湖南典型茶树地理种群遗传多样性研究

本文利用RAPD分子标记技术，对4个湖南典型茶树地理种群的240个单株的遗传多样性、种群内和种群间的遗传变异进行研究，结果表明：21个10碱基随机引物共检测到226条谱带，其中多态性谱带为201条，占88.9%。遗传多样性分析结果显示：Shannon's多样性指数为0.43，74.7%的变异分布于群体内，而种群间变异占了25.3%；Nei's指数群体总基因多样度(HT)为0.37，群体内平均基因多样度(HS)0.28，群体间的基因多样度(HST)0.09，群体Nei's基因分化系数（GST）为0.23，说明76.7%的变异存在于种群间，群体内的变异占了总变异的23.3%，与Shannon's多样性指数相比基本一致，均表明种群内有较丰富的遗传变异；种群间的基因流（Nm）为0.74，显示种群间的基因交流有限。     

我国部分地区小麦叶锈菌遗传多样性的SSR分析

小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)引起的小麦叶锈病是小麦上的重要病害。为了解小麦叶锈菌遗传多样性及其亲缘关系,本研究利用简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记技术对2009年采自河北、河南、山东、四川4省的小麦叶锈菌株进行SSR分析。小麦叶锈菌的观察等位基因数(Na)为1.75,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.40,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.35,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.23,多态性百分率为75.29%,其中河北、河南和山东的叶锈菌群体遗传多样性水平高于四川群体。聚类分析表明,在相似系数0.96处4个群体聚为2组,河南、山东及四川群体聚为一组,河北群体自成一组,其中河南和山东群体亲缘关系最近。小麦叶锈菌具有一定的遗传变异,群体间遗传变异占总变异的8.93%,群体内遗传变异占总变异的91.07%。小麦叶锈菌群体间每代迁移数Nm为6.10。小麦叶锈菌遗传多样性丰富,群体间遗传相似性较高,亲缘关系与地理分布具有一定相关性。群体内遗传变异是群体遗传变异的主要来源。本研究说明群体间存在广泛的菌源交流,为明确小麦叶锈病流行区系和叶锈菌传播路线提供了基础资料。     

中国主要棉花栽培群体的遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR分子标记对我国棉花栽培品种中的38个陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)和6个海岛棉(Gossypium bar-badense)共44个品种(按来源划分为6个品种群,6个海岛棉品种均属于新疆品种群体)进行遗传多样性分析表明,筛选出的11个引物在所有品种中共扩增出90条带,其中70条为多态性条带,多态性条带百分率(PPB)达77.78%,Popgene32软件分析结果表明,新疆品种群的遗传多样性水平最高[PPB=91.43%,H(基因多样性指数)=0.3769,I(信息指数)=0.5464],其次是中棉所品种群,河南品种群排位第三,而河北、山东和山西3个品种群体的遗传多样性水平相差较小,其中山西品种群遗传多样性水平最低(PPB=58.57%,H=0.2484,J=0.3587).6个地方棉花栽培群体在总的遗传变异中有82.42%存在于群体内,群体间的遗传变异仅占总变异的17.58%,群体间分化系数Gst=0.1759,群体间总的基因流的估算值.Nn=2.34.聚类分析结果表明,山西、山东和河北品种群体的亲缘关系最近,先聚合在一起,然后依次与河南和中棉所品种群体聚类,最后与亲缘关系最远的新疆品种群体聚合.     

基于线粒体COII-LrRNA基因对肾形肾状线虫种内群体的遗传多样性分析

肾形肾状线虫(Rotylenchulus reniformis)是一种植物半内寄生线虫,分布于世界的热带和亚热带地区,是许多蔬菜和热带果树重要的病原线虫.为明确该线虫种内群体的遗传变异,本研究采用序列分析法,对采自浙江(ZJ)、福建(FJ)和重庆(CQ)3个地区的肾形肾状线虫的线粒体COII-LrRNA基因序列进行比较.结果表明,肾形肾状线虫线粒体COII-LrRNA基因片段序列为557～563 bp,AT含量为85.5％,明显高于GC含量.序列分析所得3个群体总的变异位点数、单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数(haplotype diversity,Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(nucleotide diversity,π)分别为176、40、0.946和0.157 4.分子方差分析(analysis of molecular variance,AMOVA)结果显示,这3个肾形肾状线虫群体间遗传分化系数为0.058 15,遗传分化程度中等,没有明显的地理隔离.遗传变异结果显示,94.18％的变异来自群体内个体间,只有5.82％的变异发生在群体间.结果说明,我国肾形肾状线虫种群内COII-LrRNA基因序列变异较明显,具有丰富的遗传多样性,且对环境变化的适应能力较强.研究结果丰富了我国肾形肾状线虫的系统发育信息,为肾形肾状线虫危害植物的内在遗传因素的研究提供了资料.     

