田块尺度污染农田土壤铅、镉和砷含量的空间变异及其对土地利用的启示

为了探明铅冶炼污染区田块尺度下农田土壤重金属含量的空间变异及其对污染农田土壤安全利用的意义,在某冶炼厂附近一面积为4800 m2的农田用网格法采集120个0~20 cm土样,测定样品镉、铅和砷含量。研究表明,研究区土壤中存在砷、镉和铅的积累。从平均污染指数来看,以镉的积累程度最大,铅次之、砷最小。土壤全镉含量的变化范围为1.10~3.84 mg kg^-1,镉含量处于1.10~2.27 mg kg^-1之间的样品占97.50%。从重金属空间分布上看,镉和铅含量的空间分布有较高的一致性,均是研究区北部和南部含量较高,中间区域含量较低。相关分析表明,土壤镉和铅含量之间存在显著正相关(P <0.01)。根据土壤铅含量计算稳定铅时所用普通过磷酸钙的用量范围为0.312~0.419 kg m^-2,平均值为0.367 kg m^-2。根据其他研究者得到的土壤全镉含量与小麦籽粒镉含量的相关方程计算,不同方程得到的小麦籽粒镉含量结果有很大差异,较可信的小麦籽粒镉含量变化范围为0.095~0.814 mg kg^-1。采样区中部为小麦籽粒镉含量较低且铅稳定剂需要量较低区域。以上结果表明,研究区田块尺度下土壤镉含量存在较大的空间变异,且土壤镉含量的空间变异导致小麦籽粒镉含量可能存在较大的空间变异。     

我国主要麦区小麦籽粒锌含量对叶喷锌肥的响应

【目的】我国小麦籽粒锌含量普遍偏低,叶喷锌肥是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的重要措施,研究我国主要麦区小麦籽粒锌含量对叶喷锌肥的响应,对小麦科学施用锌肥、 调控小麦籽粒锌营养状况有重要意义。【方法】本研究在我国14个省(市)主要麦区布置了30个田间试验,在每个试验点设置不喷锌对照和叶面喷锌两个处理,以当地主栽小麦品种为供试作物,通过测定收获期小麦产量、 各器官锌含量,研究了叶喷锌肥提高小麦籽粒锌含量的效果、 区域差异及其与土壤主要理化性质、 小麦拔节前植株锌含量的关系。【结果】 30个试验点的结果显示,叶面喷锌对小麦籽粒产量、 生物量和收获指数均无明显影响,但籽粒锌含量显著提高,叶面喷锌的籽粒锌含量比对照平均提高5.2 mg/kg(17.5%), pH7.0的区域提高5.3 mg/kg(16.4%), pH 7.0的区域提高5.2 mg/kg(18.4%)。小麦地上部锌吸收与分配在两个区域间没有显著差异,叶面喷锌的小麦籽粒、 颖壳和茎叶平均锌吸收量分别为255.5、 26.0和117.5 g/hm2,比对照增加19.4%、 28.7% 和99.2%; 锌收获指数为64.1%,比对照降低12.2%。籽粒锌利用率和籽粒锌强化指数也不受区域的影响,平均值锌利用率为3.0%,锌强化指数为3.8 mg/kg。无论叶面喷锌与否,籽粒锌含量和土壤有效锌均呈显著正相关,土壤有效锌含量每升高1.0 mg/kg,籽粒锌含量平均提高约4.0 mg/kg; 籽粒锌含量和土壤pH呈显著负相关,土壤pH每升高1个单位,籽粒锌含量平均降低3.8 mg/kg; 籽粒锌含量与土壤有机质没有显著相关性。小麦籽粒锌含量与拔节前植株锌含量极显著正相关,拔节前植株锌含量每升高1.0 mg/kg,籽粒锌含量平均提高0.4 mg/kg。【结论】 除叶面喷施锌肥外,调节土壤酸碱性,提高土壤有效锌含量,促进小麦生长前期植株对锌的吸收对改善我国小麦锌营养均具有重要意义。     

