基于双注意力语义分割网络的田间苗期玉米识别与分割

为实现复杂田间场景中幼苗期玉米和杂草的准确识别与区域划分,该研究提出改进的双注意力语义分割方法,通过获取形态边界实现玉米幼苗的识别与精细分割,在此基础上采用形态学处理方法识别图像中除玉米外的全部杂草区域。首先对6种当前最高性能的语义分割网络进行对比,确定模型原始架构;建立幼苗期玉米语义分割模型,包括改进深层主干网络增强特征,引入双注意力机制构建特征的场景语义依赖关系,以编码器-解码器结构组建模型并增加辅助网络优化底层特征,改进损失函数协调模型整体表现,制定改进的迁移学习策略;提出图像形态学处理方法,基于玉米像素分割结果,生成杂草分割图。测试结果表明,模型的平均交并比、平均像素识别准确率分别为94.16%和95.68%,相比于原网络分别提高1.47%和1.08%,识别分割速度可达15.9帧/s。该研究方法能够对复杂田间场景中的玉米和杂草进行准确识别与精细分割,在仅识别玉米的前提下识别杂草,有效减少图像标注量,避免田间杂草种类的多样性对识别精度的影响,解决玉米与杂草目标交叠在形态边界上难以分割的问题,研究结果可为智能除草装备提供参考。     

基于多特征的田间杂草识别方法

该文阐述了通过利用植物的多种特征实现田间杂草的精准自动识别的方法。该方法先利用颜色特征分割土壤背景,然后利用位置和纹理特征识别行间和行内杂草,最后利用形态特征后处理误识别的作物和杂草。在实验室内利用实地采集的3～5叶期、不同作物行数的麦田图像对该方法进行了测试。作物和杂草的正确识别率最低为89%,最高为98%;处理时间最低为157 ms,最高为252 ms。试验结果表明：基于多特征的田间杂草识别方法具有较高的识别率和较快的识别速度。     

基于机器视觉的田间杂草识别技术研究进展

田间杂草识别技术是实现变量喷洒除草剂以保护环境的关键所在。针对国内外在精细农业的杂草识别领域，全面、系统地分析了基于机器视觉的田间杂草识别技术的研究进展与应用状况，以促进该项技术在中国的应用和发展。分别阐述了利用植物和背景形状特征、纹理特征、颜色特征和多光谱特征识别田间杂草技术的理论依据、特征参数、研究状况和问题所在，并指出了实现田间实时识别的难点。     

基于卷积神经网络提取多尺度分层特征识别玉米杂草

为提高作物与杂草识别的准确率、稳定性和实时性,该文以幼苗期玉米及杂草为研究对象,提出了基于卷积神经网络提取多尺度分层特征的玉米杂草识别方法。首先建立卷积神经网络模型,以从图像的高斯金字塔中提取多尺度分层特征作为识别依据,再与多层感知器相连接实现图像中各像素的识别;为了避免目标交叠所带来的问题,对图像进行超像素分割,通过计算每个超像素内部的平均像素类别分布确定该超像素块的类别,再将相同类别的相邻超像素合并,最终实现图像中各目标的识别。试验结果表明:该方法的平均目标识别准确率达98.92%,标准差为0.55%,识别单幅图像的平均耗时为1.68 s,采用GPU硬件加速后识别单幅图像的平均耗时缩短为0.72 s。该方法实现了精确、稳定和高效的玉米与杂草识别,研究可为精确除草的发展提供参考。     

基于多光谱图像和数据挖掘的多特征杂草识别方法

为满足变量喷洒对杂草识别正确率的要求,提出一种基于多光谱图像和数据挖掘的杂草多特征识别方法。首先对多光谱成像仪获取的玉米与杂草图像从CIR转换到Lab颜色空间,用K-means聚类算法将图像分为土壤和绿色植物,随后用形态学处理提取出植物叶片图像,在此基础上提取叶片形状、纹理及分形维数3类特征,并基于C4.5算法对杂草分别进行单特征和多特征组合的分类识别。试验结果表明,多特征识别率比单特征识别率高,3类特征组合后的识别率最高达到96.3%。为验证该文提出方法的有效性,将C4.5算法与BP算法以及SVM算法进行比较,试验结果表明C4.5算法的平均识别率高于另2种算法,该文提出的田间杂草快速识别方法是有效可行的。该文为玉米苗期精确喷洒除草剂提供技术依据。     

