铈基燃油催化剂改善柴油机颗粒物捕集器再生效果

颗粒捕集器(diesel Particulate filter,DPF)是目前公认的最有效的柴油机排气颗粒物后处理装置,为了去除DPF内部沉积颗粒,实现DPF再生,采用提高排气温度或催化燃烧的方法来促进颗粒物燃烧。该文采用环烷酸铈溶剂作为燃油催化再生添加剂(fuel borne catalyst,FBC),对柴油机DPF的再生平衡温度、压降特性和燃烧灰烬等进行试验研究。试验结果表明:DPF再生平衡温度因FBC的催化作用从500℃以上下降到约450℃,从而增加了颗粒捕集器的颗粒储备能力,并能够有效再生;柴油机燃油消耗率随着排气背压的增加而上升;燃用FBC测试燃油时DPF前后压差较纯柴油上升缓慢,其达到排气背压再生阀值的周期变长;同时,随再生次数的增多,再生后DPF的前后压差呈线性增加,捕集效率却逐渐提高。该文采用燃油添加剂可以明显降低颗粒的着火点。结合电加热装置,可有效提高DPF的再生效果,有效过滤柴油车尾气中的颗粒物,对柴油车尾气净化及环境保护具有十分重要的意义。     

CeO2纳米颗粒催化柴油燃烧氧化特性分析

为了深入了解柴油中添加Ce O2纳米催化剂后生成颗粒的氧化特性,该文配制了Ce O2质量分数分别为0、50、100 mg/kg的纳米催化燃油,利用微粒分级采样装置采集柴油机燃用3种燃料生成的颗粒样品,采用扫描电镜研究了Ce O2质量分数对颗粒形貌特征的影响,通过热重分析方法研究了升温速率、Ce O2质量分数对颗粒氧化特性的影响并采用Coast-Redfern方法计算了颗粒的活化能。结果表明:颗粒群为团簇状结构,粒径范围在20~70 nm之间;随着Ce O2质量分数增加,颗粒平均粒径减小,粒径向小粒径方向移动,计盒维数增大。随着升温速率的增加,颗粒氧化过程出现滞后现象,氧化反应区域变宽,初始氧化温度、峰值失重温度和氧化终止温度增高,失重率峰值变小。升温速率对颗粒反应活化能影响较小。升温速率相同时,随着Ce O2质量分数的增加,颗粒的反应活化能、初始氧化温度、峰值失重温度和氧化终止温度均降低,Ce O2质量分数越高,降幅越大。Ce O2纳米催化剂添加到柴油后,使颗粒粒径变小,并能促进颗粒的氧化,降低颗粒起燃温度,可有效降低柴油机微粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)再生温度和延长再生周期,对柴油机排气净化具有重要的意义。     

甲醇-调合生物柴油燃烧及排放微粒粒径分布特性试验

为了探究调合生物柴油掺烧甲醇对柴油机燃烧特性及微粒粒径分布的影响,该文利用燃烧分析仪及EEPS 3090型微粒粒径测试系统研究了柴油机燃用甲醇-调合生物柴油微乳化燃料的燃烧过程及微粒数量浓度分布特性。试验结果表明,与燃用调合生物柴油相比,柴油机掺烧甲醇后缸内燃烧压力、压力升高率以及放热率曲线均后移,压力升高率峰值及放热率峰值均增加;当柴油机处于低负荷时,排气中的微粒粒径均处于6~22 nm之间,呈现核态;在高负荷时,微粒粒径处于6~275 nm之间,主要呈现积聚态,且数量浓度呈单峰正态分布。随着甲醇添加比例的增加,核态微粒比例上升,积聚态微粒比例下降,且排气中微粒的总数下降。研究结果为甲醇-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧及微粒排放控制提供了参考。     

柴油机颗粒捕集器不规则六边形孔道结构压降特性研究

为了提高柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)的压降特性和碳烟承载量,该文提出了一种不规则六边形孔道结构,并利用AVL-Fire软件建立其三维模型,针对不同排气流量,排气温度,碳烟负载以及灰分堆积情况对DPF压降特性进行数值分析,并与四边形孔道结构进行对比。结果表明:在不同排气流量条件下,建立的数学模型模拟值与实际试验值相对误差处于2.54%~5.69%之间,计算值和试验值的数值差异较小,变化趋势一致;在同等排气流量和排气温度条件下,不规则六边形孔道结构DPF的压降特性优于四边形孔道结构;不同碳烟加载方式会影响DPF压降特性,递减分布压降最高,递增分布压降最低,且不同分布方式下不规则六边形孔道结构具有更低的压降;灰分在DPF内部以层状方式分布对压降影响较大,以尾端方式分布对压降影响较小;不规则六边形孔道DPF具有更陡峭的碳烟过滤效率曲线和更低的压降曲线,表明其能有效地提高碳烟及灰分承载能力,其中碳烟捕集效率上升时间同比降低34%;不同灰分堆积方式下,不规则六边形孔道结构有更小的DPF压降和更高的碳烟承载量,该文可为优化DPF结构,降低DPF压降,减小DPF再生频率提供参考。     

