细基江蓠繁枝变种（Gracilaria tenuistipitata var.Liui）群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

运用ISSR标记对来自深圳、北海和防城港的三个细基江蓠繁枝变种群体进行遗传多样性检测,筛选出的16条ISSR引物共扩增出111条带,引物平均多态位点比例为54.95%。三个群体的多态位点比例深圳群体最高为23.42%,北海群体最低为4.50%;群体平均多态位点比例为11.12%,平均基因多样性（Hs）为0.051 3,表明细基江蓠繁枝变种群体遗传多样性较低。群体遗传分化指数为0.756 5,说明遗传变异主要存在于群体间且群体间的遗传分化水平较高。Mantel检验发现遗传距离与地理距离无关。适应生态环境选择无性繁殖模式可能是细基江蓠繁枝变种群体遗传多样性较低、群体间遗传分化大的重要因素。     

EST-SSR分析不同产地丹参的遗传多样性

对来源于陕西商洛、河南内乡、四川中江、山东泰安4个产地共80个丹参株系种质资源进行EST-SSR分析,旨在探讨栽培丹参资源的多样性水平和产地间的遗传分化程度。结果表明,栽培丹参Nei基因多样度为0.2245,揭示出具有丰富的遗传多样性,且各产地丹参遗传分化程度低,遗传变异主要存在于产地内部;4个产地相比较,四川产地明显较低。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,山东产丹参是相对独立的群体,但4个产地来源丹参的遗传距离与地理距离相关性未达到显著水平。栽培丹参具有较高的多样性以及产地间遗传分化程度较低,其异花授粉习性和产地内采用种子有性繁殖方式以及稍加人为选择的生产方法可能是其栽培丹参多样性高和产地间分化低的主要原因。     

AFLP分析江西省4个斑点叉尾鮰养殖群体遗传多样性

本文运用AFLP分子标记技术,对江西省4个斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)养殖群体(GZ、XJ、PYA和PYB)进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在64对引物组合中,E3/M2、E4/M7、E3/M8和E5/M5引物从4个群体72个体中共扩增出179个位点,其中多态位点为109,占60.89%。其中,PYA、GZ、XJ和PYB群体的多态位点比例(P)分别为56.54%、56.47%、56.32%和56.14%。Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.2890、0.3003、0.2896和0.2852,平均杂合度(H)分别为0.1935、0.2027、0.1938和0.1898。4个群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.1314,说明群体间发生了一定程度的遗传分化,但分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,群体的遗传变异90.98%来源于群体内的个体间,9.02%来源于群体间。聚类分析也表明,4个群体所产生的遗传分化主要也来源于群体内。本研究为斑点叉尾鮰种质资源的调查和保护提供参考,为斑点叉尾鮰优良品种的选育提供科学依据。     

细鳞鱼三个野生种群的遗传多样性AFLP分析

细鳞鱼是我国一种珍贵的淡水经济鱼类,在人类和环境因素的影响下数量急剧下降。本文采用扩增片段长度多态性（Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, AFLP）技术对牡丹江（Mudanjiang River, MD）、鸭绿江（Yalujiang River, YL）和乌苏里江（Wusuli River, WSL）的三个细鳞鱼野生种群共72个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,12对选择性扩增引物共扩增得到559个位点,其中多态性位点541个,多态性百分比为96.78％。文中对3个群体的Shannon多样性指数,Nei氏基因多样性等参数进行了分析。其总基因多样性Ht平均值为0.3512±0.0208;种群内基因多样性Hs平均值为0.2137±0.0152;群体间的基因多样性Dst为0.1375。基因分化系数Gst为0.3914,种群内的基因多样性占总群体的60.85%,种群间为39.15%,而基因流系数Nm 为0.7776。分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明：群体平均遗传分化系数Fst为0.55336,变异来源有44.84%来自群体间,55.16%来自群体内。三个群体中牡丹江群体的细鳞鱼种内多态性比例最高,而乌苏里江群体最低。     

