苏打碱化土壤碱化参数的干湿季节动态变化

选取吉林省西部典型苏打碱化土壤,分别于干季6月、湿季8月和干季10月进行取样分析,测定计算土壤剖面各碱化参数(pH、SAR、SSP、SDR、总碱度、RSC和ESP),分析在气候干湿季节变化过程中各碱化参数的动态变化特征。研究结果表明,随着气候"干季-湿季-干季"的变化过程中,苏打碱化土壤各碱化参数也呈现较规律变化,其总体特征是各碱化参数在由干季向湿季(6月—8月)表现为升高趋势;而在湿季向干季(8月—10月)则表现为降低趋势。从变化幅度看,以表层土壤(0～20cm)变化更为显著。干季强烈蒸发作用导致地表积盐、湿季地下水位埋藏浅以及苏打碱化土壤通透性能差是造成湿季各碱化参数增大的主要原因。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土碱化参数之间的关系

选择典型苏打碱化土壤,对土壤碱化度(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)、残余碳酸钠(RSC)、总碱度和pH等进行了测定计算,分析了各碱化参数之间的关系,得出了各参数之间的相关方程。结果表明,除pH外,苏打碱土各碱化参数之间均具有极显著的相关性,各参数之间关系密切。土壤pH与ESP和SAR之间的关系变异性较大,利用pH推算该区苏打碱土碱化状况将会产生很大的不确定性。     

烟气脱硫副产物改良碱性土壤过程中化学指标变化规律的研究

通过土柱淋洗试验的方法,研究了脱硫副产物在改良碱性土壤过程中对碱性土壤化学指标(代换性钠、ESP、SAR、pH值)的影响。本研究采用两种碱性土壤(强度碱化土和碱土),两种土壤各分两个脱硫副产物施用水平(强度碱化土为3 g kg-1和3 6 g kg-1;碱土为7 g kg-1和8 4 g kg-1)。结果表明,经过施加烟气脱硫副产物和淋洗各种试验处理的代换性钠、ESP、SAR和pH值都有了明显的降低,碱性土壤得到了改良;同时,高烟气脱硫副产物施加水平的碱性土壤改良效果要优于低施加水平的碱性土壤;强度碱化土和碱土分别施加3 6 g kg-1、8 4 g kg-1烟气脱硫副产物后,在强度碱化土表层(0~40 cm)和碱土表层(0~20 cm)ESP<15、SAR<13和pH<8 5,已经降至中度碱化土水平,改良效果显著。     

准噶尔盆地温带荒漠土壤碱化分级的初步研究

准噶尔盆地温带荒漠碱化土壤是一种典型的脱盐碱化土壤,它受交换性钠(镁)和能产生水解作用的强碱弱酸盐水解引起的碱度的影响。在多年野外调查和碱化土壤特性研究的基础上,利用综合数值分析法对这些土壤进行了研究。提出了准噶尔盆地温带荒漠土壤碱化分级的具体指标和数据,并确定了水解性碱度为分级的第一重要指标。在推动和简化荒漠土壤分级上起了积极的作用。     

黄淮海平原土壤碱化度计算方法的探讨

用土壤碱化度(ESP)的计算值代替测定值已为国际上普遍采用。本文以黄淮海平原为例,运用数理统计方法,建立了一种根据土壤的钠吸附比、残余碱度和pH值计算土壤碱化度的方法,可分别运用水土比为1:1、5:1的样品分析数据,计算其土壤的ESP值。     

脱硫石膏配施聚马来酸酐对碱化土壤的改良效果研究

针对我国吉林地区碱化土壤的特点,通过田间小区试验,研究了水稻种植条件下不同用量脱硫石膏对碱化土壤的改良效果,同时进行了脱硫石膏配施聚马来酸酐(HPMA)增强改良效果的研究。结果表明,脱硫石膏可以显著降低碱化土壤pH值、碱化度,其中耕层土壤pH值最大降幅为1.59,碱化度(ESP)降幅在30%以上。施用脱硫石膏主要通过影响土壤水溶性Na~+、Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量来调节土壤含盐量;适量施用脱硫石膏可以显著降低土壤含盐量,最大降幅为1.81 g·kg~(-1),过量脱硫石膏带入土壤的盐分不能及时淋洗反而会导致土壤含盐量增加。脱硫石膏配施聚马来酸酐对降低土壤pH值、碱化度无显著影响,但在一定程度可以降低土壤含盐量。从改碱与降低含盐量两方面综合考虑,建议东北碱化土壤改良过程中添加脱硫石膏的质量配比以2%为基础进行调整。     

