Soil organic carbon distribution in relation to land use and its storage in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau, China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component in agricultural soil, and its stock is a major part of global carbon stocks. Estimating the SOC distribution and storage is important for improving soil quality and SOC sequestration. This study evaluated the SOC distribution different land uses and estimated the SOC storage by classifying the study area by land use in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the SOC content and density were affected by land use. The SOC content for shrubland and natural grassland was significantly higher than for other land uses, and cropland had the lowest SOC content. The effect of land use on the SOC content was more significant in the 0-10 cm soil layer than in other soil layers. For every type of land use, the SOC content decreased with soil depth. The highest SOC density (0-60 cm) in the study area was found in shrublandII (Hippophae rhamnoides), and the other land uses decreased in the SOC density as follows: natural grassland > shrublandI (Caragana korshinskii) > abandoned cropland > orchard > level ground cropland > terrace cropland > artificial grassland. Shrubland and natural grassland were the most efficient types for SOC sequestration, followed by abandoned cropland. The SOC stock (0-60 cm) in this study was 23,584.77 t with a mean SOC density of 4.64 (0-60 cm).     

红壤典型区不同类型土壤有机碳组分构成及空间分异研究

以江西省东乡县为研究区,基于土壤有机碳三库(活性、缓性和惰性碳库)一级动力学理论,通过22个土壤样品的实验室呼吸培养实验,计算了各土壤亚类的碳组分含量及占总有机碳的比例,并借助全县229个采样点获得了东乡县的活性、缓性和惰性有机碳的空间分布图。分析结果表明,淹育、潴育、潜育型水稻土和红壤的活性碳含量分别为0.54、0.72、0.72和0.33 g/kg,分别占其总有机碳含量的2.78%、2.83%、2.91%和2.57%;缓性碳含量分别为7.57、9.79、12.34和4.72 g/kg,分别占总有机碳含量的41.09%、45.25%、46.24%和37.12%;惰性碳含量分别为10.36、11.22、13.49和7.67 g/kg,分别占总有机碳含量的60.31%、56.13%、51.92%和50.67%。在空间分布上,活性、缓性和惰性碳含量均呈现由东南向西北减少趋势。分析表明水稻土各亚类活性和缓性碳含量高于红壤,说明水稻土不仅是该地区固碳的主要类型,也是较大的潜在碳排放源。红壤的惰性碳尽管比例最高,但总有机碳含量较低,其土壤固碳能力有待进一步提高。     

农田土壤有机碳动态研究进展

土壤有机碳动态是土壤碳循环研究中的关键,虽然取得了一定的成果,但仍存在许多问题急需解决。本文综述国内外影响农田土壤有机碳(SOC)动态的因素,列举近年来SOC动态研究中新方法的应用,综合评价各方法的优缺点和适宜使用范围;提出SOC动态研究中存在的问题,并指出今后SOC可能的研究方向。     

荒漠化重建地区土壤有机碳动态研究

土壤有机碳(Soilorganiccarbon,SOC)是反映土地荒漠化的重要指标。本研究以陕西省榆林市为例,开展小区域沙漠化重建地区SOC动态的实证研究。SOC数据来源于1982年土壤普查和2003年重复采样,土样的采集、分析和统计方法分别为土钻取土法、重铬酸钾氧化法、吸管法和面积加权法。研究结果表明:SOC含量与粗砂粒显著负相关(R=-0.50,a=0.01),与粘粒显著正相关(R=-0.45,a=0.05),20年间土壤颗粒细化趋势比较明显;20年间原始剖面、1m深和耕层SOC含量、密度和储量都有不同程度的增加,其中对人类活动最敏感的耕层土壤变化最显著,SOC含量、密度和储量分别增加了0.55g/kg,0.15kg/m2,10.07GgC。该研究结果表明防风固沙、可持续性农耕等措施会卓有成效地促进土地沙漠化的恢复和重建。     

Accurate and Precise Measurement of Organic Carbon Content in Carbonate-Rich Soils