广东养殖尼罗罗非鱼3个不同群体MHC ⅡB基因序列多态性和遗传分化

利用一对特异性引物MHC 2b-snp-sf和MHC 2b-snp-sr,从广东省3个不同罗非鱼养殖地区（以下分别称高要群体,茂名群体,惠州群体）采集的137尾尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus,GIFT strain）的个体基因组中扩增出长度为775-796 bp的片段。克隆后测序,序列分析结果显示：775-796 bp的核苷酸序列中共检测出62个简约信息位点,49个单碱基突变位点。112个多态位点中,增添/缺失位点34个,转换位点44个,颠换位点33个,另外一个位点既出现转换（C/T）又出现颠换（A/T）。137尾个体的751个阳性克隆的测序结果分析表明,751条序列分属于4个等位基因。其中,等位基因Orni-DAB＊0101在3个群体中所占比例最高（85.2%）。等位基因的分布及群体内遗传多样性参数分析表明：高要、茂名群体遗传多样性较丰富,惠州群体遗传多样性较低。群体间的分化指数（FST值）、平均基因流（Nm）、分子方差分析（AMOVA）和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明3个养殖群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未发生群体间的遗传分化。该研究结果提供了广东地区养殖尼罗罗非鱼MHCⅡB基因的部分遗传信息,为尼罗罗非鱼抗病品系的选育提供理论依据。     

中国主要棉花栽培群体的遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR分子标记对我国棉花栽培品种中的38个陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)和6个海岛棉(Gossypium bar-badense)共44个品种(按来源划分为6个品种群,6个海岛棉品种均属于新疆品种群体)进行遗传多样性分析表明,筛选出的11个引物在所有品种中共扩增出90条带,其中70条为多态性条带,多态性条带百分率(PPB)达77.78%,Popgene32软件分析结果表明,新疆品种群的遗传多样性水平最高[PPB=91.43%,H(基因多样性指数)=0.3769,I(信息指数)=0.5464],其次是中棉所品种群,河南品种群排位第三,而河北、山东和山西3个品种群体的遗传多样性水平相差较小,其中山西品种群遗传多样性水平最低(PPB=58.57%,H=0.2484,J=0.3587).6个地方棉花栽培群体在总的遗传变异中有82.42%存在于群体内,群体间的遗传变异仅占总变异的17.58%,群体间分化系数Gst=0.1759,群体间总的基因流的估算值.Nn=2.34.聚类分析结果表明,山西、山东和河北品种群体的亲缘关系最近,先聚合在一起,然后依次与河南和中棉所品种群体聚类,最后与亲缘关系最远的新疆品种群体聚合.     

湖南典型茶树地理种群遗传多样性

利用RAPD分子标记技术,对湖南典型茶树安化云台山种(Camellia sinensis var.sinensis)、城步峒茶(C.sinensis var.assamica cv.Duntsa)、汝城白毛茶(C.ptilophylla)和江华苦茶(C.sinensis var.assamica cv.Jianghua)4个地理种群的240个单株的遗传多样性、种群内和种群间的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明,21个10碱基随机引物共检测到226条谱带,其中多态性谱带为201条,占88.9%。遗传多样性分析结果显示:Shannon's多样性指数为0.43,种群内变异占74.7%,而种群间变异占25.3%;Nei's指数群体总基因多样性(HT)为0.37,群体内平均基因多样性(HS)为0.28,群体间的基因多样性(HST)为0.09,群体Nei's基因分化系数(GST)为0.23,说明76.7%的变异存在于种群间,群体内的变异占了总变异的23.3%,与Shannon's多样性指数相比基本一致,均表明种群内有较丰富的遗传变异;种群间的基因流(Nm)为0.74,显示种群间的基因交流有限。     

