区域性土壤流失预测方程的初步研究

应用我国南方花岗岩侵蚀红壤区的径流小区观测资料,采用数值分析方法推导出适合花岗岩侵蚀红壤区,计算各次降雨吋土壤流失量和年土壤流失量方程:A₁=4·y_s·K·LS;并利用野外调查量测资料,推导出适合长江三峡低中山区的土壤流失方程:A₂=(152.5D-1016)·R·LS·C^-2.3利用上述方程可以预测特定区域的土壤流失量。     

淮北主要土壤持水性能及其与颗粒组成的关系

本文研究了淮北主要耕作土壤的持水曲线、颗粒组成和微团聚体组成等物理性质,发现经验方程θ=AS^-B在中、低吸力段对土壤持水曲线有良好的模拟性,F检验都达到0.001的显著性水平。由此推导出比水容量为:C_θ=-(dθ/ds)=ABS^-(B+1),用解析法计算出各吸力值下不同土壤的比水容量,并认为AB值可作为土壤持水性能好坏的评价指标。同时尝试了以对数S型曲线的I型:P=1/a₂+b₂c^-lgD拟合土壤的颗粒大小分配曲线,以Ⅱ型:N(μ,σ)=a₂+b₂ lgD拟合微团聚体分布曲线,得到了较好的结果。并分析了土壤水分性质与其它物理性质的关系,以及这三个拟合方程中各参数的意义与相互关系,说明该区域土壤持水性能与颗粒组成、微团聚体有密切相关。     

不同侵蚀程度花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究

研究花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特征有助于揭示粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀机理。通过室内人工模拟降雨-径流试验，在15°坡度和2种试验条件下(90 mm?h-1+2.00 L?min-1、120 mm?h-1+2.66 L?min-1)，研究了不同侵蚀程度(轻度侵蚀E1、中度侵蚀E2、强烈侵蚀E3)花岗岩红壤侵蚀过程及泥沙颗粒组成的变化规律。结果表明：产流率和土壤侵蚀速率随降雨强度和上方来水量的增加而增大；不同侵蚀程度土壤其侵蚀特征存在差异，产流率表现为E2>E3>E1，土壤侵蚀速率表现为E3>E2>E1；通过多元回归逐步分析得出，土体容重越高产流率越小(R2=0.800，P<0.01)，更高的黏粒含量和更低的粉粒含量会使得土壤侵蚀速率减少(R2=0.715，P<0.01)。随着降雨-冲刷强度增加泥沙中砾石和黏粒含量增加，砂粒和粉粒含量减少，泥沙分形维数增大。分形维数与黏粒(R2=0.910)和砂粒( R2=-0.390)质量分数为极显著线性关系，可以作为花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀产沙中泥沙粒级分布的评价指标。     

HDXRF法农田土壤镉测定结果准确度评价与精准校正模型构建

以甘肃白银某污灌区重金属污染农田土壤为研究对象，对影响高精度便携式X荧光光谱（HDXRF）法总镉（Cd_T）测定精度的主要因素进行了筛选，分别研究了土壤水分、有机质类型与含量、土壤类型对HDXRF法Cd_T测定的影响，并采用相对误差（RE）、相对标准偏差（RSD）和决定系数（R²）对测定结果的准确度和精密度进行了评价。结果表明：HDXRF法Cd_T测定的RE≤10%、RSD≤10%、R²>0.99，符合农田土壤环境质量监测技术规范和美国环境保护署标准的准确度和精密度规定。HDXRF法Cd_T测定结果随着土壤水分含量的增加呈指数衰减趋势，衰减方程为y=0.803e^–1.3284x，衰减系数（μ_ω）为–1.328 4，R²为0.984 5。HDXRF法Cd_T测定结果与有机质含量呈显著的负相关关系（r=–0.955），且腐殖酸（HA）比泥炭（Peat）对测定结果的影响更大，HA与测定结果的校正方程为y=–1.555x +0.780，R²为0.934 4。土壤类型对HDXRF法Cd_T测定结果存在一定的影响，相对于红壤和水稻土，灰钙土的测定结果与传统实验室分析方法测定结果更接近。总之，虽然HDXRF法Cd_T测定结果受多种因素影响，但通过校正模型校正，其校正结果的可靠性能够满足Cd污染农田土壤精准调查需求。     