Accurate measurement of soil organic carbon (SOC) is dependent on precise and fast methods for the separation of organic and inorganic carbon. The widely used methods involving thermal decomposition of soil samples at a specific temperature in an automated carbon (C) analyzer are susceptible to interference by carbonates and overestimation of organic C, and thus removal of carbonates by acid pretreatment of samples is recommended. Two carbonate-removal pretreatments including hydrochloric (HCl) acid addition and HCl fumigation are compared using the calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) standard and soil samples of varying SOC contents. Both pretreatment methods provided similar measurements of organic C, indicating that both methods are efficient in removal of carbonates present in the soil. However, the HCl fumigation method exhibited greater accuracy and precision compared to the HCl addition method. Hence, SOC measurement procedure involving HCl fumigation as a pretreatment for the removal of carbonates is recommended for carbonate-rich soils.     

不同培养温度下长期施肥红壤水稻土有机碳矿化特征研究

以长期不同施肥处理红壤水稻土为研究对象,布置不同温度下(15、25和35℃)的室内培养试验,研究有机碳矿化的温度敏感性及施肥对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,并分析土壤有机碳矿化与土壤理化性质和不同形态碳素之间的关系。结果表明,培养前期(0～7 d),土壤有机碳矿化速率快速下降,之后逐渐降低并最终趋于稳定。温度升高提高了土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率。磷肥和有机肥的施用提高了土壤有机碳累积矿化量。各处理土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性系数Q10为1.31～1.75,施肥提高了土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性。Q10与有机碳、全量和速效氮磷、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳和胡敏酸碳呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。3种培养温度下土壤有机碳累积矿化量均与pH呈显著负相关,与有机碳和全氮呈显著或极显著正相关。25℃和35℃培养时,土壤有机碳累积矿化量与微生物生物量碳、胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳显著或极显著正相关。     

基于最大似然法与矩法的黄土高原小流域土壤碳氮空间变异分析

以黄土高原寺底沟小流域为研究对象,根据不同土地利用方式采集46个样点的土壤样品,通过地统计方法对土壤有机碳和全氮的空间变异特征进行了分析。采用受限最大似然法(REML)和矩法(MOM)两种方法分别对变异函数进行了估计,通过交叉检验选择克里金预测效果较好的变异函数进行地统计插值。(1)与矩法(MOM)相比,在多数情况下受限最大似然法(REML)估计的变异函数进行克里金插值更加准确。(2)土层深度对土壤全氮空间变异影响较小,对土壤有机碳影响较大,表层土壤有机碳含量及变异程度明显高于下层土壤。(3)土地利用方式对土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布有重要影响,灌木林和天然草地土壤有机碳和全氮水平最高,弃耕地其次,梯田、果园、人工草地最低,表明退耕还林对提高土壤碳氮水平有重要贡献。     

森林土壤有机碳库组分定量化研究

用一级动力学方程研究了贵州省黎平县森林土壤活性、缓效性和惰效性有机碳库的变化及分解速率,模拟结果表明:各土壤剖面的土壤活性碳库一般占总有机碳的0.5%~7.6%,平均驻留时间(M ean Residue Tim e,MRT)为41~64天;缓效性碳库占总有机碳的45%~71%,平均驻留时间为3~30年;采用酸水解法测定惰效性碳库的库容,一般占总有机碳的20%~50%。活性碳库的变化规律为混交林>阔叶林>针叶林,缓效性碳库中混交林最大,其它两种林分规律不明显;不同林龄的杉木(8年,16年,40年),非活性碳库(缓效性碳库和惰效性碳库之和)的含量变化规律为40年>16年>8年,说明40年生的杉木下土壤固碳能力比8年和16年的强;16年的又比8年的强。     

大尺度散体组构分维和SOC判据研究

介绍了15组散粒体自组织临界性与粒径的非均匀性有关的真实沙堆模型,分析了实验表现出来的3种动力学行为:即准周期分布、正态分布和负幂律分布;进而研究了非均匀系数不能描述系统组构的自相似性和作为自组织临界性的判据。应用分形理论研究了沙堆组构的分形特征。研究结果表明,非均匀系数为1.53~5.0时,沙堆组构具有良好的分形特征,分维数在非均匀系数<2.85时增长较快,>2.85时增长较慢,但分维数不超过3.0。分析了沙堆组构的分形特征与自组织临界性的内在联系,指出呈现出自组织临界性的系统具有稳健的分形结构,并讨论了自组织临界性的判据。最后探讨了SOC理论在山地灾害预测预报和防治工程设计中的应用。     

