膜孔多向交汇入渗特性及其影响因素研究

通过大量膜孔多向交汇入渗试验资料,分析了膜孔多向交汇入渗特性和影响因素,研究了膜孔直径、膜孔间距、土壤质地、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率等因素对膜孔多向交汇入渗的影响,提出了各影响因素与膜孔交汇入渗量之间的关系,并分析了膜孔多向交汇入渗机理,该研究成果可为进一步研究膜孔交汇入渗规律和膜孔灌技术提供参考。     

膜孔灌多点源交汇入渗影响因素试验研究

通过大量膜孔多点源交汇入渗试验资料，分析了膜孔多点源交汇入渗特性和影响因素，研究了膜孔直径、膜孔间距、土壤质地、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率等因素对多点源膜孔交汇入渗的影响，提出了各影响因素与膜孔交汇入渗量和交汇时间的关系，并分析了膜孔交汇入渗机理。该研究成果可为进一步研究多点源交汇入渗规律和膜孔灌技术提供参考。     

土壤初始含水率对浑水膜孔灌自由入渗特性影响

为揭示土壤初始含水率对浑水膜孔灌单点源自由入渗的影响,通过开展不同初始含水率的室内浑水膜孔灌试验,研究了土壤初始含水率对浑水膜孔灌自由入渗特性、减渗特性以及土壤含水率分布的影响,并建立了基于土壤初始含水率和累积入渗时间的浑水膜孔灌自由入渗模型和减渗模型。研究表明:当浑水的含沙率和膜孔的直径一定时,随土壤初始含水率的增大,相同时间内的单位膜孔面积累积入渗量呈逐渐减小的趋势,初始含水率为4.96%,7.43%,10.07%和12.40%的分别较风干条件下的减少了19%,33%,45%和56%,减渗效果明显。通过对含水率分布特征研究发现,在靠近和远离膜孔的部位含水率变化梯度较大,平均含水率梯度达到了2%/cm,而中间部位含水率变化较小,平均含水率变化梯度仅为0.65%/cm。     

多因素影响下浑水膜孔肥液入渗土壤水分运移特性

为研究不同因素对浑水膜孔肥液入渗土壤水分运动特性的影响,开展室内土箱入渗试验,试验设土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、含沙率和肥液浓度4因素,每个因素设3个水平,共12组试验(9组正交试验,3组验证试验)。分析影响因素对浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗单位膜孔面积累积入渗量、入渗率及湿润体平均体积含水率增量的影响。利用多元回归推求并验证单位膜孔累积入渗量和湿润体平均体积含水率增量与影响因素的经验模型和模型参数。结果表明:土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、含沙率和肥液浓度对单位膜孔累积入渗量影响极显著(P<0.01),各影响因素影响程度由大到小依次为含沙率、土壤容重、土壤初始含水率、肥液浓度;土壤初始含水率、含沙率和肥液浓度对湿润体平均体积含水率增量影响极显著(P<0.01),土壤容重对其影响显著(P<0.05),各影响因素影响程度由大到小依次为土壤初始含水率、肥液浓度、含沙率、土壤容重。建立的经验模型及模型参数检验合格,预测值与实际测算值误差均在±10%以内,精度良好,可用于试验因素不同时土壤水分入渗情况预测。     

充分供水条件下点源入渗特性及其影响因素

通过大量充分供水点源入渗试验资料,分析了充分供水条件下点源入渗特性及其影响因素,研究了点源面积,土壤质地,土壤初始含水量及容重等因素对点源入渗的影响,在此基础上,探讨了充分供水单点源入渗的湿润体形状及其湿润锋运移规律,这些研究果为进一步研究点源入渗和膜上灌技术奠定了基础。     

沟灌二维入渗影响因素实验研究

为进一步探明沟灌灌水沟的水分入渗规律，该文研究了沟灌中的灌水沟中水深、沟底宽、沟底导水率及土壤初始含水率等因素对沟灌二维入渗的影响，研究结果表明：减小灌水沟中水深和沟底导水率及增大土壤初始含水率都有利于灌水沟的水平侧向入渗，同时可相应减小垂向入渗；而灌水沟底宽不影响沟的侧向入渗，只影响垂向入渗，底宽减小时，垂向入渗减小。沟底导水率影响最大，计划灌水定额为45 mm，沟底导水率为0时垂向入渗深度较沟底裸露透水时减小41％，明显改善了沟灌入渗体的形状。研究结果可为改进沟灌灌水技术提供参考。     

土壤水非均匀流动的碘-淀粉染色示踪研究

在壤土和粉质黏土条件下采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法分别开展了6个和4个不同土壤初始含水率和入渗水量的示踪试验,通过分析入渗深度和染色面积分布模式来研究入渗条件(土壤初始含水率、入渗水量和土壤质地)对土壤水非均匀流动特征的影响。研究表明:①土壤初始含水率升高时,土壤水入渗深度增大,但土壤初始含水率对染色面积分布模式无明显影响;②土壤水入渗深度随入渗水量的增大而增大,但入渗水量的增大对土壤水入渗深度增大的影响有限;③当入渗水量较小时,土壤水流运动以优先流为主;随着入渗水量的增大,土壤水流运动逐渐转变成以基质流为主的流动形态;④土壤水在细质地土壤(粉质黏土)中运动具有更高的非均匀程度,非均匀流通道总宽度较窄。     