14种本土草本植物对污染土壤铅形态特征与含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究不同浓度铅(0,500,1 000,1 500mg/kg)处理下,14种草本植物对土壤铅形态的影响。结果表明:种植不同植物对土壤铅形态的影响差异很大,藜、新麦草在各铅浓度处理下土壤交换态铅含量均<对照<其余12种植物,且土壤残渣态铅为所有植物中最高,在1 500mg/kg铅处理下分别为717.74,700.45mg/kg,表明二者有着较强的钝化土壤铅的能力,可用于铅污染土壤的植物固定和植被恢复。红叶苋、绿叶苋各处理下交换态铅含量均为所有植物中最高,在1 500mg/kg铅处理下,分别达71.39,69.40mg/kg,分别为对照的3.7,3.6倍;土壤残渣态铅和全铅显著低于对照,为14种植物中最低,在1 500mg/kg铅处理下,全铅含量分别为1 372,1 388mg/kg,分别比对照降低了7.9%和6.8%,说明二者有溶解土壤铅的作用,可用于铅污染土壤的活化萃取。     

施磷量与小麦产量的关系及其对土壤、气候因素的响应

【目的】分析在有效磷含量不同的土壤中磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响,探明在保证小麦高产的前提下,不同有效磷含量土壤中施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系,为小麦生产中合理施用磷肥、改善农田生态环境提供理论依据。【方法】本研究根据1990—2017年间已公开发表的有关中国磷肥田间试验的文献,建立土壤有效磷、施磷量和小麦籽粒产量的数据库。采用数据整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),研究在3个土壤有效磷梯度(< 10、10～20、> 20 mg/kg)下,不同施磷(P₂O₅)量(< 60、60～90、90～120、120～150、> 150 kg/hm2)对小麦籽粒产量的影响,分析施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系及其对环境因素的响应。【结果】1)除在有效磷 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上施用P₂O₅ > 90 kg/hm2的高量磷肥外,在其它有效磷含量土壤上施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高均具有正影响。具体表现为:在有效磷 < 10 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量随施磷量的升高而呈直线上升趋势,其中施P₂O₅ > 150 kg/hm2的磷肥对小麦的增产作用最强(36.6%);在有效磷含量为10～20 mg/kg的土壤上,90～120 kg/hm2的P₂O₅施用量对小麦的增产作用最强(25.8%);在有效磷含量 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系符合米歇里西方程,即小麦籽粒产量随施磷量先增加后达到平衡,且磷肥施用对小麦的有效增产作用相对较弱(< 8%)。2)在不同的环境因素下磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高均为正影响。具体表现为:在不同的气候类型条件下,亚热带季风气候条件下施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为19.4%,高于亚热带季风气候区(10.7%);在不同土壤类型条件下,黑垆土中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为34.4%,显著高于黄棕壤(10.3%)、棕壤(9.2%)和褐土(15.6%);在不同小麦种植区中,春小麦区中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提升幅度为32.9%,显著高于北方冬小麦区(13.9%)和南冬小麦区(10.8%)。【结论】在试验前初始有效磷含量不同的土壤中,磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响程度不尽相同,其中在亚热带季风气候、黑垆土、春小麦区条件下施磷的增产作用较强。因此,在小麦生产过程中施用磷肥时应充分考虑当地的土壤有效磷含量,适量施肥,减少磷素浪费,保护农业生态环境。     

夜间增温对小麦吸持铅素的影响

当前非对称气候变暖及部分农业土壤铅富集潜在影响我国小麦生产,揭示夜间增温对小麦吸持铅素及其分配的影响有助于确保粮食安全生产。利用田间被动式夜间增温系统设置不同铅浓度客土盆栽试验,研究小麦产量与地上部组织的生物量、铅含量与积累量、铅富集系数和迁移系数随温度变化的响应。结果表明,夜间增温显著增加小麦产量8.3%,却显著降低茎叶和地上部总干重;铅污染表现为负效应且随污染程度增加而加大。夜间增温显著降低地上部植株、籽粒与颖壳中铅含量,但对茎、叶中铅含量影响不大;分别显著降低籽粒中铅积累量7.6%(轻度污染)和6.8%(重度污染)、颖壳中铅积累量12.0%(无污染)和13.9%(重度污染)和全部污染处理下小麦地上部(14.0%~23.3%)、茎(22.5%~24.9%)、叶(17.9%~31.8%)中铅积累量。夜间增温显著降低无污染处理铅在茎、叶、籽粒和颖壳中的富集系数和轻污染处理铅在茎、籽粒和颖壳中的富集系数,但未显著影响重度污染处理铅在各器官中的富集系统。增温显著降低了全部污染处理中由茎向籽粒、颖壳转移的铅迁移系数。夜间增温有利于小麦生产且能降低铅胁迫农田粮食遭受铅污染的潜在风险。     

某废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤和蔬菜的铅含量及分布特征

为了解并掌握废弃铅冶炼企业对周边环境的影响程度及范围,在湖北某废弃铅冶炼企业周边按照扇形布点法采集表层土壤样品102个、蔬菜样品69个,分别采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法检测样品铅含量,分析土壤环境和蔬菜样品铅含量的空间分布。结果表明,废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤铅含量的几何均数为39.8 mg·kg~(-1),高于湖北省土壤背景值(26.7 mg·kg~(-1))。土壤铅的地质累积指数平均值为0.09,其中,36.4%的土壤采样点地质累积指数大于0。距离废弃铅冶炼企业500、1 000 m和1 500 m采样点的地质累积指数平均值分别为2.11、0.61和0.33,而2 000 m及其以外土壤铅的地质累积指数平均值均小于0。白菜、萝卜和葱铅含量的超标率分别为24.0%、36.0%和6.3%,其内梅罗综合指数分别为8.12、4.38和1.26。废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤和蔬菜在500 m范围内污染最为严重,土壤在500~2 000 m之间呈轻度或中度污染;白菜、萝卜和葱受到铅污染的最大影响距离分别在500~1 000、1 000~1 500 m和500~1 000 m之间,其分别呈现重度、重度和轻度污染,且在企业周边呈现明显的污染和富集特征。     

北方麦区土壤有效磷阈值及小麦产量、籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施肥的响应

  【目的】  分析我国北方麦区不同土壤有效磷水平下,监控施肥后小麦籽粒产量与养分吸收利用变化,为保证减施磷肥后小麦的丰产、优质、绿色生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在我国北方麦区49个地点进行了田间试验。所有试验均设农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(RF)和监控无磷(RF-P) 3个处理,监控施肥的磷(P₂O₅)肥用量较农户施肥平均减少60 kg/hm2,相当于减少了46%。在小麦成熟期调查了土壤不同磷素水平下,小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒氮磷钾含量,并计算了磷素养分吸收利用率;在小麦收获期,采样测定土壤有效氮磷钾含量。  【结果】  当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg时,小麦产量最低,为5155 kg/hm2;当土壤有效磷在25～30 mg/kg时,产量达到最高,为7217 kg/hm2;有效磷过高并不能持续提高小麦产量,反而因穗数、千粒重低导致产量降低。土壤有效磷<15、15～20、20～25、25～30和>30 mg/kg时,监控施肥处理小麦产量与农户施肥处理相比差异虽然未达显著水平,但小麦的磷肥吸收效率与磷肥偏生产力平均分别为1.03和104.7 kg/kg,分别较农户处理显著提高了119.6%和112.2%,籽粒氮磷钾含量与农户施肥处理相比无显著差异。当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg,或速效钾达171和200 mg/kg、有效磷为15～20和>30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥小麦显著减产;但土壤速效钾为147和158 mg/kg、有效磷在20～25和25～30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥不减产。土壤有效磷含量越高,小麦籽粒平均氮含量越低、磷含量越高,籽粒平均钾含量在有效磷为20～25 mg/kg时达到最高。  【结论】  在北方麦区,过高的土壤有效磷含量有降低小麦氮素营养的风险,适当降低磷肥用量在保证产量的同时,还可大幅提高磷肥的利用率。土壤有效磷维持在20～30 mg/kg时,减施或不施磷肥依然可以实现小麦高产,但若速效钾>170 mg/kg时不施磷肥小麦有减产风险。因此,应基于对小麦目标产量、籽粒养分含量和土壤有效磷钾的监控,确定合理的磷肥用量,实现北方麦区化肥减施,小麦稳产提质增效和绿色生产。     