江苏省生产建设项目水土流失特点

基于江苏省191个部、省级大中型工程水土流失观测和调查数据,对江苏省点、线式工程水土流失的主要特点进行了分析、结果表明,点、线式工程施工期水土流失量均占到了总水土流失量的90%左右,线式工程水土流失强度(200.00 t/hm²)大于点式工程的水土流失强度(151.37 t/hm²);点、线式工程土壤侵蚀强度均在强度及以上等级;两类工程占地面积与施工期水土流失量均存在线性正相关关系(R_点²=0.9318,R_线²=0.9439),且两类工程扰动后土壤侵蚀模数与单位土石方填挖量均存在正相关关系(R_点²=0.9595,R_线²线=0.9324)。     

浑水颗粒级配对一维入渗规律及致密层形成特性的影响

为探明浑水不同泥沙颗粒级配对入渗规律及致密层形成特性的影响,通过室内土柱垂直入渗试验,选取4种不同物理性黏粒含量的泥沙（5.59%,9.87%,18.43%,39.43%）,研究落淤层厚度、湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量随入渗时间变化特征,并测定落淤层和入渗结束后不同深度（0—1,1—2 cm土层）土壤的颗粒级配。结果表明：浑水泥沙中物理性黏粒含量越大,落淤层厚度越大;同一入渗时刻湿润锋运移距离和单位面积累积入渗量随物理性黏粒含量的增大而减小。落淤层厚度随时间变化符合幂函数关系（R² > 0.9）,拟合系数随着物理性黏粒含量的增大而减小,而拟合参数在0.50上下变化。不同物理性黏粒含量下落淤层与入渗泥沙颗粒组成相似,2 cm入渗深度处土壤颗粒组成与原土壤类似;1 cm入渗深度处土壤<2 mm细颗粒含量较原土壤变大,随着物理性黏粒含量的变大,各处理分别增加4.29%,4.92%,7.96%及16.30%。研究结果可为进一步探究浑水入渗形成致密层特性提供理论依据。     

澜沧江黄登水电站库周土壤的崩解特性

[目的] 研究澜沧江黄登水电站库周土壤崩解特性，为库周土壤侵蚀防控，减少入库泥沙提供依据，也为三江并流区水土保持和生态修复提供科学参考。[方法] 采用野外调查取样与室内试验相结合的方法，测定库周5种典型土壤的崩解速率和理化性质，分析土壤崩解速率与土壤性质的相关性。[结果] 土壤崩解性由强到弱依次为：红壤、黄棕壤、淤积土(上)、淤积土(下)、紫色土，饱和状态下，土壤平均崩解速率之比依次为8.76∶5.65∶5.24∶4.29∶1；土壤崩解性与土壤液塑限、机械组成、孔隙度等性质密切相关；土壤平均崩解速率与土壤粉粒、液塑限之间存在显著负相关，与土壤粗砂粒含量、孔隙度显著正相关，在初始含水量(ω₀)较高时与土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、全氮存在显著负相关；5种土壤在ω₀饱和时土壤崩解速率与全氮、粉粒和液限的线性方程拟合度高(R²>0.9)。[结论] 对ω₀饱和的红壤、黄棕壤、淤积土、紫色土，可用土壤全氮含量、粉粒含量和液限来预测土壤的崩解性。对黄登电站库周的红壤和黄棕壤采取必要的林草或工程措施进行综合治理；对淤积土应种植适生的消落带植物，对紫色土在加强保护的前提下宜农则农、宜林则林，为库区乡村振兴提供更多农林用地资源。     

