第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤脲酶活性和微生物量的影响

[目的]研究第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤微生物的影响,揭示此类脲酶抑制剂的微生物学效应,为农业生产中施用含Schiff碱配合物型脲酶抑制剂缓控释尿素的安全性评价提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内恒温恒湿培养的方法,测定在不同浓度(按尿素施用量的0.1%,0.5%,1%)新型Schiff碱铜配合物型脲酶抑制剂作用下土壤脲酶活性以及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌微生物量指标。[结果]①当抑制剂施用浓度为0.1%和0.5%时对土壤脲酶活性影响不显著,当施用浓度为1%时,对土壤脲酶活性抑制效果最好,最大抑制率达40.8%,起到了适度调控的目的;②土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌对尿素水解的敏感程度不同,其中放线菌和真菌比较敏感,尿素水解对其最大抑制率分别为46.4%和89.7%。与此相反,尿素的水解反而会促进细菌生长,最大促进率达83.6%;③第四类脲酶抑制能够促进土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的生长,其对细菌、放线菌和真菌的最大促进率分别为86.2%,31.9%和83.6%。因此第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤放线菌生长的促进作用较小,对土壤细菌和真菌生长的促进作用较大。[结论]第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤脲酶活性有很好地抑制作用且能促进土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的生长,施用抑制剂浓度为1%时效果最显著,即1%为其最佳用量。     

灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响

为探明灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,采用正交试验设计,研究不同灌水方式、灌水量与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:夏玉米不同生育阶段,灌溉与深松对根区土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的影响不同,灌浆成熟期细菌与放线菌数量大于苗期,苗期真菌数量大于灌浆成熟期;灌水方式对苗期土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,灌浆成熟期真菌数量均有显著影响,灌水量对苗期的放线菌和真菌数量,灌浆成熟期细菌和放线菌数量均有显著影响,微润灌溉条件下真菌变化幅度最小,滴灌下Shannon-Wiener指数变化幅度大;深松对苗期放线菌数量,灌浆成熟期细菌和真菌数量有显著影响,深松40 cm可提高土壤细菌、真菌数量。     

松栎混交林土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性及土壤养分关系的研究

对秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤微生物数量特征及其与土壤酶、土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)林地土壤中三大类群微生物的数量在土层间自上而下急剧减少,表层土壤微生物数量最多,占土壤剖面总数的51.55%以上。(2)土壤微生物数量以细菌为主,占总数的99.70%~99.96%;放线菌次之,占总数的0.04%~0.30%;真菌最少,小于0.01%。(3)密度中等(1500~1650株hm-2)的林分能显著增加土壤中的微生物数量。(4)土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量与土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶及土壤养分含量和土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;土壤放线菌、真菌数量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关;土壤细菌数量与土壤pH值呈显著正相关。     

竹醋液对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

土壤微生物及酶活性是描述土壤质量的重要生物学参数。在实验室控制条件下,以平均抑制率为指标研究了0.1%、0.5%、2%、10%、100%竹醋液稀释液对土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量及蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脲酶活性的影响。结果表明,浓度高于2%的竹醋液处理均使土壤中的微生物生长被抑制,抑制效应顺序为细菌放线菌真菌;0.5%浓度的竹醋处理可促进土壤中微生物的生长,促进效应顺序为真菌放线菌细菌;0.1%浓度的竹醋对土壤中微生物生长影响较小;试验期内浓度高于2%的竹醋液处理对土壤中酶活性存在不同程度的抑制效应,抑制效应顺序为脲酶蔗糖酶蛋白酶。相关性分析表明,施加的竹醋液其浓度与土壤中蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性呈显著正相关(P0.05),与脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

根结线虫接种对黄瓜植株根际土壤pH和微生物的影响

通过人工接种不同数量的根结线虫卵,测定了黄瓜植株根际土壤的pH和微生物数量。结果表明,随接种数量的增加,根际土壤好气性细菌数量、厌气性细菌数量、细菌总数及细菌/真菌(B/F)逐渐降低;真菌数量却逐渐升高;放线菌数量在接种量为2000个·株-1时显著升高,之后随着接种量的增加逐渐降低;放线菌/真菌(A/F)在接种量为2000个·株-1时略有升高,之后随着接种量的增加逐渐降低。接种根结线虫后,黄瓜植株根际土壤中好气性细菌数量和B/F值与pH呈显著正相关,厌气性细菌数量、细菌总数、放线菌数量以及A/F值与pH呈极显著正相关,真菌数量与pH呈显著负相关。根结线虫侵染黄瓜植株导致根际土壤发生"真菌化",显示土壤质量下降。     