沙漠化土壤有机碳研究进展

阐释沙漠化现状及沙漠化土壤有机碳特别是与粉粘土结合有机碳的变化;分析土壤有机碳损失的主要因素为风蚀、土地利用方式和气候因子;基于以上分析提出以改变管理方式为主,结合创新技术,并辅以政策导向的固碳措施;针对研究现状存在的不足,对今后的研究提出展望。     

Direct Determination of Organic Carbon by Dry Combustion in Soils with Carbonates

Abstract

In acid soils, where organic carbon (C) corresponds to total C, direct determination of organic C by dry combustion is possible, whereas in soils with carbonates also a separate measurement of inorganic C is required. In this case, direct quantification of organic C can be accomplished by the Walkley‐Black method, which is time‐consuming and involves greatly polluting by‐products. Hence, a method able to determine directly organic C by dry combustion is strongly needed for soils with carbonates. This study proposes such a method, after it was found to be highly reliable in calcareous soils of a Mediterranean island. The correction factor to use in the Walkley‐Black method to account for nonrecoverable C was calculated. It does not show any overall relationship with the contents of either organic C or inorganic C, and for all land uses examined in the island, it is not significantly different from the commonly suggested value 1.30.     

Effect of N-modified lignite granulates and composted biochar on plant growth,nitrogen and water use efficiency of spring wheat

ABSTRACT

Organic soil amendments such as biochar are increasingly used to improve the fertility of degraded soils and marginal lands, plant growth, water retention and carbon sequestration. The performance of biochar depends on the parent material, the pyrolysis conditions and the nutrient enrichment process, accounting for the variability of the final products. Recently lignite granulates came into focus offering an alternative characterised by homogeneity, vast availability of the raw material and a standardised production process including nitrogen enrichment through oxidative ammonolysis. In a greenhouse experiment the effects of N-modified lignite granulates (NLG) and composted biochar (BC) on the growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a sandy, carbon-free substrate were compared. Additionally, the effect of different NLG application rates (5, 7.5, 11, 15, 28 t ha^?1) was investigated. Yields as well as nitrogen and water use efficiency of the soil-plant system were determined at the end of the experiment. Both organic amendments increased yields relative to control plants. An increase in yield, nitrogen and water use efficiency for NLG even at low application rates and a better growth performance compared to BC were observed. Present findings, therefore, indicate, that such granulates offer an alternative to existing organic soil amendments.     

基于不同空间分辨率土壤数据库的中国江苏省水稻土有机碳的动态模拟

A number of process-based models have been developed for quantifying carbon(C)sequestration in agro-ecosystems.The DeNitrification-DeComposition(DNDC)model was used to simulate and quantify long-term(1980-2008)soil organic carbon(SOC)dynamics in the important rice-producing province,Jiangsu,China.Changes in SOC storages were estimated from two soil databases differing in spatial resolution:a county database consisting of 68 polygons and a soil patch-based database of 701 polygons for all 3.7 Mha of rice fields in Jiangsu.The simulated SOC storage with the coarse resolution county database ranged between 131.0-320.6 Tg C in 1980 and 170.3-305.1 Tg C in 2008,respectively,while that estimated with the fine resolution database was 201.6 and 216.2 Tg C in 1980 and 2008,respectively.The results modeled with the soil databases differing in spatial resolution indicated that using the soil input data with higher resolution substantially increased the accuracy of the modeled results;and when lacking detailed soil datasets,the DNDC model,parameterized with the most sensitive factor(MSF) method to cope with attribute uncertainty,could still produce acceptable results although with deviations of up to 60% for the case study reported in this paper.     