脱硫副产物对改良碱化土壤的理化性质与作物生长的影响

由于脱硫副产物的主要成分为CaSO4,因此可以用来改良碱化土壤。通过盆栽试验研究了脱硫副产物对碱化土壤的改良效果,试验设8个处理,4个脱硫副产物水平(0,7 5,15,22 5t/hm2)和2个淋洗水平(750,1200m3/hm2)。研究表明:施加脱硫副产物增加了葵花的出苗率,降低了碱化土壤的碱化度(ESP)、pH、全盐量(TDS)和Na K /Ca2 Mg2 ,但过量施加脱硫副产物也会抑制作物的出苗和生长;淋洗可以提高脱硫副产物的改良效率。根据试验结果推测当ESP=63 5,pH=9 15时,获得最佳产量的脱硫副产物用量13 05t/hm2。脱硫副产物用量7 5t/hm2和淋洗水量1200m3/hm2的处理组合对碱化土壤改良效果最佳,葵花出苗率和单株产量分别达到了92 5%和36 40g。     

西北地区种植甘草对土壤次生盐渍化的影响

[目的]研究西北地区植被特征指标与土壤表层盐含量、碱性间的相互关系,为该区土壤次生盐渍化防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]以甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)植被和其下部土壤为研究对象,通过测定甘草植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量和其下部土壤表层(0—5cm)的含水率、pH值、电导率、盐含量等指标,并利用SPSS统计软件进行分析。[结果]甘草植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量和其下部土壤的含水率均随甘草生长年限的增加呈显著升高的趋势(p0.05),而土壤的pH值、电导率、盐含量正好相反,均表现出显著降低的趋势(p0.05);相关分析结果显示,耕地表层土壤的pH值、盐含量与甘草植被特征指标间呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数的大小顺序均为:植被盖度植株高度地上生物量;回归分析显示,土壤pH值和盐含量与甘草植被的这3个性状指标间均表现为负线性函数关系,甘草植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量每提高1个单位,可使土壤表层的pH值分别下降0.012,0.011和0.002,盐含量分别降低0.108,0.107,0.015g/kg。[结论]西北干旱地区耕地中种植甘草对其下部土壤表层的盐含量和碱性(pH值)影响显著,其中植被的盖度对表层土壤的盐碱影响最大;从耕地表层抑盐角度考虑,应优先选择种植枝叶稠密、植株高大的作物。     

黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响

为研究海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响，该文在黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土上采用75%的海水于田间小区进行3年灌溉试验，分析了海水灌溉前后土壤含盐量、土壤盐碱化的各项指标、土壤中各种离子和饱和导水率的变化，结果表明：采用75%的海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量明显升高，在土层80 cm以下有盐分积累的现象；而饱和导水率减小；土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后变化不大；残余碳酸钠(RSC)的变化也较小；土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)和碱化度(ESP)在3年海水灌溉后上升较大，已经超过了碱化土壤的临界值，并均与土壤中的盐分含量呈对数曲线变化。在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉可能会对土壤资源安全产生影响，海水灌溉必须防治次生盐渍化和土壤碱化的发生。     

排盐暗管间距对河套灌区重度盐碱土盐碱特征与肥力的影响

为合理设计暗管排盐参数,提高河套灌区盐碱土的改良效果,通过布设田间试验,在轮灌方式下,对比分析了10、20、30m暗管间距条件下土壤盐离子、碱化程度和肥力指标特征,研究了暗管间距对河套灌区重度盐碱土脱盐治碱效果的影响。结果表明:(1)10、20、30 m间距处理0～10 cm土层淋洗前土壤含盐量分别为17.22、17.74和17.17 g/kg,秋浇前分别为10.78、11.56、11.95 g/kg,不同暗管间距处理的土壤脱盐率表现为:10 m20 m30 m。(2)灌水后各处理土壤碱化指标均表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,10、20、30 m间距处理0～10 cm土层土壤p H在秋浇前较第3次淋洗后分别降低了4.47%、3.72%和2.96%,说明小间距的暗管布设更具有缓解土壤碱化程度的潜力。(3)暗管排水过程中会使土壤养分大量流失,各间距处理的流失量依次为10 m20 m 30 m。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI