高寒地区联合固氮菌肥对青稞的促生效应研究

在高寒地区,通过裂区试验研究联合固氮菌菌肥对青稞生长的影响。结果表明,本试验研制的联合固氮菌肥符合《农用微生物菌剂》质量标准(GB 20287-2006)。联合固氮菌肥对青稞主根长度(乳熟期)、地下生物量(完熟期)、粗蛋白含量(抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期)、子粒产量均有显著的促进作用。其中,固氮菌肥+半量氮肥(1/2CN)处理,对于株高(苗期)、地上生物量(灌浆期、乳熟期和完熟期)、主根长度(乳熟期)、根体积(灌浆期)、地下生物量(乳熟期和完熟期)、粗蛋白含量(整个生育期)、子粒产量等与对照相比差异显著(P0.05);而与全量氮肥(CN)处理相比,其株高(抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期)、叶绿素含量(整个生育期)、地上生物量(抽穗期和乳熟期)、主根长度(灌浆期和完熟期)、根体积(抽穗期、灌浆期和完熟期)、地下生物量(整个生育期)、粗蛋白含量(完熟期)虽低于CN处理,但两者间并无显著差异。说明在一定生育期内,半量氮肥+固氮菌肥(1/2CN)处理表现出了与全量氮肥相近的促生效果,即在该地区以"联合固氮菌肥+半量氮肥"的施用方式可以节省一半氮肥(56.25 kg/hm2)。     

基于多生育期光谱变量的水稻直链淀粉含量监测

直链淀粉含量是评价稻米品质的重要指标之一,其累积生长过程是多生育期、多因素综合作用的结果。为了探究多生育期信息引入对水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量监测模型的影响,实现水稻品质信息的大规模准确监测。该研究选取水稻孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期这4个有关水稻籽粒形成发育的生育期的冠层光谱,分析原光谱、植被指数、高光谱特征参数,及其变换形式与水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量的相关性,筛选得到相关性较好的光谱变量,并利用逐步回归的方法进行建模,建立基于多生育期光谱变量的直链淀粉含量预测模型。结果表明:一阶导数、差值植被指数(Difference Vegetation Index,DVI)、比值植被指数(Ratio Vegetation Index, RVI)及成熟期特征参数表现出较高敏感性,最适用于直链淀粉含量预测的生育期为成熟期,而多生育期信息的综合利用能显著提高模型预测精度,最佳多生育期预测模型为孕穗-抽穗-成熟期组合模型,建模决定系数(Coefficient of Determination, R^2)为0.708,均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)为0.711%,平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percent Error, MAPE)为3.22%,验证R2为0.631,RMSE为0.768%,MAPE为3.99%,证明该模型能较为精确地预测籽粒直链淀粉含量,为稻米品质指标大尺度统计监测提供一定的技术支撑和应用基础。     

不同生育期增温对水稻产量及氮、磷含量的影响

人类活动导致全球温度上升,明确增温对水稻产量和氮、磷含量的影响,可为预测和评估未来气候条件下水稻产量及品质提供依据。选用泰瑞丰5号、镇稻16号两个品种水稻进行盆栽试验,分别在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期将水稻置于较对照高5℃的生长箱中处理7 d,分析不同生育期增温对水稻产量及氮磷含量、氮磷收获指数的影响。结果表明,不同生育期增温显著影响水稻的产量构成因素,其中,孕穗期和抽穗期增温对水稻产量影响最大;孕穗期增温下泰瑞丰5号和镇稻16号的穗粒数、结实率和籽粒重最低。总体而言,与对照相比,不同生育期增温显著增加了泰瑞丰5号和镇稻16号茎、叶、壳、籽粒的氮含量(p0.05)。而不同生育期增温对水稻磷含量的影响取决于增温时期及水稻品种。与对照相比,分蘖期、抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期增温使泰瑞丰5号的氮收获指数显著降低,而抽穗期增温使镇稻16号的氮收获指数显著降低。与对照相比,抽穗期和灌浆期增温显著降低了泰瑞丰5号的磷收获指数,分蘖期和抽穗期增温显著降低了镇稻16号的磷收获指数。本研究结果表明,孕穗期和抽穗期是增温影响水稻产量和氮磷吸收的关键时期。     