广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况，测定了95份土壤样品中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量水平。土壤中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量分别在6.44-153.10mg/kg、0－0.682mg/kg、5.82-101.60mg/kg、0.04-45.36mg/kg、0.01-0.32mg/kg之间。就污染的普遍性而言，铅污染最为普遍，其次是砷污染；就污染的程度而言，镉污染最严重，其次为砷、汞。对比今昔污染变化，广州市土壤污染治理已了得显著成效，但仍需努力。土壤中镉、砷、汞三种元素的变异系数。特别是镉的变异系数较大，这可能预示着点源性污染的存在。     

草酸活化磷矿粉对砖红壤中外源铅的钝化效果

磷矿粉被广泛用于固定污染土壤中的重金属,然而施用草酸活化磷矿粉后对土壤中铅形态的研究非常有限。该文采用Tessier连续提取法分析砖红壤中施加未活化和经草酸活化的磷矿粉后,砖红壤中外源铅形态的变化。结果表明:随着磷矿粉施加量的增加,各处理中交换态铅质量分数比对照(64.1mg/kg)显著下降,未活化磷矿粉处理(PR)的交换态铅质量分数为0.1mg/kg,而草酸活化磷矿粉处理(APR)中未检出;醋酸盐提取态铅质量分数除草酸活化磷矿粉2000mg/kg处理为24.5mg/kg(APR3)减少外,其他处理均高于对照(27.2mg/kg),在未活化磷矿粉500mg/kg(PR2)处理时达到最大值41.8mg/kg;铁锰氧化物结合态除未活化磷矿粉50mg/kg(PR1)处理为69.5mg/kg低于对照(74.2mg/kg)外,其余均高于对照,在APR3处理时达最大值117.2mg/kg;有机物结合态铅质量分数除PR1处理为20.7mg/kg,其余均高于对照处理(21.8mg/kg),在APR3处理时达到最大值46.5mg/kg;PR处理残渣态铅与对照相比(44.2mg/kg)显著增加至60.6mg/kg,对APR处理其变化范围为42.7～43.5mg/kg,各处理稍低于对照,但差异不显著(p<0.05)。显然,磷矿粉的施加可有效降低砖红壤中交换态铅质量分数,增加稳定态铅质量分数,且草酸活化磷矿粉的效果更佳。同时,草酸活化后磷矿粉的释磷能力增加,除草酸活化磷矿粉最高施磷量处理外(5000mg/kg),施入磷矿粉和草酸活化磷矿粉后释放的磷对环境构成风险可能性极小。X-射线衍射光谱(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电镜(scaning electron microscope,SEM)结果分析也表明草酸活化磷矿粉的释磷能力增加,更有利于固定土壤中的铅。该研究可为草酸活化磷矿粉固定土壤中的铅提供参考依据。     

土壤-小麦体系的镉积累特征及影响因素

选取我国主要农作区的33个典型土壤，开展了两个常规小麦品种(蓉麦4号(RM4)和山农22号(SN22))的盆栽试验，研究了土壤–小麦体系内Cd的积累特征，并探究了相关土壤主控因子。结果表明：RM4和SN22两个品种小麦籽粒Cd含量分别为0.21(0.040～0.99)mg/kg和0.18(0.037～0.70)mg/kg，据GB 2762—2017,Cd超标率分别为75.6%和69.7%；小麦籽粒Cd的生物富集系数(BCF)分别为0.92(0.24～2.55)和0.81(0.16～1.67)，均表现出较强的Cd富集能力。多元逐步回归和广义Boosted模型分析发现，土壤全Cd和pH是影响小麦籽粒Cd吸收的主控因子，分别解释33个土壤中变量的81.3%和80.5%。     