柴油机燃烧甲醇/生物柴油尾气颗粒物热解特性分析

采集了甲醇/生物柴油(5%、10%、15%)混合燃料在柴油机燃烧的尾气颗粒。采用热重分析仪和切线法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)热解动力学方法,研究颗粒挥发及氧化规律,分析了颗粒热解特征温度和活化能。结果表明:随着甲醇掺混量的增加,颗粒中H_2O的质量分数由2.6%增加到3.5%,可溶有机物(soluble organic fraction,SOF)质量分数由26.1%增加到32.5%,SOF的质量变化速率增大,对应的峰值温度后移;在O_2氛围中,SOF挥发阶段与在N2氛围中的表现基本一致,但质量变化速率明显增大;碳烟(soot)质量减小,由70.3%减少到63.8%,soot质量变化率峰值增大;SOF析出温度变化较小,soot起始燃烧温度明显降低,由488℃降低到458℃,SOF起始燃烧温度与燃尽温度均有所降低,颗粒的热解总反应时间缩短;颗粒的热解反应活化能由140.3 k J/mol降低117.3 k J/mol,颗粒的热解性能增强,颗粒更易被氧化。研究结果可为甲醇/生物柴油燃烧颗粒的处理及柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)再生提供依据。     

小型非道路柴油机排气管内颗粒的粒径分布与氧化特性

为了深入了解柴油机颗粒在排气管内的变化过程,分析柴油机颗粒粒径分布和氧化特性的变化趋势,采用废气排放颗粒物粒径谱仪(engine exhaust particle Sizer,EEPS),测量了柴油机沿排气气流运动方向,不同位置的颗粒粒径,研究了不同位置颗粒粒径的分布规律;应用热重/差热同步分析仪,分析了沿排气气流方向不同位置颗粒的表观活化能、着火温度、燃尽特性指数等特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:沿柴油机排气气流方向,核态颗粒数量减小,聚集态颗粒数量增加;聚集态颗粒的粒径增大。热重试验结果表明:沿柴油机排气气流方向,在SOF挥发阶段和soot氧化过程中,颗粒失质量速率增加,失质量峰值对应温度降低;颗粒中H2O质量由1.3%增加到2.46%,SOF质量由38.21%增加到42.05%,soot质量由57.84%减少到52.24%,灰分质量由3.01%增加到3.25%;颗粒的指前因子由7.93×1012减小到4.67×1012,反应活化能由157.3降低到127.9,着火温度由546℃降低到501℃,降低了约8.2%,燃烧特性指数由8.16×10-9增加到1.62×10-8,燃尽特性指数上升了14.5%。该研究是对颗粒衍化机理的完善,可为颗粒捕集器的优化设计提供参考。     

排气余热辅助低温等离子体再生柴油机颗粒捕集器试验

为探究低温等离子体(non-thermal plasma,NTP)对无外加热源的柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)的再生过程与再生效果,搭建了排气余热辅助NTP再生DPF的试验系统。借助发动机停机后的排气余热,利用DBD(dielectric barrier discharge)型NTP发生器,对处于降温过程的DPF进行再生试验研究。结果表明:随着DPF温度的下降,NTP中O3的分解反应减弱,PM(particulate matter)氧化反应加剧,DPF内部出现温度不降反升的现象,氧化区域自DPF前端逐渐向后端延伸,DPF径向中点处氧化反应最为剧烈,DPF轴向剖面上残余积碳呈现?形。再生后DPF内部残余积碳中可溶性有机成分SOF(soluble organic fraction)明显减少,且NTP处理能够降低PM中SOF及DS(dry soot)的表观活化能。整个再生过程中,DPF内部大量积碳被氧化去除。排气余热辅助的NTP再生技术,实现了对无外加热源的DPF的有效再生,使得DPF排气背压下降达69%。该文证实了排气余热辅助NTP再生DPF的可行性,为NTP再生DPF技术的应用提供了试验依据。     