细鳞鱼三个野生种群的遗传多样性AFLP分析

细鳞鱼是我国一种珍贵的淡水经济鱼类,在人类和环境因素的影响下数量急剧下降。本文采用扩增片段长度多态性（Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, AFLP）技术对牡丹江（Mudanjiang River, MD）、鸭绿江（Yalujiang River, YL）和乌苏里江（Wusuli River, WSL）的三个细鳞鱼野生种群共72个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,12对选择性扩增引物共扩增得到559个位点,其中多态性位点541个,多态性百分比为96.78％。文中对3个群体的Shannon多样性指数,Nei氏基因多样性等参数进行了分析。其总基因多样性Ht平均值为0.3512±0.0208;种群内基因多样性Hs平均值为0.2137±0.0152;群体间的基因多样性Dst为0.1375。基因分化系数Gst为0.3914,种群内的基因多样性占总群体的60.85%,种群间为39.15%,而基因流系数Nm 为0.7776。分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明：群体平均遗传分化系数Fst为0.55336,变异来源有44.84%来自群体间,55.16%来自群体内。三个群体中牡丹江群体的细鳞鱼种内多态性比例最高,而乌苏里江群体最低。     

2个中国藏獒群体遗传多样性及遗传分化的研究

本研究以青海土种犬和藏狮犬为对照,采用RAPD技术对河曲藏獒和青海藏獒群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化进行了分析。研究结果表明,河曲藏獒和青海藏獒群体的多态性位点百分率分别为85.53%和98.16%,平均多态性位点百分率为91.85%。藏獒群体遗传变异分析显示两个藏獒群体的有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei氏平均预期基因杂合度(H)和Shannon遗传信息指数(I)的平均值分别为1.5354、0.3191和0.4807;且两个藏獒群体93.09%的变异来自群体内,仅6.91%变异来自群体间;两个群体间的基因流为3.3679。研究还发现两个藏獒群体之间的Nei氏标准遗传距离(D)为0.0505。本研究结果说明藏獒群体内遗传变异丰富,不同地域的藏獒群体之间存在广泛的基因交流,群体之间遗传分化程度很低,这为藏獒品种资源保护与合理开发利用提供了参考。     

我国主要棉花栽培群体的遗传多样性分析

摘 要：利用ISSR分子标记对我国44个棉花栽培品种（拟似为6个群体）进行遗传多样性分析。筛选出的11个引物在所有品种中共扩增出90条带,其中70条为多态性条带,多态性条带百分率(PPB)达76.1%,Popgene32软件分析结果表明,新疆种群的遗传多样性水平最高(PPL=91.43%,H=0.3769,I=0.5464),其次是中棉种群、河南种群,而河北、山东、山西3个种群的遗传多样性水平相差较小,6个棉花种群在其总的遗传变异中有82.42%的存在于群体内,群体间的遗传变异仅占总变异的17.58%,群体分化系数Gst=0.1759,群体间总的基因流的估算值Nm=2.34。由聚类分析可知,山西、山东、河北种群的亲缘关系最近,先聚合在一起,然后依次与河南、中棉所种群聚类,最后与亲缘关系最远的新疆种群聚合。     

应用RAPD分析川西北高原老芒麦自然居群的遗传多样性

利用RAPD标记对来自青藏高原东南部川西北高原的8个老芒麦自然居群的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了分析和评价。从150个RAPD引物中筛选出25个能扩增出高度重复性条带的引物。这25个引物共扩增出370条可分辨的条带,其中291条(占78.65%) 具有多态性,表明供试居群在物种水平上存在较高水平的变异。同时各居群的多态性位点比率(PP)在46.49%到53.78%之间变化,表明群体水平的变异较低。居群的平均基因多样性(HE)为0.176(变幅为0.159~0.190),而物种水平的平均基因多样性达0.264。基于Nei’s基因多样性、Shannon指数和贝叶斯方法的群体分化系数分别为32.0%、33.7%和33.5%。AMOVA 分析表明居群内遗传达到总变异的59.9%,而居群间变异仅有40.1%,但二者均达到极显著水平(P < 0.001)。居群间每世代迁入个体数(Nm)达到0.503个。各居群间存在较高的Nei’s遗传一致度。本研究获得的老芒麦的遗传结构不同于已报导的大多数披碱草属物种。另外,基于聚类分析及AMOVA的结果均表明各居群间存在较为明显的地理分化,8个居群分化为采集地的南部和北部2个分支。总之,研究结果表明来自青藏高原东南部的老芒麦居群具有较高水平的遗传变异。在该地区应尽量选择遗传多样性高的老芒麦居群实施就地保护。     