三江源生态畜牧业有机产品产地环境质量评价

三江源地区是中国建立有机畜产品的重要基地,亟需进行有机产品产地环境质量评价。该文选择该地区11个典型示范村作为研究区,采用单项污染指数评价法和综合污染指数评价法,从土壤、水和大气环境3个方面全面评价典型区有机产品产地的环境质量。结果表明,11个示范村的土壤、水环境质量和环境空气质量平均综合污染指数分别为0.356、0.235和0.270,各单项平均污染指数均小于1,均达到清洁等级。土壤肥力等级属于一级水平;水质级别达到一级(除元素Hg外);环境空气质量等级均在二级以上,空气质量优良。综上所述,三江源智慧生态畜牧业示范区的环境质量达到清洁水平,非常适合发展有机、绿色产业。     

重庆主城区空气降尘中重金属的特点及其在表层土壤中的累积量研究

探索不同功能区空气降尘中重金属通量特征并对其进行污染评价,对于了解空气降尘输入对土壤中重金属累积影响具有重要意义。对重庆主城的居住区(JZ)、文教区(WJ)、商业区(SY)、郊区(JQ)、交通区(JT)和工业-居住混合区(GJ)逐月进行空气降尘通量和Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb含量的测定。结果表明,工业–居住混合区的空气降尘通量平均值最高,文教区的最低。6类功能区秋季的降尘量相对较低。Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb的平均降尘量在不同功能区分布存在差异。空气降尘中4种重金属元素的平均含量为:Cd 2.14 mg/kg、Cr 66.36 mg/kg、Ni 27.69 mg/kg、Pb 98.33 mg/kg。6类功能区降尘中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb 4种重金属含量一般冬季较高。地积累指数法的分析表明降尘中Cd污染最严重。经推算,以空气降尘的方式向土壤中输入的重金属,使重庆主城区土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb等4种重金属元素的浓度在累积100a后仍将低于《土壤环境质量标准》中的二级标准。土壤中重金属元素增加速度最快为Cd,其次为Pb和Cr,Ni的增长为负值。     

Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta,China

Intensive vegetable cultivation has developed very rapidly in China, and investigation of current soil nutrient problems in vegetable fields and their potential environmental risk is important for local soil nutrient management strategies. Three hundred and sixty‐six soil samples were collected from greenhouse vegetable fields, open vegetable fields and rice/wheat rotation fields in southern Jiangsu Province, the most intensive vegetable‐producing areas in Yangtze River Delta, China, for the analysis of their soil fertility status. Soil acidification and P enrichment were the main problems identified in this area of vegetable production, with about 20 and 17% of the open and greenhouse vegetable field soils, respectively, being extremely acid with soil pH values below 5.0. In contrast, no soils under rice/wheat rotation fields were as acidic. Percentages of sites with Olsen‐P concentrations < 90 mg/kg were 61, 85 and 0% for soils growing greenhouse vegetable, field vegetable and rice/wheat, respectively. The nitrogen (N) surplus for vegetable fields exceeded 170 kg/ha/crop, and the phosphorus (P) surplus exceeded 40 kg/ha/crop. Thus, current vegetable production leads to potential environmental risks of N and P pollution of nearby aquatic bodies. Insufficient supplementation with potassium fertilizers was found in some vegetable fields. Several ameliorative measures are proposed.     

太湖流域农村地区典型村镇土壤养分和水体污染现状调查

为了了解和评价当前太湖流域农村地区典型村镇土壤养分和水体污染现状,本文以宜兴市周铁镇和万石镇农村地区为研究区域,分别采集土壤样品60个,水体样品79个,分析其土壤中氮磷的含量以及水体中化学需氧量和氮磷的含量。结果表明:宜兴市农村地区菜地和果园土壤中氮和磷含量过高,养分流失风险最大;其次为麦地土壤;而林地土壤样品中氮和磷含量较低,养分流失风险最小。当地农户在设施蔬菜大棚、果园和麦地中施用大量化肥是导致菜地、果园和麦地土壤氮、磷累积的主要原因。采集的水体样品中,地表河流水、养殖废水和田间沟渠水的污染物浓度变化较大。其中地表河流水的化学需氧量、铵态氮、总氮和总磷的平均含量分别为57、1.7、3.8、0.27 mg/L。55个地表河流水样品中有10个处于V类水的标准,其余45个样品均为劣V类。     

