSO4/rCl和rNa/r（Ca Mg），加以区分。地下水矿化度平均3.11gL∧-1，最高达17gL∧-1。以Cl-SO4和SO4-Cl型的矿化度和离子强度较高。全区纳吸附比较低，基本上无钠害问题。饱和指数表明，地下水中石膏和硬石膏呈非饱和状态，而方解石、霰石呈过饱和状态。除主要游离子外，化学组分形式中CaSO∧04、MgSO∧04、CaHCO∧ 3和MgHCO∧ 3等配合物和配离子的相对浓度较高。地下水中微量元素Cr、Cd和Fe的含量较高，应注意其水质问题，除Zn外，各微量元素浓度均与矿化度呈极显著（或显著）相关。     

不同供氮条件下施硫对冬小麦光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

在大田条件下，以强筋小麦豫麦34为供试材料，在330kg／hm^2（高氮）、240kg／hm^2（中氮）2个供氮水平下施用纯硫0，20，60，100／hm^2，研究了不同供氮条件下施硫对小麦光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明：在适宜的供氮水平下施硫对小麦氮同化的关键酶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性、叶绿素SPAD值、叶片可溶性蛋白、旗叶光合速率均有促进的影响，高氮条件下有随施硫量的增加NR活性、叶片中可溶性蛋白含量以及旗叶光合速率有减少的趋势。在2个供氮水平下施硫均对干物质积累量和籽粒产量影响效果明显，在N330水平下，各施硫处理的产量高低依次为S100〉S60〉S20〉S0；与S0相比，施硫处理籽粒产量分别提高了28．6％，12．6％和1．9％，S100与S20和S0相比达显著水平，S100和S60间差异不显著。在N240水平下，施硫肥处理籽粒产量分别提高了25．7％，25．3％和12．2％，S100，S60和S20差异不显著，但均显著大于S0。     

Assessment of critical loads in liuzhou,China using static and dynamic models

The project Comprehensive Control and Demonstration for Acid Deposition in Liuzbou area is a national key project in the 8th Five-year-plan, and the study on critical loads will provide scientific and quantitative accordance for formulating control strategy. In this paper, critical loads of acid deposition to soil in Lirzhou area, China, were calculated using the Steady State Mass Balance method (SMB and PROFILE) and dynamic modeling methods(MAGIC), based on data obtained from field investigations and physiochemical properties measured through experiments such as the organic content, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, sulfate adsorption capacity, gibbsite coefficient, biomass base cation uptake and selectivity coefficient for cations. Weathering rates necessary to calculate soil chemistry in applying SMB and MAGIC model were determined by computation with PROFILE using independent geophysical properties such as soil texture and mineralogy as the input data, or by the total soil base cation content correlation. The results have shown that the critical loads of acidity in this area are in the range of 0.7–6.0 keq ha^–1 yr^–1, indicating sulfur deposition should be cut down by 50–90 percent of the present level. The upper soil layer is the most sensitive. The maximum allowable deposition loading of this area is also presented in the paper.     

Regional and local patterns of soil nutrients at Rocky Mountain treelines

The soils across treeline should vary because of direct effects of biological differences of coniferous subalpine forest and the herbaceous alpine tundra in Colorado. In addition, the change in life form may indirectly affect soils because of interactions of the vegetation and wind-driven deposition processes. This is particularly important as nitrogen (N) saturation is a growing concern in high elevation ecosystems, and treeline is predicted to be a deposition hotspot. The vegetation transition at treeline provides an opportunity to test the effects of vegetation, topography, and external inputs on soils at three spatial scales. First, a regional evaluation of soils at eleven abrupt treeline sites was made comparing sites on east and west aspects both east and west of the Continental Divide (CD). Second, soils were compared in the adjacent forest and tundra. Finally, edge effects were assessed along transects spanning treeline. At the regional scale, total soil N was higher east of the CD and on east aspects while exchangeable calcium was higher on east aspects and at sites west of the CD. Higher lead (Pb) concentration in the forest organic horizon was associated with lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios, an indication of greater anthropogenic Pb inputs. However, the spatial pattern in soil Pb suggests a different source area or transport mechanism than N. Within individual sites, the soils differed between the forest and tundra in almost every measured variable, but edge effects were minimal on both sides of these abrupt treelines. While a direct link between the observed soil patterns to deposition of external inputs cannot be made based on the study design, the observed soil patterns suggest that the impacts of acid deposition are amplified or attenuated by processes such as dust deposition.     

The impact of nitrogen deposition on upland surface waters in Great Britain: A regional assessment of nitrate leaching

A national dataset of water chemistry collected for critical loads mapping is used to make a regional assessment of surface water nitrate concentrations in Great Britain. The primary data are dominated by high concentrations in lowland regions Where N inputs are dominated by non-atmospheric sources. Land cover data are used to screen out sites with potential catchment sources of N, allowing the evaluation of nitrate leaching due to atmospheric deposition alone. In the screened dataset several upland regions show elevated nitrate concentrations, notably Wales, the Pennines, Cumbria, Galloway and the Cairngorms, and there is a clear relationship between surface water nitrate and total N deposition.     

