下辽河平原区农田土壤固碳潜力估算

利用1980年第二次土壤普查数据和2010年耕地地力评价数据,结合近30年来的调查研究资料和田间试验数据,建立该地区耕地土壤固碳潜力模型。预测该地区土壤固碳潜力(饱和碳密度)为4.95 kg m-2,其空间分异明显,整体表现为东部高西部低、北部高南部低;根据最新土壤调查数据所建立的模型进行估算,该区域潜在耕地土壤碳汇密度增加值为2.18kg m-2,可增加耕地土壤固碳量为57.52 Tg。     

典型黑土区农田土壤碳库及其影响因子显著性变化特征研究

明确不同时期农田土壤碳库及其显著影响因子对农田土壤固碳具有重要意义。基于北安和克东地区20世纪80年代初全国第二次土壤普查资料,2010年测土配方施肥数据和实际补充采集样品分析数据,利用土壤类型GIS连接法研究土壤有机碳库及密度时空变化特征,并采用方差分析检验不同时期土壤有机碳密度空间变异的影响因子及其显著性差异。结果表明,研究区沟谷和低洼平地农田土壤有机碳密度及下降速率均高于漫岗高平原,表层和剖面的碳库年均下降速率为-0.14 t hm-2a-1和-0.13 t hm-2a-1,碳库储量呈现显著下降趋势。1980年农田表层土壤有机碳密度的显著性影响因子为土壤类型(亚类)、海拔、pH和全磷;2010年影响因子中土壤类型(亚类)和pH依然显著,海拔和全磷不再显著,坡度成为新的显著性影响因子。     

红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值确定及固碳潜力分析

平衡状态时的土壤有机碳含量水平确定对于正确评价土壤的固碳潜力和制定合理的有机物质分配措施有重要意义。本文通过比较红壤典型地区不同时期水稻土有机碳含量变化、不同利用年限水稻土有机碳含量动态、以及有机碳输入输出量状况,分析红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值,进而估计较大区域内水稻土的固碳潜力。过去20余年来江西省余江县水稻土的有机碳含量总体呈上升趋势,但高产水稻土的有机碳含量稳定在18.5 g kg-1;水耕利用30 a,土壤有机碳含量达到19.0(±1.20)g kg-1,其后变化幅度很小;若使目前的较高形成量水平达到平衡,则土壤有机碳含量为19.2(±1.10)g kg-1。综合分析,在较高生产力水平条件下,红壤水稻土有机碳的平衡值为18~20 g kg-1,平均为19.0±1.0 g kg-1。过去20余年来,江西省余江县水稻土有机碳储量增加了6 955(±1 116)kg hm-2。据此计算我国亚热带地区水稻土过去20年固定大气CO2量555.1(±88.7)Tg,其作为碳汇的作用是相当明显的。目前仍有相当面积的水稻土其有机碳含量低于平衡水平,估计还可平均固碳5 150(±1 063)kg hm-2。据此,若保持现实较高生产力水平,则我国亚热带地区水稻土未来可新固定大气CO2量411.0(±84.7)Tg。     

中国退耕还林工程固碳现状及固碳潜力估算

为了科学评估中国退耕还林工程的固碳能力,收集整理了退耕还林一期工程（1999—2010年）详细的造林资料,结合中国主要树种的蓄积量（生物量）生长曲线和退耕还林前后土壤有机碳变化特征及各树种碳储量计算的相关参数,估算退耕还林工程1999—2050年的固碳量及其变化。结果表明：截至2010年,退耕还林工程造林总固碳量（土壤和植被）为355.87 Tg;工程实施期间,造林后期固碳量显著大于造林前期,平均每年固碳量为29.66 Tg;工程林固碳增汇潜力不断增加,预计到2050年中国退耕还林工程的固碳增汇潜力为1 234.04 Tg。因此,中国的退耕还林工程产生了巨大的碳汇效益。     

不同秸秆还田率情境下亚热带水田土壤的“碳汇”贡献模拟研究

明确不同秸秆还田量对土壤“碳汇”的贡献大小是合理制定农业碳中和措施的基础。以我国典型亚热带地区——福建省水田土壤为研究对象，基于2016年15833个土壤样点实测数据和目前该地区最详细的1︰5万大比例尺土壤数据库，运用农业生态系统中广泛使用的DNDC(DeNitrification and DeComposition)模型模拟了不同秸秆还田率下全省未来的土壤有机碳动态变化。结果表明，2017—2053年传统管理(15%)以及秸秆还田30%、50%和90%下水田土壤的年均固碳速率分别为173、302、478和838 kg·hm^-2，固碳总量分别为11.56、20.15、31.90和55.95 Tg。从土壤亚类来看，咸酸和盐渍水稻土的年均固碳速率最大，不同秸秆还田率下介于220～920kg·hm^-2·a^-1之间；而渗育和潴育水稻土的固碳量最大，不同秸秆还田率下合计介于9.45～45.52 Tg之间，约占研究区总固碳量的81%。从行政区来看，龙岩、泉州两个地级市的固碳速率和总量均最大，不同秸秆还田率下均分别在202～937 k...     

贵州主要作物固碳现状和潜力估算

近年来,农田土壤碳固定的研究已经成为国际全球气候变化研究的一个重要热点。为明确贵州农田主要作物固碳潜力,借鉴经验公式对贵州主要农作物碳固定和生产过程中的碳排放进行测算。结果表明,近10年贵州6种作物的总固碳量平均(1 151.16±62.99)万t.a-1,变幅为1 052.65万～1 268.28万t.a-1,呈波动变化缓慢增加趋势,主要作物间接碳排放量为(48.53±1.82)万t.a-1,变幅为45.87万～51.68万t.a-1,只相当于固碳量的4.21%。贵州农田作物的固碳潜力巨大。     

安徽省土壤固碳潜力及有机碳汇(源)研究

利用安徽省多目标区域地球化学调查获取的土壤全碳和有机碳数据,采用"单位土壤碳量"方法计算土壤碳储量以及土壤固碳潜力。结果显示,研究区表层(0~0.2 m)土壤固碳量潜力为237.48 Mt,其中土壤有机碳固碳量潜力为141.67 Mt,土壤无机碳固碳量潜力为95.81 Mt;中层(0~1.0 m)土壤固碳量潜力为1104.61 Mt,其中土壤有机碳固碳量潜力为469.32 Mt,无机碳固碳量潜力为635.28 Mt。与全国第二次土壤普查比较,近30年间区内表层土壤有机碳储量增加了7.07 Mt,本区表层土壤有机碳总体为"碳汇"区。碳汇区主要分布在江淮分水岭(六安—滁州一线)以北地区;碳源区则分布于淮河以北固镇县周围及淮河沿岸局部地区。此项工作为进一步探讨安徽省土壤固碳能力及土壤固碳减排潜力提供科学依据。     

城市土壤无机碳空间分布特征及其与城市化历史的关系

城市化过程深刻影响了土壤的碳循环过程。利用城市土壤空间精细化采样,结合1900年—2010年南京城市化历史重建,分析城市土壤无机碳空间分布与城市化过程的时空关系,评估城市土壤无机碳的固碳潜力。研究表明,城市土壤无机碳密度与城市化历史具有良好的对应关系,历史老城区的无机碳库储量远高于快速城市化的新城区,揭示城市土壤无机碳具有良好的固碳潜力。随着城市化历史的增加,无机碳密度平均值表现出线性增长,研究区的城市土壤表层无机碳库为2.94Tg,其未来仍拥有的固碳潜力为1.45Tg。本研究可为阐明城市系统碳循环的机制、开展城市土壤无机碳固碳技术研究提供理论依据。     

鄱阳湖地区长期施肥双季稻稻田生态系统净碳汇效应变化特征

以江西省红壤所长期施肥红壤水稻土双季稻农田生态系统为研究对象,利用不同施肥年限作物的产量及土壤有机质含量等测定数据,结合调查获得的生态系统物质和管理投入资料,估算了不同施肥处理双季稻生态系统的碳汇效应和经济效益,并比较了不同施肥年限农田生态系统碳汇效应的变化特征。结果表明：有机肥与无机肥配施处理的净碳汇效应最强为-8.78 tC.hm-2.a-1,不施肥处理的净碳汇效应最弱为-4.86 tC.hm-2.a-1,加倍施加化肥虽提高了系统的净碳汇效应,但是作用不显著;不同施肥年限,相同施肥条件农田的作物固碳量和净碳汇效应没有显著性差异,但是土壤固碳量变化显著,施加有机肥可以维持和提高土壤的固碳能力平均达到0.41 tC.hm-.2a-1,在追求更高作物固碳量同时,提高和维持土壤的固碳能力也是提高农田碳汇效应的有效途径。有机肥与无机肥配施处理的平均经济效益为17 568 CNY.hm-.2a-1,也高于其他施肥处理。因此,适当施加有机肥不仅可以大幅提高农田生态系统的碳汇效应,还可以显著提高农业生产的经济效益,是实现低碳、高值农业的最有效措施之一。     