Impact of shallowly deposited ore-bearing dolomites on local soil pollution aureoles of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in an old mining area

Purpose

The study area, located in Upper Silesian Industrial Region, was rich in significant amounts of ores that were classified of Mississippi Valley type. Being these ores especially rich in Pb and Zn, an intense development of mining and ore extraction industry was verified in this area. The goal of this study was to investigate how local pollution aureoles of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were influenced by the presence of shallowly deposited ore-bearing dolomites.

Materials and methods

Very extensive sampling campaign was carried out, and over 1,000 samples were collected in the area of about 150?km². Local aureoles of investigated metals were calculated for two soil layers. The first one covered the part of soil core from the soil surface to the depth of 20?cm and the second one from the depth of 40?cm to the depth of 60?cm. All spatial distributions of particular metals in soil were calculated by means of ordinary kriging using free softwares QGIS and SAGA.

Results and discussion

Maximum concentrations of Pb and Zn in soil in study area were very high, reaching over 24,000 and 77,000?mg/kg, respectively. Maximum concentrations of As and Cd were also very high, reaching about 1,000?mg/kg. Those maximum values were observed in the direct vicinity of the Boles?aw mine and its mine dumps. Almost all local aureoles were located within the range of ore-bearing dolomites. It was especially visible for Pb and Zn, minerals very common in ore deposits. Otherwise, local aureoles of As and Cd were more related with the vicinity of mines and other pollution sources, being more associated to the anthropogenic pollution than to the presence of ore-bearing dolomites.

Conclusions

The aureoles of Pb and Zn, and in moderate degree of As, were associated with a mineral composition of ores. Differently, the location, the shape, and spatial pattern of Cd aureoles suggest that they were mostly influenced by anthropogenic pollution. Anthropogenic factors were dominating over the lithogenic ones and masking the influence of the shallowly deposited ores.     

镉胁迫对不同基因型小麦产量及构成因子的影响

盆栽试验以筛选出的6份子粒镉（Cd）高积累和5份子粒Cd低积累小麦为试材,研究不同基因型小麦在028 （对照CK）、5、10和 20 mg/kg 4个Cd浓度胁迫下小麦子粒产量及其构成因子的变化。结果表明,不同基因型小麦产量及其构成因子对土壤Cd浓度的变化响应差异很大。产量对Cd胁迫很敏感,随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低; 小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随Cd浓度的增加逐渐降低,响应显著的浓度分别为5、5和10 mg/kg; 而有效分蘖随着Cd浓度的提高先在5 mg/kg显著增加,然后极显著降低,响应强烈的浓度为10 mg/kg。相关性和通径分析表明,Cd浓度与小麦产量及构成因子呈负相关,影响程度为: 产量＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞有效分蘖＞小穗数。由此可知,产量随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低的直接原因是瘪粒和空粒的增加; 同时还看出,Cd胁迫下子粒Cd高积累小麦的产量、小穗数和穗粒数显著低于Cd低积累品种,千粒重两者相差不大,有效分蘖是前者高于后者。     

田块尺度下农田重金属污染特征及其源汇关系响应解析

农田土壤作为保证粮食安全及人类发展的重要资源,近年来其受到的重金属污染备受关注。文章选取长三角发达地区某田块作为研究对象来分析同源情形下重金属的污染特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:该田块Cd平均质量分数为3.74 mg/kg,超出二级标准值达12.5倍,高值区主要分布在入水口及出水口附近。其余重金属元素(Pb,Cr,As,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)均未超标。运用地累积指数、Hakanson潜在风险指数、内梅罗综合污染指数等多种污染评价方法均发现,Cd的严重超标导致该田块已达到重金属污染的最高等级。采用相关分析及通径分析方法,揭示了Cd污染的主要影响因素,Cd与土壤理化性质在0.01水平上均不存在显著相关,表明与持续的Cd外源输入相比,土壤对Cd的吸附能力极其有限。距入水口出水口的距离是影响Cd空间差异的最直接因素和决定性因素。减少外源Cd的持续输入及改良灌溉排水设施是解决田块Cd重污染的有效途径。     