小浪底水库运用初期支流淤积形态分析

通过小浪底水库实测干支流河道的断面资料,分析了水库运用初期支流的淤积形态,以及与干流的淤积关系.分析表明,支流淤积完全受干流淤积形态的影响,汛期干流来沙形成异重流倒灌,非汛期干流冲刷淤积体,形成浑水到达坝前并使沿程支流淤积.支流口建库前与建库后相比河道最低点淤积抬升值与距坝距离成反比,与支流口建库前最低点高程成反比.各支流淤积在横断面上平行抬升,在纵断面上成锥体淤积.     

微小迷宫流道中的沙粒沉积规律

为了分析迷宫型微小流道中沙粒沉积规律,通过计算流体动力学软件FLUENT对灌水器内部流场进行了分析,研究了灌水器中沙粒运动轨迹及沉积规律。研究表明：碰撞反弹系数对沙粒沉积规律影响很大,灌水器各流道单元速度场分布相似,压力场差异较大,沙粒运动轨迹基本不受各单元压力场变化的影响;粒径是影响沙粒沉积的最主要因素,粒径越大,沙粒的沉积危险系数越大;灌水器入口压力越大,沙粒的沉积危险系数越小。对沙粒沉积规律的研究,有利于深入地了解灌水器的堵塞机理,为灌水器抗堵塞设计提供一定的依据。     

侵蚀泥沙坡面沉积研究初报

利用元素示踪法的优点,对坡面侵蚀土体的颗粒在坡面上的运移、沉积状况进行了研究。通过对野外全坡面径流小区的试验、观测数据的分析,讨论了侵蚀泥沙在坡面沉积的分布特征及其影响因素,探讨了沉积对利用示踪法研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的影响程度。研究结果表明稀土元素示踪方法在坡面、沟道侵蚀泥沙的沉积研究中可望有广泛的应用前景。     

An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia

A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%.     

山西省太原市旱作农区大气活性氮干湿沉降年度变化特征

鉴于大气氮素沉降对整个生态系统的重要影响,我国近年来陆续开展了不同尺度的大气氮素干、湿沉降的研究,但少有农业区多年连续监测的资料。本研究利用DELTA系统、被动采样器和雨量器在山西省太原市郊区阳曲县河村旱作农业区进行了4年的监测试验,观测大气氮素干、湿沉降的时间变异。结果表明:2011年4月—2015年3月,河村4年大气活性氮NH_3、HNO_3、NO_2、颗粒态NO_3~-(pNO_3~-)、颗粒态NH_4~+(pNH_4~+)平均沉降量分别为4.50 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、3.54 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、2.56 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、1.62 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、2.75 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),大气氮素干沉降总量为12.38~18.95 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),以2011年的氮干沉降量最高,2014年的最低。2011年4月—2015年3月各月氮干沉降量与氨气沉降量之间存在显著正相关,相关系数在0.809 8~0.937 1,由此可知,该地区活性氮沉降主要受农业氨气排放的影响。河村4年雨水中NO_3~-、NH_4~+平均浓度分别为3.20 mg(N)·L~(-1)和2.43 mg(N)·L~(-1),大气氮素湿沉降11.67~41.31 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。年度间氮素湿沉降存在很大差异,以2012年氮素年湿沉降量最高,2014年最低,每年大气氮素湿沉降占氮总沉降量的份额超过50%。此外,4年湿沉降中不仅NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N之间、且二者与降雨量也呈显著线性或二次相关关系,说明降雨量对NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的湿沉降影响较大。本研究表明太原市旱作农区不同年份间氮素湿沉降比干沉降差异更大,且总沉降数量较高。虽然是旱作区,该地区氮素干沉降略低于湿沉降。研究结果为该地区农田氮肥施用和氮素循环监测提供了理论依据。     

Deposition around a coal-fired power station during a wintertime precipitation event

The contribution to local wet deposition of emissions from a coal-fired power station at Inkoo on the south coast of Finland has been investigated during a wintertime precipitation event. Making use of intensive radiosonde and weather radar observations of meteorological factors, concentrations of sulphur in deposition due to plume washout were predicted by a short-range deposition model. The model used the scavenging coefficient to parametrize the wet removal of pollutants, and it took into account the wind drift of falling precipitation particles within the plume. The model predictions were then compared with the chemical analysis results from snowfall samples collected within 10 km of the power station during the experiment.The experiment was performed ahead of a deeply-occluded front during a period with strong advection of long-range transported pollutants. No reliable sign of the influence of the power station on the sulphate deposition could be identified. On the other hand, the deviations of acidity from the mean pH-value of 4.1 were concentrated in one sector near the expected area of deposited plume pollutants. If local emissions were responsible for these deviations, the explanation may lie in a slightly incorrectly estimated plume direction or the effects of alkaline fly ash. Nevertheless, definite conclusions cannot be drawn, because only a few collectors happened to be sited in the modelled sector of plume washout and none in its maximum area.