不同耕作措施下江苏省稻田土壤固碳潜力的模拟研究

以江苏省稻田为对象,整合DNDC和1:100万土壤数据库,以土壤图斑为基本模拟单元,定量估算少耕、免耕和综合措施（少耕 + 30% 秸秆还田）下江苏省稻田土壤的固碳潜力（0 ~ 30 cm）。模拟结果表明：相对于传统耕作,采用少耕、免耕和少耕 + 30% 秸秆还田均可明显地增加稻田SOC的积累,其在2009—2050年间的固碳潜力分别为24.5、47.7和43.8 Tg。免耕和少耕 + 30% 秸秆还田条件下稻田固碳速率大约是少耕的2倍。结合实际情况,少耕 + 30% 秸秆还田将是最可行的固碳措施之一。     

Implications of Rock Fragments for Soil Quality Evaluation: Assessing Changes in a Gravelly Irrigated Soil Following No Till Adoption

Stony soils are increasingly being converted to intensive agricultural use, including irrigation. Conservation tillage can be adopted in these soils for soil protection and quality enhancement, but its assessment can be troublesome. Crop yields and the implications of rock fragments for soil quality indicators and for calculating C and N stocks were monitored under conventional and no-tillage in an experimental field recently converted to irrigation, on a soil with 40% rock fragments. Gains of up to 10 Mg C ha^?1 were observed in the tilled layer (0–30 cm) only with two years of irrigation, with no differences between treatments, although the vertical distribution of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was affected by the correction of the rock fragment content. The labile organic fraction stood as a sensitive indicator to management changes, even after rock fragment correction. Different methodologies used for rock fragment correction led to overestimations of 20% of organic C stocks.     

土壤无机碳研究进展

在全球碳循环研究中,土壤有机碳(SOC)的作用倍受关注,而土壤无机碳(SIC)的研究相对较少。土壤无机碳是近地表环境中主要碳库之一,主要指土壤母岩风化过程中形成的土壤碳酸盐矿物态碳,是干旱、半干旱地区土壤碳库的主要形式。本文综述了土壤无机碳的组成、来源、成因模型及与全球碳循环特别是土壤有机碳的关系,并提出未来研究需要加强的几个方面。     

农田土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因子研究进展

全球气候变暖引起的环境问题已经引起各国政府及科学家的密切关注。农田土壤作为大气CO2的源和库,在全球碳循环中的重要角色日渐被认识。本文围绕土壤固碳的基本问题,总结了农田土壤固碳潜力、土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。国内研究表明,目前耕地的地力不稳,土壤有机碳密度较低,农田土壤固碳的潜力较大。因此,加强不同区域农田土壤固碳潜力、固碳过程、固碳机理等方面的研究,设计合理优化的农业管理措施,是今后研究的重点。     

Soil carbon sequestration with continuous no-till management of grain cropping systems in the Virginia coastal plain

Carbon sequestration in agroecosystems represents a significant opportunity to offset a portion of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Climatic conditions in the Virginia coastal plain and modern production practices make it possible for high annual photosynthetic CO₂ fixation. There is potential to sequester a substantial amount of C, and concomitantly improve soil quality, with the elimination of tillage for crop production in this region. The objectives of our research were to: (1) measure C sequestration rate with continuous no-till management of grain cropping systems of the Virginia middle coastal plain; (2) determine the influence of biosolids application history on C content and its interaction with tillage management; and (3) evaluate the impact of continuous no-till C stratification as an indicator of soil quality. Samples were collected from 63 sites in production fields using a rotation of corn (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)/soybean double-crop (Glysine max L.) across three soil series [Bojac (coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults), Altavista (fine-loamy, mixed semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults), and Kempsville (fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults)] with a history of continuous no-till management ranging from 0 to 14 years. Thirty-two of the sites had a history of biosolids application. Five soil cores were collected at each site from 0–2.5, 2.5–7.5 and 7.5–15 cm and analyzed for bulk density and soil C. Bulk density in the 0–2.5 cm layer decreased and C stratification ratio (0–2.5 cm:7.5–15 cm) increased with increasing duration of continuous no-till due to the accumulation of organic matter at the soil surface. A history of biosolids application resulted in an increase of 4.19 ± 1.93 Mg C ha⁻¹ (0–15 cm). Continuous no-till resulted in the sequestration of 0.308 ± 0.280 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (0–15 cm). Our results provide quantitative validation of the C sequestration rate and improved soil quality with continuous no-till management in the region using on-farm observations.     