氯化苦熏蒸土壤对微生物种群数量的影响

本文通过测定处理前后的土壤微生物的主要种群的数量变化,探讨氯化苦熏蒸处理保护地土壤的杀菌效果。氯化苦熏蒸土壤可杀灭土壤微生物,对细菌、放线菌、真菌的杀灭率均在85%以上,有效地减少土传病害的病原菌数量,从而降低土传病害的侵染率;最经济有效的氯化苦(90%油剂)的熏蒸剂量为20mgkg-1,相当于每亩剂量为25-35kg;熏蒸的时间为5d以上;土壤温度和含水量能够对熏蒸效果产生很大影响;在20℃以上熏蒸均有较好效果,温度越高效果越好;含水量以55%时效果最佳。     

重金属和生物有机肥对苹果根区土壤微生物的影响

通过土壤追施Cd ,Cu和生物有机肥,研究了重金属对红富士苹果根区微生物的危害以及生物有机肥减轻重金属对土壤微生物危害的效应。结果表明:施用生物有机肥后,果园根区土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著增加,细菌占绝对优势;土壤Cd浓度在10 30mg/kg范围内,随Cd浓度的增加,细菌数量大幅度减少;Cu元素对土壤微生物的危害情况与Cd相似,但程度比Cd轻;从生物有机肥中提取的有机质对Cd和Cu有明显的吸附作用,在pH值6～8的范围内,吸附率随pH升高而提高;在中性微酸的条件下(最适宜苹果栽培的土壤酸碱条件) ,有机质对Cu2 吸附率远高于对Cd2 的吸附率;生物有机肥明显减轻Cd ,Cu对土壤微生物的危害,并且对Cu污染土壤的改善效果更好     

百草枯对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了5种不同浓度百草枯对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,百草枯对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用,且随药剂浓度升高逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群抑制率为13.3%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0.93cm;对放线菌种群抑制率为8.6%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0～3.00cm;对真菌种群抑制率为7.6%～100%,生长速率的抑制率达1.4%～77.3%。抑制作用随加药时间延长又逐渐减弱。     

长期定位不同施肥方式对土壤肥力和微生物的影响

以北京市农林科学院(房山)新型肥料长期定位试验站为平台,采用田间冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的方法,探讨了长期不同施肥方式对土壤有机质、养分和微生物特性的影响。结果表明:经过12年的长期定位施肥后,NPK配施有机废弃物肥和NPK配施秸秆可以降低土壤pH值,NPKWN处理降低pH效果最为明显,pH值相较基础土样降低了0.18,而单施化肥的处理土壤pH值均有所增加,处理之间差异不显著;试验地的EC值在11.7～14.5 mS/m之间,各施肥处理与CK处理相比,施肥增加了土壤EC值,差异显著,并且配施有机废弃物肥和秸秆处理的土壤EC值又较NPK处理偏高;长期施用有机废弃物肥和秸秆的土壤肥力明显提高,施肥对土壤有机质、全氮的变化规律:NPK配施有机废弃物肥NPK配施秸秆化肥CK;土壤中的三大微生物数量,细菌放线菌真菌,单施化肥与CK相比,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量都有所提高,化肥与有机废物肥或者与秸秆配合施用的土壤细菌、放线菌数量比单施化肥的增幅效果明显;NPKJG处理土壤中真菌数量最高,达到4.53×10~4个/g,与CK处理相比,增加了67.7%;长期不同施肥处理的土壤微生物量氮变化介于24.7～44.6 mg/kg之间,各处理土壤微生物量氮变化规律为NPKWNNPKLJNPKJGNPKJFNPKMGNPKNPKHSFCK,与对照相比分别增加了80.7%、80.4%、77.2%、72.1%、61.2%、35.7%、23.7%;土壤微生物量氮、细菌数量与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷呈显著或极显著正相关,土壤放线菌数量与土壤速效钾、有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著正相关,可以作为在长期施肥条件下土壤肥力变化的生物学指标。     

苯磺隆和2,4-D胁迫对土壤微生物影响的研究

以盆栽试验研究了除草剂苯磺隆、2,4-D对石灰性褐土中土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明,在供试浓度下,土壤微生物对两种除草剂的感应存在一定的差异性。苯磺隆高浓度处理在最初3d极显著地抑制细菌生长,之后对土壤细菌具有刺激作用,特别是培养结束时激活率还高达917.6%,低浓度处理呈极显著的刺激作用;苯磺隆对土壤放线菌具有显著的刺激作用,对土壤真菌有强烈的抑制作用,最高抑制率达100%,到培养结束时(60d)真菌数量还未恢复到对照水平。2,4-D处理对土壤放线菌具有明显的抑制、激活的波动性,对土壤细菌、真菌有强烈的抑制作用。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。