重型柴油机颗粒物分布规律的试验研究

为了同时控制车用重型柴油机的颗粒物排放质量和数目,该文对稳态工况及瞬态工况下柴油机排放颗粒物分布规律进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:在稳态工况下,随着负荷的增加或者转速的提高,积聚态及核态颗粒物数目浓度、中位直径(count median diameter,CMD)、表面积和质量均呈现增大趋势,且峰值向大粒径方向偏移。在本研究中,稳态工况全工况总颗粒物数目浓度为1.5×10~6~4.5×10~6个/cm~3,积聚态颗粒物数目浓度为2×10~6~1×10~7个/cm~3,而核态颗粒物数目浓度为1×10~7~3×10~7个/cm~3,在总颗粒物数目浓度中占比为65%~96%。全工况当量比均小于0.7,在中低转速,当量比对颗粒物分布影响较为明显,在高转速尤其是大负荷条件下,当量比的影响减弱。在瞬态工况下,颗粒物数目浓度出现了与颗粒物质量类似的排放尖峰现象,浓度峰值达到2×108~7×108个/cm~3,比其对应的稳态工况出现的浓度峰值高出1个数量级。而且排放尖峰现象中,积聚态颗粒物数目浓度占主要部分,其峰值浓度比稳态工况要高出2个数量级,此时排放尖峰现象中核态颗粒物数目浓度也出现明显增长。排放尖峰现象对应的粒径主要集中在积聚态颗粒物的50~200 nm范围和核态颗粒物的6~8 nm及20~50 nm范围。这主要是因为当量比在瞬态过程出现了超过临界当量比0.8的情况。研究结果对重型柴油机颗粒物排放控制以及生成机理有重要指导意义,并可为排放后处理器的匹配计算提供数据支持。     

高原环境下DPF主动再生的载体温度特性试验研究

为了对比高原与平原环境下柴油机微粒捕集器(Diesel Particulate Filter,DPF)的主动再生温度特性差异,该研究通过台架试验对0、1 000和1 960m海拔下再生温度为550、575和600℃时DPF的载体温度特性及温度梯度的变化进行对比分析。结果表明:高原环境下,DPF载体的温度变化规律与平原环境一致,径向方向从DPF中心到边缘温度逐渐降低,轴向方向从DPF入口到出口温度逐渐升高,最高温度均出现在DPF出口中心;随着海拔高度升高,DPF载体的峰值温度和径向、轴向温度梯度均升高;海拔1 000 m时,550、575和600℃再生温度时的最大峰值温度比海拔0m时分别升高了4.6%、10.3%和16.6%,最大径向温度梯度分别升高了48.7%、118.9%和145.5%,最大轴向温度梯度分别升高了84.3%、81.6%和198.2%;海拔1 960 m时的最大峰值温度比海拔1 000 m时分别升高了6.3%、14.3%和17.2%,最大径向温度梯度比1 000 m时分别升高了65.5%、91.1%和166.9%,最大轴向温度梯度比海拔1000m时分别升高了20.2%、83.2%和43.2%。由于高原环境下柴油机氧化催化器(Diesel Oxidation Catalyst,DOC)的入口温度比平原环境下高,导致DPF的入口温度升高率、载体峰值温度和温度梯度均比平原的高。高原环境下更容易出现DPF损坏的危险。为保证DPF的安全可靠再生,海拔1 000 m时再生温度应低于600℃,海拔1 960 m时再生温度应低于575℃,以减小温度梯度,防止局部热应力过大。     

低温等离子体发生器工作参数优化

低温等离子体（non-thermal plasma,NTP）发生器放电产生的活性物质可有效去除柴油机颗粒捕集器（diesel particular filter,DPF）中沉积的颗粒物（particulate matter,PM）,而发生器的工作参数直接影响活性物质的浓度,选取合适的工作参数有利于活性物质的产生。该文以空气为气源,考察了放电区表面温度、放电电压、放电频率、空气流量4个因素对NTP发生器产生活性物质浓度的影响。以O3质量浓度作为试验指标,进行了正交试验设计,并对试验结果进行单因素影响规律的分析、极差分析以及方差分析。研究表明：较低的放电区表面温度和放电频率有利于O3的生成,O3质量浓度随着空气流量的增大先升高后降低,随放电电压的变化没有明显的增减趋势;放电区表面温度、空气流量为显著因素,放电电压和放电频率为不显著因素;各因素对试验结果影响的大小顺序为：空气流量＞放电区表面温度＞放电频率＞放电电压;NTP反应器产生活性物质的较优组合是：放电区表面温度40℃、放电电压19 kV、放电频率7 kHz、空气流量5 L/min。研究结果对开发用于分解柴油机PM的NTP系统、优化NTP技术再生DPF的研究有重要的指导意义。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.