黄瓜节间长的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

为了明确黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)节间长性状的遗传模型与基因的作用方式,并估测其主基因、多基因遗传效应与遗传率,利用短节自交系SJ57-h为P1和长节自交系SJ11-1为P2构建6世代遗传群体,在春秋两季种植,采用主+多基因遗传分析方法,开展节间长性状的遗传研究。研究结果显示,两季节间长受1对加性-显性-主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制(D-0模型),且均偏向长节间亲本优势,长短更趋近于SJ11-1亲本。春季B_1、B_2、F_2三个分离世代的主基因遗传率分别为68.5%、36.2%和56.3%,多基因遗传率分别为0.6%、17.1%和0.6%,环境变异平均值占表型变异的比例平均为40.2%;秋季B_1、B_2、F_2三个分离世代的主基因遗传率分别为68.5%、40.5%、65.1%,多基因遗传率分别为1.2%、40.6%和5.4%;环境变异平均值占表型变异的比例为26.3%。表明黄瓜节间长受一对主基因控制,主基因在B_1、F_2世代选择效率高,B_2世代加强多基因的选择,该性状受环境影响较大。节间长性状适宜在早期世代进行选择。本研究为黄瓜的株型改良育种提供了理论基础。     

普通高粱与甜高粱杂交组合株高、糖度的主基因多基因模型遗传效应分析

对普通高粱与甜高粱杂交组合(石红137×L-甜)的株高与糖度进行主基因多基因遗传模型分析,以期研究株高、糖度的遗传效应。获得了2个性状的最适遗传模型,株高的最适遗传模型为2对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,主基因遗传率为74.4%,多基因遗传率为22.1%;糖锤度的最适遗传模型为1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型,主基因遗传率为65.72%,多基因遗传率为20.43%。主基因个数和基因效应的预测与分子检测的主效QTL个数和基因效应基本相符。     

榨菜瘤状茎膨大性状遗传分析

利用茎膨大与不膨大的两个芥菜变种为亲本,构建P1、P2、F1和F2群体,采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法,对榨菜瘤状茎3个膨大性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明:茎重和横径性状遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,而纵径遗传符合加性显性多基因模型。茎重与横径主基因遗传率分别为70.23%和62.3%,三者多基因遗传率分别为6.18%、13.1%和69.79%。同时,三者遗传变异平均值分别占其表型变异的76.41%、75.30%和69.79%,表明榨菜瘤状茎的3个膨大性状主要受遗传因子控制。     

黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色的遗传研究

黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色是最重要的商品性状之一,在当前育种目标转向多样化和专用化的过程中引起了人们越来越多的关注。本研究以嫩果果皮颜色不同的3份黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)品系为亲本,分别配制2个杂交组合Q16(深绿色)×Q8(黄白色)及Q16×Q24(黄白色),构建6个世代遗传群体,通过目测与色差仪相结合的方法对6个世代各单株的黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色性状进行观察和分级处理,并应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因模型进行世代联合分析,研究了黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色的遗传规律。结果表明,Q16×Q8和Q16×Q24两个杂交组合中,嫩果果皮颜色性状的分离群体世代呈现单峰或双峰偏态分布,这表明该性状为数量性状且有主基因控制。遗传分析表明,两杂交组合中黄瓜嫩果果色遗传都符合2对主基因的加性-显性-上位性遗传模型(B-1模型);说明黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色性状由2对主基因控制,在两组合中,其主基因遗传力在F2群体中最高,分别为87.4%和93.1%,另外,两对主基因在两个组合中的加性效应近似相等,分别为1.368、-0.132和1.451、-0.049,两组合中两对主基因的显性效应分别为0.625、1.625和0.529、1.530,两对主基因中第一对主基因加性效应明显,而第二对主基因显性效应明显。两个组合主效基因表现的遗传力较高,表明在杂交育种中对黄瓜嫩果皮色可以进行早代选择。本研究结果为黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色性状的基因定位和新种质创制提供了理论依据。     

玉米与四倍体大刍草杂交结实性的遗传分析

研究发现不同玉米材料与四倍体大刍草杂交,其结实性存在很大的差异,在普通玉米基因组中可能存在影响远缘杂交亲和性的基因。为研究这一现象的遗传本质和规律,本研究采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法,对以玉米自交系975-12与R18为亲本组配的两套正反交6个世代群体与四倍体大刍草杂交的种子结实率数据进行了分析。结果表明:正交群体杂交结实性的遗传符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,反交群体杂交结实性的符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型。在正交组合中主基因遗传率在家系F2中最高,为88.9456%,多基因遗传率在家系B1中最高,为14.1564%;在反交组合中主基因遗传率在家系F2中最高,为87.2997%,多基因遗传率在家系B2中最高,为80.7618%。     