应用计算机图像处理技术识别玉米苗期田间杂草的研究

利用计算机图像处理技术分析了玉米苗期田间杂草的特征量，识别出田间杂草并确定了杂草的位置和生长状况。研究中采用双峰法滤除了土壤背景，根据投影面积、叶长、叶宽识别出了杂草，并且根据杂草投影面积确定出了杂草密度。实验结果表明，此方法可有效地识别出玉米苗期田间细长的单子叶杂草。     

改进MobileViT网络识别轻量化田间杂草

为解决现有的田间杂草识别方法无法兼顾高准确率与实时性的问题,该研究提出了一种基于改进MobileViT网络的轻量化杂草识别方法。首先,该方法使用高效的MobileViT网络构建杂草特征提取网络,在保证特征提取能力的同时实现更少的模型参数量与计算量;其次,通过高效通道注意力机制加强下采样后特征图中的重要特征,进一步提升模型的特征提取能力;最后,特征提取网络中的MobileViT模块被用于同时学习局部语义信息和全局语义信息,仅通过少量模块的组合便能够准确地捕捉到不同类别杂草与作物间细微差异。为验证该方法的有效性,该研究以农田环境下采集的玉米幼苗及其4类伴生杂草图像为数据进行了模型训练,试验结果表明,该方法的识别准确率、精准度、召回率和F1分数分别为99.61%、99.60%、99.58%和99.59%,优于VGG-16、ResNet-50、DenseNet-161、MobileNetv2等常用卷积神经网络;同时,可视化结果表明该方法能够有效提取杂草图像中的关键特征,并抑制背景区域对识别结果的影响。该研究提出的方法能够精准、快速地区分出农田环境下形态相似的多种杂草与作物,可为智能除草设备中的杂草识别系统设计提供参考。     

基于颜色分量与直方图的玉米苗期背景分割方法研究

对土壤背景进行有效分割是玉米苗期田间杂草识别的前提和基础。本研究利用颜色分量G-R和G-B与灰度直方图来实现玉米苗期图像与背景图像的分割,解决了玉米苗期田间杂草识别中受影响及环境适应性差等问题。通过对不同环境下苗期玉米图像的植被颜色和背景颜色分量的统计分析表明,采用G-R和G-B双阈值颜色特征分割,进行土壤背景分离取得了很好的效果。     

智能杂草识别系统的设计与试验

摘要：为了减少农药的使用量,设计了一种新型杂草智能识别系统,并在不同的环境下进行了大量试验。该系统主要由智能识别控制器、喷头总成于安装支架组成,通过摄像头实时采集田间图像,采用基于颜色与位置特征的识别算法分析杂草分布情况,控制喷头快速开闭,实现精准对靶喷药。试验证明,该系统对不同环境均具有较好地适应性,能够快速、准确、可靠的定位杂草。在普通环境下系统识别准确率为97.0%;在强光照环境下系统识别准确率为92.5%;在阴影环境下系统识别准确率为89.2%,单帧图像平均耗时160 ms。该研究可为田间精确喷施除草装置的研发提供参考。     

基于改进DenseNet的田间杂草识别

精确、快速地获取作物和杂草的类别信息是实现自动化除草作业的重要前提。为解决复杂环境下农作物田间杂草种类的高效准确识别问题，该研究提出一种基于改进DenseNet的杂草识别模型。首先，在DenseNet-121网络的基础上，通过在每个卷积层后引入ECA（Efficient Channel Attention）注意力机制，增加重要特征的权重，强化杂草特征并抑制背景特征；其次，通过DropBlock正则化随机隐藏杂草图像部分特征块，以提升模型的泛化能力，增强模型识别不同类型杂草的适应性；最后，以自然环境下玉米幼苗和6类伴生杂草作为样本，在相同试验条件下与VGG-16、ResNet-50和未改进的DenseNet-121模型进行对比试验。结果表明，改进的DenseNet模型性能最优，模型大小为26.55 MB，单张图像耗时0.23 s，平均识别准确率达到98.63%，较改进前模型的平均识别准确率提高了2.09%，且综合性能显著高于VGG-16、ResNet-50模型；同时，通过采用CAM（Class Activation Mapping）可视化热度图方法分析，得出改进前后模型的类别判断概率分别为0.68和0.98，本文模型明显高于未改进模型，进一步验证了改进模型的有效性。该模型能够很好地解决复杂环境下农作物和杂草的种类精准识别问题，为智能除草机器人开发奠定了坚实的技术基础。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.