皖北平原蒙城县农田土壤有机碳空间变异及影响因素

以皖北平原典型农业生产大县亳州市蒙城县为代表,运用统计学、地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了其农田耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的空间分布及其影响因子。结果表明:研究区SOC含量为10.41±2.52 g kg-1,近30年来提高了55.61%,SOC变异系数为24%,属于中等变异程度。SOC含量在空间分布上表现为东北部、中部和西南部含量高,由西北向东南先逐渐增加后逐渐降低,变异程度较高。整个县域范围内SOC空间变异的主要影响因素为土壤机械组成(粉粒和砂粒含量),其次为秸秆还田。     

Organic carbon in soils of Germany: Status quo and the need for new data to evaluate potentials and trends of soil carbon sequestration

Uncertainties in estimates of soil carbon (C) stocks and sequestration result from major gaps in knowledge of C storage in soils, land‐use history, the variability of field measurements, and different analytical approaches applied. In addition, there is a lack of long‐term datasets from relevant land‐use systems. As in many European countries, a national database on soil organic carbon (SOC) including all relevant information for the determination of soil C stocks is likewise missing in Germany. In this paper, we summarize and evaluate the present state of knowledge on organic‐C contents/pools in soils of Germany and discuss the need for the acquisition and access to new data on soil organic carbon. Despite the number of agricultural sites under permanent soil monitoring, regional surveys on SOC, comprehensive ecosystem studies, and long‐term field experiments, there is a striking lack of data in Germany particularly with regard to agricultural soils. Apart from a missing standardization of methods and homogeneous baseline values, the implementation of a periodic, nation‐wide soil inventory on agricultural soils is required in order to simultaneously record information on land use, land‐use change, and agricultural practice. In contrast, the existing national inventory of forest soils provides information on C‐stock changes in forest soils, although there is some concern with regard to the representativeness of the sampling design to adequately address the problem of spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability. It is concluded that the lack of comprehensiveness, completeness, actuality, data harmonization, and standardized sampling procedures will further prevent the establishment of a SOC database in Germany with regard to the monitoring of trends in soil C pools and fluxes and the assessment of long‐term C‐sequestration potentials of soils under different land use. A future soil inventory should represent the heterogeneity of organic matter through functionally different SOC pools, topsoil characteristics as well as content, pool, and flux data for the deeper mineral‐soil compartments.     

Lability of soil organic carbon in tropical soils with different clay minerals

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and turnover is influenced by interactions between organic matter and the mineral soil fraction. However, the influence of clay content and type on SOC turnover rates remains unclear, particularly in tropical soils under natural vegetation. We examined the lability of SOC in tropical soils with contrasting clay mineralogy (kaolinite, smectite, allophane and Al-rich chlorite). Soil was sampled from A horizons at six sites in humid tropical areas of Ghana, Malaysian Borneo and the Solomon Islands and separated into fractions above and below 250 μm by wet sieving. Basal soil respiration rates were determined from bulk soils and soil fractions. Substrate induced respiration rates were determined from soil fractions. SOC lability was significantly influenced by clay mineralogy, but not by clay content when compared across contrasting clay minerals. The lability of SOC was lowest in the allophanic and chloritic soil, higher in the kaolinitic soils and highest in the smectitic soil. Our results contrast with conventional concepts of the greater capacity of smectite than of kaolinite to stabilize SOC. Contents of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable Fe and Al were inversely related to SOC lability when compared across soil types. A stronger inverse correlation between content of ammonium-oxalate extractable Fe and SOC lability was found when considering the kaolinitic soils only and we conclude that the content of active Fe (hydr-) oxides controls SOC stabilization in the kaolinitic soils. Our results suggest that the validity of predictive models of SOC turnover in tropical soils would be improved by the inclusion of soil types and contents of Fe and Al (hydr-) oxides.     

A Modified Walkley-Black Method Based on Spectrophotometric Procedure

The Walkley-Black (WB) method, because of its simplicity and rapidity, has been widely used during the past 50 years for determination of soil organic carbon (SOC), but one of the main problems with WB method in operation is determination of titration end point by the observer. In the past several years some studies have been done to reduce the human role in determination of titration end point in WB method. In this study, in addition to the routine method of using an indicator for end point determination, a potentiometric and a spectrophotometric method was also employed for end point determination. The results indicated that these two methods are more accurate than the indicator method. Finally, a modified Walkley-Black (MWB) method employing a spectrophotometric procedure was proposed, which is more reproducible, easier in operation, and more economical.     