基于RAPD标记的福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性分析

为了解福建省稻曲病菌群体的遗传多样性和遗传组成,应用随机扩增多态性RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)技术分析了来自福建省不同水稻种植区的102个稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)的遗传多样性.从100条随机引物中筛选出10条扩增带清晰、重复性好的引物进行稻曲病菌多态性扩增,共扩增出157条带,多态性条带比率为82.17％,遗传距离变化范围为0.02～0.67.遗传多样性分析表明,福建省稻曲病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,相对于其它地区而言,福建闽西地区分离的菌株遗传多样性水平最高PPB=76.43,H=0.2212,I=0.3383),晚稻分离的菌株群体遗传多样性(PPB=91.08,H=0.2402,I=0.3655)高于早稻群体(PPB=63.06,H=0.1892,I=0.2870).聚类分析显示,在遗传距离0.349水平上,供试的所有菌株可被划分成7个遗传聚类组(R1～R7),聚类组R1为优势聚类组,包含有80个菌株,其内又存有一些亚组.这些菌株的聚类与菌株的地理来源及水稻品种无明显相关性.但是在遗传距离0.330水平上,来自宁化的10个菌株可被明显划分成早稻群体和晚稻群体.初步分析认为菌株的地理来源、水稻品种及其生长季节是影响福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性的主要因素,在稻曲病菌的遗传变异以及该病的发生和流行中可能起重要的作用.     

应用RAPD分析川西北高原老芒麦自然居群的遗传多样性

利用RAPD标记对来自青藏高原东南部川西北高原的8个老芒麦自然居群的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了分析和评价。从150个RAPD引物中筛选出25个能扩增出高度重复性条带的引物。这25个引物共扩增出370条可分辨的条带,其中291条(占78.65%) 具有多态性,表明供试居群在物种水平上存在较高水平的变异。同时各居群的多态性位点比率(PP)在46.49%到53.78%之间变化,表明群体水平的变异较低。居群的平均基因多样性(HE)为0.176(变幅为0.159~0.190),而物种水平的平均基因多样性达0.264。基于Nei’s基因多样性、Shannon指数和贝叶斯方法的群体分化系数分别为32.0%、33.7%和33.5%。AMOVA 分析表明居群内遗传达到总变异的59.9%,而居群间变异仅有40.1%,但二者均达到极显著水平(P < 0.001)。居群间每世代迁入个体数(Nm)达到0.503个。各居群间存在较高的Nei’s遗传一致度。本研究获得的老芒麦的遗传结构不同于已报导的大多数披碱草属物种。另外,基于聚类分析及AMOVA的结果均表明各居群间存在较为明显的地理分化,8个居群分化为采集地的南部和北部2个分支。总之,研究结果表明来自青藏高原东南部的老芒麦居群具有较高水平的遗传变异。在该地区应尽量选择遗传多样性高的老芒麦居群实施就地保护。     

湖北乌羊与3个地缘邻近山羊品种间的遗传趋异性研究

本研究以波尔山羊(Capra hircus)为外缘,研究湖北乌羊与地缘邻近的酉州乌羊、麻城黑山羊、南江黄羊3个山羊品种间的遗传分化程度及基因流动情况。利用14对单核苷酸多态(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点对5个品种的基因杂合度(allele heterozygosity,h)、香农指数(Shannon-Weiner index,S)和有效等位基因数(the efficient allelic number,Ne)等反映群体遗传多样性的数据进行分析;通过分析湖北乌羊与其他3个地方山羊品种的基因流动(Nm)、遗传分化(genetic differentiation)情况,研究遗传分化和地理距离(D)之间的关系,并利用遗传距离(Ds)构建5个山羊群体的聚类图。结果表明,在5个山羊品种中,湖北乌羊具有最高的遗传多样性,与其他4个品种间的Nm大小在1.571 6~3.178 7之间,表明基因流动较大;群体间分化系数(Fst)在0.072 9~0.137 2之间,呈中度分化。非加权组平均法(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)构建的聚类图表明,湖北乌羊与其地缘临近的3个品种间存在较大的遗传分化而自成一支。研究还发现,湖北乌羊与其他3个地方品种间的标准遗传距离与地理距离间存在相关(r=0.934),遗传分化程度与地理距离存在直线相关性。研究结果提示,湖北乌羊与其地地缘临近的3个品种间仍存在较大的遗传分化,且遗传变异丰富,但该种群的快速扩散使其与其他品种间有着较大的基因流动,因此有必要采取保种措施以防止该种质遗传资源被杂交、稀释而丢失。本研究结果为湖北乌羊的保护和选育工作提供了参考依据。     