Soil Carbon Sequestration in Long-Term Fertilization Under Jute-Rice-Wheat Agro-Ecosystem

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in response to long-term fertilizer management practices under jute-rice-wheat agro-ecosystem in alluvial soils was studied using a modeling approach. Fertilizer management practices included nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization, manure application, and root-stubble retention of all three crops. Soil carbon (C) model RothC was used to simulate the critical C input rates needed to maintain initial soil C level in long timescale (44 years). SOC change was significantly influenced by the long-term fertilizer management practices and the edaphic variable of initial SOC content. The effects of fertilizer combination “100%NPK+FYM” on SOC changes were most significant over “100%NPK” fertilization. If the 100% NPK fertilizer along with manure applied with stubble and roots retention of all crops, alluvial soils of such agro-ecosystem would act as a net C sink, and the average SOC density kept increasing from 18.18 Mg ha^?1 during 1972 to the current average of ～22 Mg ha^?1 during 2065 s. On an average, the critical C input was estimated to be 5.30 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1, depending on local soil and climatic conditions. The critical C input could be effectively estimated using a summary model driven by current SOC level, mean annual temperature, precipitation, and soil clay content. Such information will provide a baseline for assessing soil C dynamics under potential changes in fertilizer and crop residues management practices, and thus enable development of management strategies for effectively mitigating climate change through soil C sequestration.     

针铁矿吸附态和包裹态有机碳在稻田土壤中的矿化及其激发效应

南方水稻土富含铁氧化物,土壤有机碳通过与铁氧化物结合的形式长期固存于土壤中;由于土壤中氧化铁和有机碳主要通过吸附、键和与包裹等形式存在,所以不同的碳铁复合物的稳定性存在一定的差异。尽管已有较多研究分析了土壤中有机碳与铁矿的结合与赋存形式,但是有机碳与铁矿间的结合方式对有机碳在水稻土中矿化及其激发效应的影响机制尚不明确。以葡萄糖为典型小分子外源有机碳,通过制备针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖和包裹态葡萄糖,采用室内模拟培养实验,研究了两种铁矿结合态葡萄糖在淹水水稻土中的矿化特征及其激发效应。结果表明：与单独添加葡萄糖处理相比,碳铁复合物的添加分别使CO2和13CO2释放量增加了0.39倍~0.53倍和0.87倍~1.07倍,却使CH4和13CH4释放量分别降低了0.44倍~0.59倍和0.25倍~0.44倍。相对于针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖显著抑制了CH4释放。而且,碳铁复合物的添加均在一定程度上促进了土壤原有有机碳矿化释放CO2,但抑制了来源于土壤原有有机碳的CH4释放。其中,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖对来源于土壤原有有机碳的CH4释放量是针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖的1.33倍。针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖的快速矿化的碳库比例显著高于针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖,且其半衰期（T1/2）比针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖大10.85倍,其快库转化速率（k1）和慢库转化速率（k2）比铁矿吸附态葡萄糖的小10.74倍和19倍。其次,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖对土壤有机质CO2累积激发效应表现为较弱的正激发(6.44 mg?kg-1),而对土壤有机质CH4累积激发效应则表现为负激发(-15.49 mg?kg-1),即针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖的添加抑制了土壤原有有机碳的矿化(-9.05 mg?kg-1),从而增强了土壤有机碳的固持潜力。因此,不同结构碳铁复合物的添加抑制了土壤原有有机碳的矿化,且针铁矿包裹态有机碳比针铁矿吸附态有机碳在水稻土中具有更强的稳定性和固碳效应。该研究结果也表明,水稻土中与铁氧化结合的小分子有机碳相对于游离态的有机碳,具有更强的生物稳定性,更低的矿化速率,而且能够抑制土壤有机碳的矿化,产生负激发效应,有利于增加土壤的长期固碳效应。     