利用微卫星DNA分子标记分析中华绒螯蟹养殖群体遗传分化

养殖河蟹苗种来自各繁育场,经过繁育场多年封闭或半封闭繁育后河蟹多样性是否降低?本研究以长江水系天然群体为对照,利用微卫星分子标记分析中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)江苏兴化、安徽宣城、辽宁盘锦养殖群体遗传分化。结果表明,4个群体平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为9.03、8.77和6.94、8.71;平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.70～0.75;平均期望杂合度(He)为0.87～0.90;微卫星位点平均多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.84～0.87之间,呈现高度多态性;长江水系天然群体遗传多样性水平高于养殖群体。遗传分化系数F-统计量(FST)介于0.0123～0.0207(FST<0.05);分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,大部分遗传变异(为98.64%)存在于个体间,少部分变异(为1.36%)存在于群体间。群体间FST和AMOVA分析说明,4个群体处于低等遗传分化水平,除安徽宣城群体与辽宁盘锦养殖群体间遗传分化不显著(P>0.05),其他群体间遗传分化极显著(P<0.01)。基于DA遗传距离构建NJ聚类发现安徽宣城养殖群体与辽宁盘锦养殖群体聚为一支,江苏兴化养殖群体与长江水系天然群体聚为另一支。结构分析107份参试中华绒螯蟹样本被分为二个种群,江苏兴化养殖群体与长江水系天然群体属同一种群,安徽宣城养殖群体与辽宁盘锦养殖群体为另一种群。研究显示,中华绒螯蟹养殖群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平,遗传分化水平低,具有新品种选育的利用价值。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的遗传变异及其与生态因子的相关性

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)是世界范围内广泛分布的检疫性线虫,严重危害多种作物.马铃薯腐烂茎线虫为适应不同的生活环境而发生相应的遗传变异,可以通过不同地理种群之间遗传结构的差异来研究环境生态因子对种群遗传结构的影响.利用简单重复序列区间(inter-simple sequence repeat,SSR)分子标记技术研究了我国马铃薯腐烂茎线虫5个群体的遗传多样性、遗传变异,分析了遗传多样性与生态因子的相关性.研究结果表明,马铃薯腐烂茎线虫具有较高的遗传多样性.在种群水平,安徽省太和县种群的遗传多样性最高,河北省昌黎县的遗传多样性最低;在群体水平,5个群体的遗传多样性大小分别为安徽＞山东＞江苏＞河北＞北京.5个群体间具有较小程度的遗传变异,遗传分化系数(Gs)为0.0725;不同种群间具有频繁的基因交流(Nm=6.3933).相关分析表明马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的Shannon遗传多样性与海拔、经度、纬度、年降雨量等成正相关关系,与年均温、最高温、最低温等成负相关关系;马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的遗传距离与地理距离成正相关关系.研究结果认为马铃薯腐烂茎线虫对低温具有较强的适应性,适于在华北、东北等地生长发育,将加强北方地区马铃薯种苗和种薯的管理,对防止马铃薯腐烂茎线虫进一步扩散蔓延提供指导意义.     

Using SSR markers to determine the population genetic structure of wild apricot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus armeniaca</Emphasis> L.) in the Ily Valley of West China

Genetic structure of three wild populations (Xinyuan, Gongliu and Daxigou) of apricot in the Ily Valley, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, was investigated with microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers. The higher polymorphism and greater transportability of these markers between Prunus species proved SSR markers were much efficient for conducting genetic diversity studies in wild apricot. Nei's gene diversity (He) and Shannon's index of diversity (I) were 0.287 and 0.458, respectively. This indicated that the wild apricot in the Ily Valley still maintained a relatively high level of diversity. The Gst of 0.137 and Fst of 0.164 revealed that genetic variation mainly resided among individuals within populations (83.6–86.3%). Population differentiation could also be found according to the distribution of SSR alleles between the populations. Mantel test showed the genetic distance between populations was significantly correlated to the geographical distance. The modest amount of gene flow (2.684) would reduce the disjunction between wild apricots. The long-distance dispersal of pollen by insects was probably the main way of gene flow between populations. Based on the study of population genetic structure, an effective conservation strategy of the species was discussed.     