不结球白菜抽薹开花性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为了研究不结球白菜抽薹开花性状的遗传规律,并对其耐抽薹品种进行鉴定筛选,以不结球白菜易抽薹纯系M10-1和耐抽薹纯系M10-2杂交获得的6世代(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2)群体为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因多世代联合分析的方法对不结球白菜抽薹性状(现蕾期)和开花性状(开花期)进行遗传分析。结果表明,控制抽薹性状的为2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因,并存在明显的加性、显性和上位性效应。其中,2对主基因的加性效应值均为正,显性效应值hb大于ha,且以第2对主基因的正向显性效应为主;抽薹性状存在较大的主基因加性×加性和显性×显性互作效应,以呈负向的多基因的加性效应为主。B1、B2和F2的主基因遗传率分别为83.83%、87.82%和88.31%,多基因遗传率均为0,主基因+多基因遗传率平均为86.65%,环境变异占表型变异平均为13.35%,说明抽薹性状主要受主基因控制,在育种上可以应用抽薹性状(现蕾期)作为不结球白菜耐抽薹性的鉴定标准,并可在早期世代对其耐抽薹性进行选择,且要注意一定的环境因素。开花性状与抽薹性状遗传相似,均受到2对主基因控制,但主基因+多基因遗传率平均为9.57%,而环境变异平均为90.43%,对开花的影响显著,说明开花性状与环境的互作效应非常明显,不适宜作为耐抽薹性的鉴定指标。利用本研究获得的抽薹性状作为不结球白菜耐抽薹性的鉴定指标,并应用于育种实践,对选育不结球白菜耐抽薹新品种,提高产量具有重要意义。     

萝卜硝酸盐含量的遗传分析

以硝酸盐含量差异显著的品系L0908和L0915为材料,对P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,分析了硝酸盐含量的遗传规律。结果表明:硝酸盐含量最适遗传模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因(E-0)模型,两对主基因的加性效应值分别为-682.293和-27.938,两对显性效应分别为-424.058和-428.376,皆具有负向效应。B1、B2和F2群体的主基因遗传率分别为26%、37.5%和46.1%,多基因遗传率分别为3.2%、11.7%和0%,环境遗传率分别为60.8%、50.8%和53.9%。上述结果说明,萝卜硝酸盐含量的遗传受到2对主效基因控制,但受环境影响相对较大。     

抗黄矮病小麦种质的遗传分析

以抗黄矮病小麦种质为母本、丰产性品种为父本配制杂交组合,鉴定所有F1代及保留组合6个世代的抗病性,运用不完全双列杂交模式和加权最小二乘法分析抗病基因的遗传效应,根据Castle-Wright方法估计抗病种质的最小抗病基因数目。结果表明:抗黄矮病遗传不符合加性-显性模型,以加性效应为主,抗病基因间存在明显的互作效应,表现为加性×加性和加性×显性;黄矮病抗性遗传力较高,变幅为69.15%～97.75%;抗病种质"02R084"和"02R493"分别含有1对抗病基因,且在不同遗传背景中基因互作方式存在差异。     

标准切花菊分枝性状的杂种优势和混合遗传分析

为明确标准切花菊分枝性状的杂种优势及主基因效应,以标准切花菊QD3-71× 精之一世(组合Ⅰ)的97个杂交后代和秦淮春雪×神马(组合Ⅱ)的147个杂交后代作为遗传群体,对其总侧芽数、上部一级分枝数、一级分枝粗、一级分枝角度、一级分枝长度、总侧芽数/叶节数6个相关分枝性状进行杂种优势分析和主基因+多基因混合遗传分析。结果表明,两组合F₁群体各分枝性状呈连续分布,变异系数为10.23%~39.92%;两组合各分枝性状存在不同程度的中亲优势,超亲分离现象广泛存在,总侧芽数、上部一级分枝数在两组合中均存在偏母性遗传效应,一级分枝长度在组合Ⅰ中存在正向超亲优势。混合遗传分析表明,在组合Ⅰ中,总侧芽数/叶节数符合表现为由两对加性效应主基因控制的B-3模型,主基因遗传率为98.84%;在组合Ⅱ中,上部一级分枝数符合表现为由两对加-显-上效应主基因控制的B-1模型,一级分枝长度和总侧芽数/叶节数符合表现为由一对加-显效应主基因控制的A-1模型,主基因遗传率分别为93.04%、36.84%和52.11%;总侧芽数在两个组合中均符合表现为由一对加-显效应主基因控制的A-1模型,主基因遗传率分别为57.39%和46.73%;一级分枝粗、一级分枝角度在两个组合中均符合A-0模型,无主基因控制。本研究表明标准切花菊分枝性状的主基因效应在不同遗传背景中差异较大,这些主基因效应的发现为QTL定位研究提供了参考,对标准切花菊的株型育种具有重要价值。     

辣椒果实Vc含量的变化规律与遗传分析

为明确辣椒果实Vc含量的遗传规律,通过对不同辣椒和甜椒类型品种及其不同成熟期的果实Vc含量进行测定,并利用高Vc含量辣椒材料M5与低Vc含量甜椒材料Z243构建P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F26个联合世代群体,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因联合分离分析方法,进行辣椒红熟果实Vc含量遗传分析。结果显示,辣椒类型果实Vc含量显著高于甜椒类型,绝大多数类型的成熟果Vc含量明显高于嫩熟果,完熟果较成熟果Vc含量显著降低。辣椒红熟果实Vc含量由一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制(符合D-0遗传模型),d为18.4276,表明主基因加性效应明显,为正向效应,h为-13.3018,表明主基因显性呈负向部分显性,显性程度较高。F2的主基因遗传率和多基因遗传率分别为25.97%和17.13%,因此,遗传变异占表型变异的43.1%,环境变异占表型变异的56.9%,表明辣椒红熟果Vc含量受环境影响明显。本研究为以果实Vc含量为育种目标的辣椒品质育种提供了科学依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.