黄土高原典型退耕草地植被特征对土壤入渗过程的影响

植被恢复过程可显著影响土壤入渗性能。通过选取黄土高原典型草地白羊草和铁杆蒿草地,设置不同种植密度（5,10,15,20,25,30株/m²）和采用人工模拟降雨试验（60 mm/h,60 min）,系统研究了草地植被特征对土壤入渗过程的影响。结果表明：（1）种植密度增加可显著延缓产流,不同种植密度下白羊草草地和铁杆蒿草地初始产流时间分别为0.76~5.74,0.87~2.08 s,且随盖度、根系生物量和有机质的增加呈幂函数增加（R²≥0.18,p<0.05）。（2）不同种植密度下白羊草草地的平均入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、入渗总量分别为0.47~0.82,0.46~0.82 mm/min和7.12~11.84 mm,铁杆蒿草地分别为0.38~0.67,0.35~0.60 mm/min和5.70~10.07 mm。当种植密度为20株/m²时,土壤入渗各参数均最大;平均入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、入渗量总量、入渗系数（K）随土壤有机质的提高呈幂函数增大（R²≥0.26,p<0.01）,衰减系数（α）随生物结皮盖度呈降低趋势（p>0.05）。（3）白羊草草地具有较高的根系生物量、生物结皮盖度和有机质含量,其初始产流时间、平均入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、入渗量总量及入渗系数（K）均不同程度高于铁杆蒿草地,衰减系数（α）低于铁杆蒿草地,土壤入渗性能较强。总体而言,对于典型退耕草地,土壤入渗总量（A）可表征为根系生物量密度（RMD）和土壤有机质（SOC）的拟合函数（A=2.77×RMD^0.149 SOC^0.614,R²=0.663,NSE=0.653）。研究结果可为黄土高原退耕草地生态水文过程和植被建设提供数据来源和理论依据。     

三峡库区紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为探究典型母岩不同发育程度土壤入渗特征,在三峡库区王家桥小流域采用圆盘入渗仪测定新成土（S1）、雏形土（S2）、淋溶土（S3）3种紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗过程,探究入渗过程的影响因素,并用3种常用模型进行入渗过程模拟,分析比较这些模型的适宜性。结果表明：（1）不同发育程度间土壤理化性质差异显著。雏形土和淋溶土土壤容重较新成土分别增加10.71%,19.50%,土壤总孔隙度分别降低8.79%,18.69%,通气孔隙度分别降低67.40%,8.16%,土壤黏粒含量分别增加10.01%,38.36%,砂粒含量分别减小8.09%,48.29%,土壤有机质分别增加2.88%,8.68%。（2）不同发育程度土壤间初始入渗率、平均入渗率、饱和导水率均表现为新成土>雏形土>淋溶土,雏形土、淋溶土平均入渗率及饱和导水率分别是新成土的0.99,0.58和0.89,0.83倍。（3）不同发育程度土壤理化性质差异对土壤入渗具有显著影响,土壤入渗速率与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度、砂粒含量呈正相关关系,与容重、黏粒含量、有机质含量呈负相关关系。（4） Horton模型对紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗过程拟合效果最优（R²=0.942）,Kostiakov模型次之（R²=0.858）,Philip模型拟合效果较差（R²=0.832）。通过观测与模拟不同发育程度土壤入渗过程,研究结果可为流域土壤水分运移规律探究提供有益借鉴。     

岩溶槽谷区坡面土壤磷素流失过程与影响因素——以中梁山龙凤槽谷试验场为例

为揭示自然降雨条件下岩溶槽谷区坡面土壤磷素流失规律，分析坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙中各形态磷素的迁移流失过程，并着重探讨降雨条件、土地利用方式因素对磷素流失的影响。在重庆市中梁山龙凤槽谷区设置耕地、林地和果园地3个标准径流小区（20 m×5 m），对坡面径流及泥沙中的磷素流失开展为期1年的监测。结果表明：（1）坡面土壤磷素流失强烈依赖于坡面产流产沙过程，槽谷区土壤磷素流失以径流流失为主，泥沙流失为辅；（2）总体来看，不同土地利用方式总磷（TP）流失总负荷表现为耕地 > 果园地 > 林地，耕地TP流失总负荷为0.17 kg/hm²，约是果园地的1.76倍和林地的4.68倍；（3）径流中磷素浓度变化受降雨强度控制，雨季初期径流中磷素流失形态以水溶性总磷（TDP）为主，其余降雨事件则以颗粒态磷（PP）为主，ρ（PP）/ρ（TP）的比例为63.92%~96.97%；（4）泥沙中磷素浓度变化受降雨强度影响较小，泥沙磷素存在富集现象，且全磷富集比（ER_STP）与雨强无明显相关关系。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。