Genetic diversity of prolamines in Agropyron mongolicum Keng indigenous to northern China

Genetic variability, based on prolamines, was studied among 40 populations of Agropyron mongolicum Keng that were collected from the extensive geographic areas of northern China. A high level of genetic diversity was detected in these A. mongolicum populations. In total, 81 electrophoretic bands were observed following acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE), among which 20, 16,␣10, and 35 allelic variants were separated into α-, β-, γ-, and ω-fractions of prolamine. Each A. mongolicum population had unique electrophoretic pattern, which exhibited enough genetic diversity for identification and classification of populations in A. mongolicum. The proportion of diversity among and within geographic regions from which the populations of A. mongolicum originated indicated that 52.1% of the total variation was found within regions, and 47.9% among regions. According to the dentrogram based on the Nei’ genetic distance matrix, the A. mongolicum populations from different regions were distinctly clarified. At Nei’s distance of 0.75, the populations of A. mongolicum were divided into two groups. The UPGMA phenogram and the principal coordinate analysis (PCA) indicated that the populations from similar eco-geographical situations were clustered together.     

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Wild Tunisian Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae) Populations

Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae), in Tunisia, is closely associated with Quercus suber L. forest which stretched continuously from the North to parts of Cap Bon and Tunisian Dorsal. The destruction of the primary oak forests associated to an over-exploitation of Myrtus for its essential oil quality had led to discontinuous populations exhibiting various levels of degradation. Using starch gel electrophoresis, we analyzed the polymorphism of nine isozymes in order to assess genetic diversity and structuring of 17 natural populations prospected in the three geographical regions and coinciding with subhumid, humid inferior and semi-arid superior bioclimates. The analysis of the level and the distribution of the genetic diversity in this species might help in its conservation. Out of the 18 loci detected for all populations and isozymes analyzed, 12 loci were polymorphic. Allelic frequencies differed according to populations and particular alleles characterized ecological groups. A high level of genetic variation within populations was observed. The mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus was Ap = 1.67, the percentage of polymorphic loci was P = 60.3% and the observed (Ho) and the expected (He) heterozygosities were respectively 0.144 and 0.215. Populations belonging to subhumid (Cap Bon) and semi-arid superior (Tunisian Dorsal) climates, located in degraded sites exhibited the highest level of inbreeding (0.425 < F_IS < 0.450). A high level of differentiation (F_ST = 0.396) and a low gene flow (Nm = 0.337) among populations, as a result of habitat intermediate destruction, were revealed. The differentiation of populations within the same bioclimate (or geographic) group was substantial and relatively higher for semi-arid superior populations (F_ST = 0.262), which were more distant. The three ecological groups exhibited a high level of structuring (F_ST = 0.401). These differentiations might be due to geographic distances and to the variations of ecological factors between sites, including human activities and environmental factors. Nei’s (1972) genetic distances calculated between pairs of populations were globally low (0.006 < D < 0.367) with a mean of 0.15. They indicate a high level of similarity between populations. UPGMA clustering, established through Nei’s genetic distances, showed three population aggregates according to their geographic/bioclimatic appartenances. The high differentiation between populations and the low level of their genetic divergence indicated their recent isolation under anthropic pressures. The species conservation (in situ or ex situ) strategies should take into account the genetic diversity level within populations and its variation between geographic groups.     