Soil biological properties following additions of bmr mutant grain sorghum

Soil carbon (C) sequestration may be a viable technology to reduce increases in greenhouse gas emissions until cleaner fuel technology is available. Crop plants with increased lignin levels may lead to increased soil C sequestration. Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) exhibiting lower lignin due to the naturally occurring brown midrib mutation (bmr) may allow an assessment of the potential of biotechnology to affect soil C sequestration by manipulating plant lignin levels. A 194-d laboratory microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the mineralization of bmr and normal plant residue from four sorghum hybrids. Cross-polarization magic angle spinning ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance of the residue agreed with chemical analysis that the bmr residue contained altered lignin and less lignin per mass weight. Ground bmr or normal grain sorghum residue was added to soil, with or without an inorganic nitrogen (N) amendment. Initial C mineralization from microcosms receiving bmr residue was higher than from microcosms receiving normal residue, but the differences were not maintained through the 194-d experiment. Total residue C mineralization was not different between bmr or normal isolines, and accounted for only 26% of the originally added residue C. Greater variability was observed between sorghum lines than between bmr or normal isolines. The addition of N to soil resulted in increased soil C mineralization. With no added N, however, microcosm C mineralization was most strongly correlated with the lignin/N ratio. With added N, microcosm C mineralization was most strongly correlated with hemicellulose content. The soil microbial community, as assessed by phospholipid and neutral-lipid fatty acid analysis, was not affected by bmr or normal genotype, but the addition of N resulted in significant changes to the soil microbial community, most notably changes to the soil fungi. Results indicate that potential does exist to modify plant residue chemistry to increase soil C sequestration, but soil fertility and microbial community dynamics are important considerations and may further enhance C sequestration potential.     

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Minnesota soil as related to tillage, residue and nitrogen management

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are directly influenced by tillage, residue return and N fertilization management practices. Soil samples for SOC and N analyses, obtained from a 23-year field experiment, provided an assessment of near-equilibrium SOC and N conditions. Crops included corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)]. Treatments of conventional and conservation tillage, residue stover (returned or harvested) and two N fertilization rates were imposed on a Waukegan silt loam (fine-silty over skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludoll) at Rosemount, MN. The surface (0–20 cm) soils with no-tillage (NT) had greater than 30% more SOC and N than moldboard plow (MB) and chisel plow (CH) tillage treatments. The trend was reversed at 20–25 cm soil depths, where significantly more SOC and N were found in MB treatments (26 and 1.5 Mg SOC and N ha⁻¹, respectively) than with NT (13 and 1.2 Mg SOC and N ha⁻¹, respectively), possibly due to residues buried by inversion. The summation of soil SOC over depth to 50 cm did not vary among tillage treatments; N by summation was higher in NT than MB treatments. Returned residue plots generally stored more SOC and N than in plots where residue was harvested. Nitrogen fertilization generally did not influence SOC or N at most soil depths. These results have significant implications on how specific management practices maximize SOC storage and minimize potential N losses. Our results further suggest different sampling protocols may lead to different and confusing conclusions regarding the impact of tillage systems on C sequestration.     

Soil organic C in the tallgrass prairie-derived region of the corn belt: effects of long-term crop management

Concerns with rising atmospheric levels of CO₂ have stimulated interest in C flow in terrestrial ecosystems and the potential for increased soil C sequestration. Our objectives were to assess land management effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and SOC sequestration for long-term studies in the tallgrass prairie region of the US. Major losses of SOC following conversion of native prairie to arable agriculture at Sanborn Field and the Morrow Plots were rapid (20 to 40 yr), occurred in response to greatly reduced C inputs and accelerated C decay rates, and had largely abated by the mid-1900s. Losses of SOC occurred mainly in easily decomposable, labile C fractions. At Sanborn Field, modeled labile SOC was reduced to 4% of native prairie levels for treatments with low C inputs. A large capacity for soil C sequestration likely exists in the tallgrass prairie region, if labile C pools can be replenished. This agroecosystem has a strong C decomposition regime and increased sequestration of labile C will rely on management practices that increase C inputs (i.e., fertilization, returning crop residues) and stabilize labile C (i.e., perennial cropping, reduced tillage). The capacity for soil C sequestration, however, will vary considerably among sites and be dependent on initial levels of labile SOC and the ability of management practices to stabilize greater inputs of labile C.