Hydrocarbon and Toxic Metal Contamination from Tank Installations in a Northwest Greenlandic Village

Contamination from tank installations in the Arctic is an important issue, since tanks are a necessary feature of all communities, and may be a source of local pollution. Soil samples from below and around three tank installations and one reference site in the Northwest Greenlandic village of Tasiusaq were analysed for the total content of hydrocarbons (THC), lead, cadmium and organic content in the soil. Concentrations up to 77,000?mg/kg DW THC were found, mainly as weathered oil products. Elevated levels of lead and cadmium were also found in many of the samples, with concentrations up to 300 and 2?mg/kg DW, respectively. The tank installation areas were contaminated by THC, lead and cadmium compared to the reference site, and parts of the areas were highly contaminated, exceeding the Danish environmental quality criteria. The correlation between lead and cadmium concentrations was significant (p?<?0.01), while no correlation existed between THC and organic matter. Small spills from daily use of the tank installations are suggested to be the source of the THC contamination, whereas the lead and cadmium contamination is suggested to originate primarily from the plume of smoke from waste incineration.     

The effects of lead shot deposition on soils and crops at a clay pigeon shooting site in northern England

Abstract. The impact of lead shot on soils and crops was examined at a clay pigeon shooting site in northern England. Topsoil cores were collected along a 300 m transect from the shooting range, and the numbers of lead shot pellets per soil core, total and 'plant-available'(0.5 m acetic acid extractable) lead concentrations, organic matter content, pH and cation exchange capacity were determined. The number of oilseed rape plants and their stem diameters were recorded in 1 m² quadrats placed at the soil sampling locations. Total and 'plant-available' lead concentrations in the soil were most but plant numbers per m² and mean stem diameters were least in the area of greatest lead shot deposition. Total lead concentrations in the soil commonly exceeded 5000 mg/kg; these are considerably greater than threshold 'trigger' concentrations proposed by the Department of the Environment, above which soils are considered to be contaminated and warrant further investigation. Concentrations of lead in the oilseed rape plants themselves were also largest in the area of most intense lead shot deposition; in root samples the lead concentration exceeded 400 mg/kg. The management and remediation of contaminated soils at the clay pigeon shooting site are discussed.     

黔产薏苡仁及其产地土壤重金属污染的特征

[目的]探明黔产薏苡仁及其产地土壤重金属污染特征,为黔产薏苡仁产业可持续发展及其产地土壤重金属防控提供科学依据。[方法]以黔西南薏苡仁及其产地土壤为供试样品,分析测定土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)和5种重金属元素镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)的含量,运用GIS和单因子污染风险评价等方法,探讨土壤重金属空间分布和土壤重金属污染对薏苡仁品质安全的影响。[结果]①土壤中5种重金属Cd,Pb,Zn,Cu和Ni含量范围分别为0.01~1.35,10.09~34.70,80.39~236.36,22.54~131.42,26.75~137.76 mg/kg,其中,Cd,Cu和Ni的最大值均高于国家现行标准(GB15618-2018),表明研究区土壤中主要存在一定范围的Cd,Cu和Ni污染风险;综合污染指数为1.94,污染等级为轻度污染。②薏苡仁中Cd,Pb,Zn,Cu和Ni含量范围分别为未检测到~0.027,0.179~1.348,42.615~58.961,10.028~16.244,0.552~5.045 mg/kg,Cd未超标,而Pb,Zn,Cu和Ni均有不同程度的超标,超标率依次为90%,25%,75%和30%;薏苡仁对Pb具有很强的累积效应。[结论]通过同步采集土壤样品和对应的薏苡仁样品,分析结果能更好地评估土壤重金属污染对薏苡仁品质安全的影响。