基于作物及遥感同化模型的小麦产量估测

为提高陕西省关中平原冬小麦的估产精度,该文通过粒子滤波算法同化Landsat遥感数据反演的状态量叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、土壤含水量(0~20 cm)、地上干生物量数据和CERES-Wheat模型模拟的状态量数据,分析小麦不同生育期的LAI、土壤含水量及生物量同化值和实测单产的线性相关性,以构建同化估产模型。结果表明,在返青期土壤含水量同化值和实测单产的相关性高于LAI、生物量同化值和实测单产的相关性,选择土壤含水量作为最优变量;在拔节期和抽穗-灌浆期同时选择LAI、土壤含水量及生物量作为最优变量;在乳熟期选择生物量作为最优变量。在小麦各生育时期同化最优变量的估产精度(R2=0.85)高于同时同化LAI、土壤含水量及生物量的估产精度,同时同化LAI、土壤含水量及生物量的估产精度高于同时同化LAI和土壤含水量(或LAI和地上干生物量、或土壤含水量和地上干生物量)的估产精度,表明在作物不同生育时期同化与产量相关性较大的变量对提高估产精度有重要作用。     

不同生育期水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型

2011年和2012年通过大田试验,利用便携式野外光谱仪实测水稻冠层不同生育时期的高光谱数据,同时使用SUNSCAN冠层分析系统采集水稻冠层叶面积指数（LAI）;采用光谱微分技术和统计分析技术,分别分析高光谱反射率及其植被指数与LAI之间的关系,建立LAI估算模型并进行模拟结果对比。结果表明：水稻抽穗-成熟期,利用光谱值的对数形式对LAI值的模拟效果较好,分蘖-抽穗期利用光谱反射率模拟LAI变化过程的效果不理想。 在利用各种植被指数估算LAI方法中,水稻分蘖-抽穗期以修改型土壤调整植被指数MSAVI[758,805]对LAI的估算效果最好,模拟值与实测值的相关系数通过了0.01水平的显著性检验（R=0.7754）,估算精度较高。在抽穗-成熟期,也以修改型土壤调整植被指数MSAVI[758,817]对LAI的模拟效果最好,模拟值与实测值的相关系数通过了0.01水平的显著性检验（R=0.6488）,估算精度较高。说明修改型土壤调整植被指数（MSAVI）能更好地模拟水稻不同生育期的叶面积指数,按照分蘖-抽穗期、抽穗-成熟期两个生育阶段分别建立水稻冠层LAI的高光谱估算模型能够提高LAI估算的准确度,研究结果也证实了分生育阶段建模的必要性。     

节水灌溉和遮光强度对水稻生长发育的耦合影响

采用两因素随机区组试验设计,通过大田模拟试验研究节水灌溉和遮光强度耦合对水稻生长及物候期的影响。灌溉方式设常规灌溉（F,水深5cm）和节水灌溉（W,无水层）2个水平;遮光强度设3个水平,即对照（CK,无遮光,自然光源）、轻度遮光（S1,单层遮光,光合有效辐射减弱60%）和重度遮光（S2,双层遮光,光合有效辐射减弱90%）。在水稻主要生育期即分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,观测株高、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、稻穗含水率和冠层高光谱。用冠层高光谱数据提取增强型植被指数（EVI）时间序列,经Spline法插值及小波滤波去噪后预测水稻抽穗盛期的日期。结果表明：随着遮光强度的加重,水稻叶面积指数和叶绿素含量显著下降,物候期明显延迟。节水灌溉对遮光处理下水稻株高和叶绿素含量有抑制作用,对叶面积指数有促进作用,节水灌溉可使遮光处理下水稻物候期提前,使生育期缩短。在一定遮光强度下,水稻冠层光谱反射率在拔节期、抽穗期表现为节水灌溉（W）＞常规灌溉（F）,而灌浆期、成熟期表现为常规灌溉（F）＞节水灌溉（W）。用去噪后的EVI时间序列预测水稻抽穗盛期,准确率为97%。     