Genetic diversity of anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.) from Ethiopia as revealed by ISSR markers

Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica) is plant endemic in Ethiopia with a high calcium content grown for its edible tuberous roots. In spite of its importance as food security crop, there is no information available on molecular genetic diversity of this crop. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity within and among 12 populations of anchote using ISSR markers. Using nine ISSR primers, a total of 87 scorable bands was generated of which 74 were polymorphic. Within population diversity based on polymorphic bands ranged from 13.8 to 43.53 % with a mean of 33.05 %, Nei’s genetic diversity of 0.04–0.156 with a mean of 0.12, Shannon information index of 0.07–0.23 with a mean of 0.175 and analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) of 51.4 % were detected. With all diversity parameters, the highest diversity was obtained from Gimbi, Bedele and Ale populations, whilst the lowest was from Manna. AMOVA showed a 48.56 % between populations variability and significantly lower than that of within population variation. Population differentiation with F_ST was 48.56 %. From Jaccard’s pairwise similarity coefficient, Decha and Nedjo were most related populations exhibiting 0.76 similarity and Manna and Nedjo were the most distantly related populations with similarity of 0.52. The only pentanucliotide primer used in the study, Primer 880 (GGAGA)3, showed a unique band in some individuals that appeared to be associated with morphological quantitative traits (lowest seed number, high protein content, largest fruit size and smallest vine length). Illubabor and Gimbi populations exhibited highest genetic diversity so that the populations should be considered as the primary sites in designing conservation areas for this crop.     

The Genetic Diversity Among Leymus Species Based on Random Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphism (RAMP)

The genetic diversity and similarities among 40 accessions of Leymus Hochst., distributed in 19 species and 1 subspecies, were analyzed by using random amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMP) markers. Of the 120 RAMP primer combinations tested, 24 (20%) produced polymorphic and clear bands. A total of 192 bands were amplified by 24 primer combinations, among which 179 (93.23%) bands were found to be polymorphic. Three to thirteen polymorphic bands were amplified by each primer combination, with an average of 7.64 bands. The data of 192 RAMP bands were used to generate Jaccard's similarity coefficients and to construct a dendrogram by means of UPGMA in the NTSYS-pc computer program. The genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.73 with the mean of 0.34. The results showed as follows: (1) Distinct genetic differences were present among the different species; (2) The different accessions in a species were clustered together, respectively, which had larger genetic similarities and closer relations; (3) The species with similar morphological characters and the species from the same areas or neighboring geographical regions were clustered together; (4) RAMP results are basically comparable with those obtained from studies on morphology. It is a useful method for analysis of the genetic diversity and similarities in Leymus.     

绿色豌豆蚜不同地理种群的遗传多样性

豌豆蚜是我国苜蓿上危害最为严重的害虫之一。利用微卫星标记研究了我国绿色型豌豆蚜10个地理种群的遗传相似性、基因分化、遗传距离与地理距离和海拔之间的关系及其基因结构。选取15对引物扩增300个个体,共检测到41个多态性条带,多态性条带百分率(PPB)为100%。10个豌豆蚜地理种群观测等位基因数(Na)为1.592 7,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.356 9,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.206 6,Shannon-Wiener指数(I)为0.307 6。新疆维吾尔自治区、陕西省、河南省种群的遗传多样性较高,内蒙古自治区、山东省、青海省种群相对较低。然而,10个地理种群豌豆蚜(绿色型)的遗传分化较高(Gst=0.399 6)。种群聚类分析结果显示,全部豌豆蚜种群明显聚为两大类群,山东省、河南省种群为一大类群,其余为另一大类群。Mentel检测表明,遗传分化与地理距离、海拔无显著相关性。我国豌豆蚜种群具有非常丰富的遗传多样性,应加强豌豆蚜的监测和治理。     

利用SSR和RAPD标记分析中国部分地区晚疫病菌群体遗传多样性

利用SSR和RAPD对来自福建、黑龙江、河北和内蒙古4个地理群体的80个马铃薯晚疫病菌（phytophthora infestans）株进行了遗传多样性分析。13对SSR引物共扩增出76条谱带,多态性条带比率78.9%,相似系数变化范围0.00～0.42之间;筛选出的14条RAPD引物共扩增出189条谱带,多态性条带比率95.2%,相似系数变化范围0.04～0.66之间。遗传多样性分析表明,在4个群体中,福建群体的多样性更为丰富。遗传相似性分析显示,黑龙江和内蒙古两个群体间的遗传相似性最高,而福建和河北两个群体间的遗传相似性最低。聚类分析显示,来自南方福建的菌株与来自北方黑龙江、河北和内蒙古的菌株亲缘关系较远,且福建群体分布于更多的聚类组,显示出更高的遗传变异度。     