利用ISSR分析栗疫病菌群体遗传多样性

本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术,对中国、日本、意大利及美国等四个栗疫病菌群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了分析。自53个ISSR引物中筛选出11个引物,对以上四个群体的栗疫病菌11个子群体的220个菌株进行扩增,共检测到177个位点,其中多态位点为174个,多态位点百分率（P）为98.31%。11个栗疫病菌子群体的P平均值为20.43%;群体水平的Shannon信息指数（I）和Nei指数（h）分别为0.1769和0.7386;各个子群体I的平均值为0.0943,h的平均值为0.0614。比较表明,中、日、意、美栗疫病菌群体间具有较高的遗传多样性。栗疫病菌群体间的基因分化系数（Gst）为0.7386,其基因流（Nm）为0.1769,11个子群体间的遗传距离平均为0.2289。利用算术平均数的非加权成组配对法（UPGMA）对栗疫病菌11个子群体进行聚类,结果可分为3大类群。     

中国少鳞鳜不同地理群体遗传变异的AFLP分析

少鳞鳜为东亚特有淡水鱼类,为了解中国少鳞鳜种内不同地理群体的遗传特征,利用AFLP技术对长江、钱塘江、西江、南渡江4个群体共65尾样品的遗传变异进行了分析。10对引物共检测条带1131条,多态性条带603条,平均多态比例为53.32%;而长江、钱塘江、西江、南渡江群体内的多态位点比例、平均基因多样性和Shannon指数均较低。群体间的遗传距离以大陆3群体间较近(0.098～0.189),南渡江群体与其他群体较远(0.507～0.568)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明群体间存在极显著的差异(FST = 0.972)。NJ聚类关系显示4群体分为两支,一支为大陆群体;一支为南渡江群体。群体内遗传多样性较低可能与中国少鳞鳜为溪涧性鱼类,群体数量不大,基因库贫乏有关,而群体间缺乏基因交流以及遗传漂变导致了不同地理群体间产生了极显著的遗传分化     

Genetic variation in the threatened South American conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae), detected using RAPD markers

Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cipres de las Guiatecas, Cupressaceae) is a long-lived conifer, endemic to southern Chile and Argentina, reaching a southern limit in Tierra del Fuego. Remnant populations are generally fragmented and highly disturbed because of exploitation for timber, grazing and fire. The extent of genetic variation within and between 16 populations of this species, distributed throughout its range, was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Eight 10-mer primers produced a total of 84 scorable markers, 30 of which (35.7%) were polymorphic. AMOVA indicated that 18.6% of the variation recorded was attributable to differences between populations, a relatively high value compared with other conifers from the region. Pair-wise Phi_st comparisons between populations were all significant at P<0.05, with one exception, highlighting a high degree of population differentiation. Values of Shannon's diversity index (S) differed significantly among populations (P=0.002, ANOVA), values ranging from 0.337 to 0.716, suggesting that some populations are currently characterised by very low genetic variability. Current patterns of genetic variation were related to biogeographic history and human impact. The high degree of population differentiation recorded here highlights the need for additional conservation measures for this species, both in terms of incorporating further populations into the protected areas, and the restoration of severely degraded populations, to ensure their continued viability.     

华东竹黄菌不同居群遗传分化的RAPD分析

为了解竹黄地理居群间的遗传分化,本研究采用随机引物扩增多态性DNA分子标记技术对江苏、安徽和浙江3省的8个居群共32个竹黄样本进行了遗传多样性分析。从50个RAPD引物中筛选得到了5个随机引物,对供试材料的DNA进行扩增,共检测出77个位点,其中多态性位点52个,多态性位点比率为67.53%。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,这8个居群分为三类：安吉居群、临安居群、宜兴居群、广德居群和泾县居群聚为一类;宁国居群和休宁居群聚为一类;淳安居群单独为一类。遗传多样性分析表明8个竹黄居群中,淳安居群的遗传多样性水平最高,安吉居群的遗传多样性水平最低。Nei＇s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数均表明竹黄物种水平的遗传多样性高于居群水平。     

Genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Guizotia abyssinica</Emphasis> (L. f.) Cass. (Asteraceae) from Ethiopia as revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Genetic diversity of 70 populations of niger (Guizotia abyssinica) representing all its growing regions in Ethiopia was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to reveal the extent of its populations genetic diversity. Ninety-seven percent of the loci studied was revealed to be polymorphic for the whole data set. The within population diversity estimated by Shannon diversity index and Nei gene diversity estimates was revealed to be 0.395 and 0.158, respectively. The extent of genetic variation of populations from major niger producing regions was significantly lower than that of populations from other regions; however, it is distributed regardless of altitude of growth. Genetic differentiation between populations was estimated with Shannon index as G^′ _ST (0.432), Nei’s G _ST (0.242) and AMOVA based F _ST (0.350) and appears to be equivalent to the average values calculated from various RAPD based studies on outcrossing species. Higher proportion of the variation detected by AMOVA resided within populations (64.58%) relative to the amount of variation among populations (35.42%). UPGMA cluster analysis showed that most of the populations were clustered according to their region of origin. However, some populations were genetically distant from the majority and seem to have unique genetic properties. It is concluded that the crop has a wide genetic basis that may be used for the improvement of the species through conventional breeding and/or marker assisted selection. Collection of germplasm from areas not yet covered and/or underrepresented is the opportunity to broaden the genetic basis of genebank collection.