~(13)C脉冲标记定量研究施氮量对光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中分布的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置两种施氮水平(50 mg kg-1和100 mg kg-1)处理(分别记为N50和N100),采用四次13C脉冲标记对不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期)水稻光合产物碳在水稻-根际土壤系统中的分配特征进行定量研究。结果表明,不同施氮水平下,N100处理的水稻地上部生物量显著高于N50处理(p0.05);生长后期N50处理促进根的生长,根冠比增加。N100处理四次脉冲标记总累积13C量达265.5 mg,较N50处理高出39%,分配到土壤中的13C量高出46%,说明适当增施氮肥,不仅可以提高作物产量,还能增加作物输入土壤的有机碳量。水稻早期光合碳主要运往地下部(21.7%~52.7%),灌浆期地下部分配比例大大降低(7.50%~8.90%)。两种施氮水平下,四次脉冲标记累积吸收的光合13C在植株和土壤中的分配比例大致相同,累积吸收的光合碳约72%在植株地上部,28%分配到地下部(根系7.21%~7.71%和根际土壤20.3%~21.2%)。     

基于偏角光谱检索算法的油菜和水稻LAI反演研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是评价植被长势及产量预测的重要指标,对其进行精准快速估测有助于植被的生长状态诊断和管理。本研究以不同施氮水平、不同栽种方式下的油菜和不同品种水稻为试验对象,基于冠层高光谱曲线形态,引入偏角光谱检索算法(DABSR)提取光谱偏角,同时采用植被指数法和主成分分析法进行对比分析,探索适用于水稻、油菜LAI估算的统一模型构建方法。研究结果表明,估算油菜LAI时,DABSR反演精度较高,预测R~2、RMSEP分别为0.74、0.47,偏移量MNB为0.16;主成分分析法反演精度次之,预测R~2、RMSEP、MNB分别为0.73、0.48、-0.04;而植被指数法受不同生育期油菜株型、覆盖度影响反演精度普遍较低,精度较高模型的预测R~2、RMSEP、MNB分别为0.61、0.57、0.17。在估算水稻LAI时,DABSR反演精度最优,预测R~2、RMSEP、MNB可达0.70、0.80、0.05。综合考虑模型的验证精度、特征选择的合理性以及模型计算效率,DABSR偏角光谱检索法估算油菜和水稻LAI具有较高精度,且受施肥水平、栽种方式、生长期等因素影响较小,为构建精确的植被LAI统一估算模型提供了新思路。     

农作物叶面积指数测量方法

农作物叶面积指数(LAI)是反映作物长势的一个重要参数,准确快速地估算农作物LAI对及时掌握农作物生长状态并估算产量有重要意义。本次研究以江苏省东台市水稻产区为研究区,应用多种LAI测量仪获得水稻各个生长期的LAI数据,通过平滑处理为衡量指标,得出水稻生长前期最佳LAI测量仪器是LAI-2200(5R),中后期最佳仪器是TRAC,同时分析了各仪器测量精度差异的原因。本研究可促进水稻叶面积指数的准确快速测量,也可为同类作物叶面积指数测量提供参考。     

土壤水分与氮肥对玉米根系生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下N肥对根系生长(根长、根重和根冠比)的影响.结果表明,玉米拔节期和开花期无论水分条件如何,施N肥可增加其总根长、表层根长和根重并使根冠比下降;灌浆期施N肥可增加总根长和表层根长,但正常水分条件下N肥使根重和根冠比下降,而干旱条件下N肥对根重和根冠比则无影响.不同处理根冠比大小与N吸收和分配有很大关系.     