ISSR variation within and among wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis> populations: implication for herbicide resistance evolution

There is a need to understand whether weed genetic diversity is the same among different populations, especially between those exposed to herbicide selection and other without exposure history. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were used to assess level and patterns of genetic diversity in wild Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. populations. A total of 93 plants from 24 wild populations in China were analysed by eight primers resulting in 86 highly reproducible ISSR bands. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) with distances among individuals corrected for the dominant nature of ISSRs showed that most of the variation (54.09%) occurred among populations, and the remaining 45.91% variance was attributed to differences among individuals within populations. The high differentiation was, perhaps, due to limited gene flow (Nm < 1.0) of this species. Though highest gene diversity was observed in resistant B. juncea population, the overall distribution of diversity across China was not geographic dependent. High F _ST value (0.541) corroborated AMOVA partitioning and provided significant evidence for population differentiation in wild B. juncea. UPGMA cluster analyses, based on Nei’s genetic distance, revealed grouping pattern geographically. Based on these results, the factors affect weed population genetic diversity and implication for herbicide resistance evolution were discussed in the context of transgenic crops advent and increasing herbicide usage in China.     

Genetic diversity in populations of wild diploid wheat Triticum urartu Tum. ex. Gandil. revealed by isozyme markers

Genetic variation and its distribution within and among 23 populations of Triticum urartu collected from Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, and Iran was estimated using isozyme markers at eight polymorphic loci. The number of alleles per locus (A= 1.21), percentage polymorphic loci (P= 20.1%), and mean gene diversity (H_e= 0.024) were relatively low. In a population from Lebanon, a high number of alleles per locus (A= 2.13) and percentage polymorphic loci (P= 87.5%) was found. On average, genetic variation among populations (G_ST= 0.407) was smaller than within-population variation (0.593). However, different patterns of genetic structure were found among various geographic regions. Interpopulation variation was highest for the Iranian populations (0.89) followed by the Turkish populations (0.66). A reverse pattern was observed for the Syrian (0.11) and for the Lebanese (0.13) populations. The Armenian populations exhibited similar interpopulation and within-population variation. Principal component and cluster analyses resulted in distinct grouping of the geographically proximal populations, with the exception of the two Iranian populations. The Turkish populations were different from the neighboring Armenian populations compared to other countries. The populations from southern Syria and those from Lebanon also exhibited a high degree of genetic diversity. The two most heterozygous loci, Mdh-2 and Pgi-2, separated the populations along the first and second principal components, respectively. Most of the rare alleles were scattered sporadically throughout the geographic regions. Rare alleles with high frequencies were found in the Turkish and Armenian populations. These results indicated that different geographic regions require specific sampling procedures in order to capture the range of genetic variation observed in T. urartu populations.     

Inverse Sequence-tagged Repeat (ISTR) Analysis of Genetic Variability in Forest Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) from Ethiopia

Genetic diversity in forest coffee (Coffea arabica L.) was estimated using inverse sequence-tagged repeat (ISTR) markers. One hundred ninety two samples representing 16 populations of C. arabica from four regions of Ethiopia were analyzed with 12 pairs of forward and backward ISTR primer combinations. A total of 144 reproducible bands were generated out of which 37 (25%) were polymorphic and scored as present (1) or absent (0) data matrix. This data was used to compute Jaccard coefficient to estimate genetic variability among all possible pairs of samples. The proportion of polymorphic bands within populations ranged from 19% for Bale-3, to 54% for Walega-2 populations. Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) based cluster analysis generated two clusters at 56% similarity value. The samples were clustered on the basis of their geographical origin, which could be attributed to a few region specific banding patterns detected. However, within regions most of the samples failed to cluster on the basis of their respective populations, which may be due to the presence of substantial gene flow between local populations in the form of seedlings carried out by farmers. The results may provide information to develop strategies for in situ conservation.