Soil carbon pools of reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses

Minesoils are characterized by low soil organic matter and poor soil physicochemical environment. Mine soil reclamation process has potential to restore soil fertility and sequester carbon (C) over time. Soil organic C (SOC) pool and associated soil properties were determined for reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses of varied establishment year. Three grassland sites of 30, 9, and 1 years after reclamation (G30, G9, and G1) and two forest sites, 11 years after reclamation (RF) and undisturbed stand of 40 years (UF), were selected within four counties (Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, and Coshocton) of southeastern Ohio. Soil bulk density (BD) of reclaimed forest (RF) soil was significantly higher than undisturbed forest (UF) soils within 10–40 cm soil depth profile. Reclamation process increased soil pH from slightly acidic to alkaline and decreased the soil EC in both landuses. Among grassland soils, significant changes in SOC and total soil N contents were observed within 0–10 cm soil depth. SOC contents of G30 (29.7 Mg ha⁻¹) and G9 (29.5 Mg ha⁻¹) were significantly higher than G1 soils (9.11 Mg ha⁻¹). Soil N content was increased from G1 (0.95 Mg ha⁻¹) to G9 (2.00 Mg ha⁻¹) site and then the highest value was found under G30 (3.25 Mg ha⁻¹) site within 0–10 cm soil depth. UF soils had significantly higher SOC and total N content than RF soils at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating the Contribution of Sampling,Sample Pretreatment,and Analysis in the Total Uncertainty Budget of Agricultural Soil pH and Organic Carbon Monitoring

Monitoring of soil organic carbon (SOC) and pH is needed to manage soil protection and tackle possible degradation in support of, i.e, the upcoming European Soil Framework Directive. Harmonized monitoring procedures and protocols produced under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) will be recommended. The uncertainty contributions of sampling, sample pretreatment, and analysis in the monitoring of soil pH and organic carbon in agricultural parcels using these harmonized monitoring procedures have been studied.

A within-laboratory comparison between the different analytical methods and sample pretreatments was made on 451 soil samples for SOC and 150 samples for soil acidity. Thereafter, a field study was performed to evaluate the contribution of the sampling method. Finally, an interlaboratory trial (including sampling) was organized to assess the overall monitoring uncertainty.

The results indicate that the influence of different sample pretreatments (e.g., milling) in combination with different analytical methods (elemental combustion versus chemical oxidation) are the main contributions to the observed uncertainty in the monitoring of SOC. For the monitoring of soil acidity, a similar observation was made, showing that differences in the practical implementation of the analytical method (e.g., mechanical shaking) are the main contributions to the monitoring uncertainty. The monitoring uncertainties derived from an interlaboratory trial (including sampling) amounted to ±20% (95% confidence interval, CI) for SOC and ±0.3 pH units (95% CI) for soil acidity on an agricultural parcel.     

子午岭林区不同植被恢复阶段土壤有机碳变化研究

研究了子午岭林区植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳含量、团聚体有机碳分布以及不同粒级团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率。研究结果表明,0—100 cm剖面上有机碳含量加权平均值随植被恢复年限逐渐升高,坡耕地0—100 cm土层土壤有机碳加权平均值为3.54 g/kg,弃耕地、草地、灌木和乔木阶段分别比坡耕地提高6.8%,36.6%,41.5%和73.6%;0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量随植被恢复的提高幅度明显高于20 cm以下土层;0—5和5—10 cm土层土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量随植被恢复年限逐渐增加,并有向大粒级（〉2 mm）团聚体中富集的趋势,10—20 cm土层土壤团聚体有机碳含量随植被恢复变化不明显;弃耕地、草地、灌木和乔木阶段0—20 cm土层〉5,5～2和2～1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率高于坡耕地,说明植被恢复0—20 cm土层土壤增加的有机碳更多地固定在〉1 mm粒级团聚体中。