土壤初始含水率对涌泉根灌土壤水分及氮素运移特性的影响

为了探究涌泉根灌水肥一体化灌溉在不同土壤初始含水率下水氮运移特性,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同土壤初始含水率(4.13%,7.21%,8.77%,11.06%,14.01%)条件下入渗特性、湿润锋运移、土壤水分以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,建立了涌泉根灌累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离与不同土壤初始含水率之间的关系,提出了不同初始含水率下涌泉根灌累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离的经验模型。结果表明:累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布、转化等均不同程度地受到土壤初始含水率的影响。同一时刻条件下,累积入渗量随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,而湿润锋运移距离却呈现出增大的趋势;土壤初始含水率越大,湿润体体积越大,湿润体内水分、铵态氮和硝态氮的分布范围越广泛;距离灌水器出水孔越近,土壤中的铵态氮和硝态氮含量越高。入渗系数K随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,入渗指数α随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大;水平湿润锋拟合参数a、b均随土壤初始含水率的增大而增大,竖直向下湿润锋运移指数c随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大,入渗指数d随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小。随着土壤水分再分布的持续进行,湿润体内水分分布越加均匀,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数Cu评价灌水结束、再分布1,3天条件下湿润体内水分分布均匀度依次为61.99%,74.27%和83.60%;湿润体内铵态氮含量逐渐减小,但铵态氮的分布区域基本无变化;湿润体内硝态氮分布区域变大,平均值呈增大,最值区域有下移趋势。研究成果为进一步研究涌泉根灌水氮高效利用技术奠定了基础。     

土壤初始含水率对膜孔灌湿润体特征的影响

为了研究膜孔灌中土壤初始含水率对湿润体特征及累积入渗量的影响,首先通过室内试验验证HYDRUS模拟西安粉壤土膜孔灌湿润体形状以及含水率分布的可靠性,然后基于HYDRUS模型模拟在不同初始含水率条件下膜孔灌湿润体的变化过程。结果表明:基于HYDRUS模型模拟的累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离与室内试验结果的R~2均接近1,标准偏差绝对值均小于10%,拟合良好,表明HYDRUS模型模拟入渗过程的可靠性。膜孔灌湿润锋形状可采用椭圆方程表示。当初始含水率较小(不大于0.1 cm~3/cm~3)时,湿润体半径的含水率分布可采用椭圆方程表示;从膜孔中心到湿润锋表面,随着初始含水率的增大,湿润体内的含水率梯度减小,湿润体半径的含水率分布曲线由椭圆曲线逐渐转变为平缓曲线。基于湿润体含水率分布规律建立了考虑初始含水率的累积入渗量模型,累积入渗量与湿润体半径的三次方呈正比,湿润体半径可表示为湿润锋水平运移距离和垂向运移距离的几何平均值;对于不同的膜孔半径(1～5cm),模型计算累积入渗量与HYDRUS模拟值的R~2为0.99,标准偏差绝对值小于10%;对于粉土、粉壤土和壤土,当初始体积含水率不大于0.25 cm~3/cm~3算累积入渗量与HYDRUS模拟值的R~2为0.99,标准偏差绝对值小于10%,结果表明该模型对不同土壤质地和膜孔半径的适用性良好;该模型在计算作物灌水需求量方面优于Kostiacov模型等传统的经验模型。该研究揭示了不同初始含水率下的膜孔灌湿润体特征,并建立了累积入渗量模型,可为膜孔灌灌溉水量的计算提供参考依据。     

多因素影响下竖管地下灌溉入渗特性分析

为了研究压力水头、竖管直径、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重和入渗时间等5个因素对竖管地下灌溉入渗特性的影响。采用正交试验设计共安排了10组试验（9组试验,1组验证试验）,利用竖管地下灌溉室内试验装置测定7 h内累积入渗量,构建累积入渗量与5个因素之间的量化关系式,量化关系式相关系数为0.98,决定系数大于0.99,表明该式可客观反映各因素与累积入渗量之间的关系。累积入渗量与压力水头、竖管直径和入渗时间呈显著性正相关,与土壤初始含水率和容重呈负相关。根据这一量化关系式得到入渗流量的表达式,入渗流量开始较大,为1.93～5.92 L/h,逐渐减小,经过5～6 h后趋于稳定,稳定入渗流量为0.08～0.25 L/h;用敏感性分析和相关系数分析各因素对入渗流量的影响,结果表明：压力水头是影响流量的主要因素,其次为竖管直径、容重和初始含水率;入渗流量与压力水头和竖管直径呈极显著性正相关,与土壤初始含水率、土壤容重和入渗时间呈负相关。这一结果对进一步研究竖管地下灌溉管网系统水力特性和技术要素具有重要意义。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.