东北玉米根系生物量模型的构建

开展根系生物量的观测和研究,建立通用性的根系生物量模型对于开展生态系统生物量的监测和评估具有重要意义。为得到根系生物量的实时信息,2016年9月末利用挖土法和根系扫描系统,获取玉米根系的生物量及生态指标,分析了玉米根系生物量的垂直分布特征并建立了根系生物量与根系生态指标之间的模拟方程。结果表明：玉米根系生物量主要集中于0~30 cm,占玉米根系垂直分布量的94.44%。利用普通最小二乘法建立根系生物量模型均存在异方差问题,增加根长作为自变量建立的根系生物量模型显著提高了模拟精度,决定系数（R²）达0.91以上。采用对数转换消除方程的异方差及比较不同的模拟方程后发现,玉米根系生物量与根径和根长的组合变量（D²H）建立的指数函数是模拟玉米根系生物量的最优方程,决定系数（R²）最高,为0.90,平均绝对误差（MAE）、估计值的标准误差（SEE）、平均预估误差（MPE）均最小,满足了模拟方程的精度要求。对该方程进一步验证发现,模拟值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.92,说明此模型能较好地模拟根系生物量。利用根系生物量模型结合微根管法,可解决根系生物量实时观测难的问题。     

玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究

玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布是准确量化植被与气候相互作用不可缺少的参数,也是玉米生产科学管理和节水农业发展的重要科学依据.在中国气象科学研究院固城生态环境与农业气象实验站内的大型根系观测系统中,采用地下室玻璃窗观测法和方形整段标本法,观测了"屯玉46号"玉米的根深、根宽、根长和根重,分析了玉米根长、根长密度、根重密度和根系粗度等在土壤剖面中的分布状况.结果表明,玉米根长、根干重均随土壤深度的增加基本呈递减类型.吐丝期0～40 cm土层根长占整层根长51.5%,0～80 cm土层占76.2%,0～120 cm土层占90.5%.乳熟后期其分布趋势与吐丝期相似.玉米根系粗度随着土壤深度增加,在上层呈减少分布型,在下层呈增加分布型.乳熟后期,玉米最大根深可达230 cm,根长总量达8.288 km·m-2,显示出该玉米品种有较发达的根系.通过玻璃窗观测的根深大于远离玻璃窗处的根深.     

A method of processing soil core samples for root studies by subsampling

Root studies are generally believed to be very important in ecological research. Soil coring is a valuable approach to root research, but it requires a very large amount of processing time. We present here a method for processing soil cores consisting of the combination and homogenization of several soil cores from a plot, with subsequent subsampling for root extraction. The required subsample size was determined for a topsoil and a subsoil sample from a groundnut field and was found to be 5–10% of the total soil sample. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.     

局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响

采用分根法进行玉米水培试验, 研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平: CK, 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理, 测定局部供应后 0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明, 各胁迫程度均表现为, 与对照相比, 复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长, 且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区, 且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后, 0.2 MPa水平下, 复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平, 其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长, 但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。     

Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina, Cotoneaster dammeri and Juniperus horizontalis: Soil reinforcement estimation by laboratory tests

The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the vegetation is due to mechanical (reinforcing soil shear resistance) and hydrologic controls on stream banks and superficial landslides. This study focused on the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of three shrub species: Rosa canina (L.), Cotoneaster dammeri (C.K. Schneid) and Juniperus horizontalis (Moench). The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding on root biomechanical properties of shrubs species and their contribution to soil reinforcement. The considered shrubs grew up in wood containers, exposed to natural conditions in a village near Asti (Northern Italy) for 2 years. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure the ultimate root tensile strength and to estimate the root density distribution with depth (root area ratio), in order to quantify the soil mechanical reinforcement. Root tensile strength measurements were carried out on single root specimens and root area ratio was estimated analyzing the whole root system. The improvement of soil mechanical properties obtained by the presence of shrubs was estimated using two different models. The first model, based on a simple force equilibrium model, considers that the tensile strength of all roots crossing the shear plane is fully mobilized. This classical approach is implemented by the Fiber Bundle Model concept, to account for non-simultaneous root breaking. C. dammeri roots presented the highest tensile strength and soil reinforcement values, while R. canina and J. horizontalis were characterized by lower values. Similarly at each considered depth C. dammeri showed the highest soil reinforcement effect.     

The effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plant root traits: A meta-analysis

Global atmospheric nitrogen deposition has increased steadily since the 20th century, and has complex effects on terrestrial ecosystems. This work synthesized results from 54 papers and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the general response of 15 variables related to plant root traits to simulated nitrogen deposition. Simulated nitrogen deposition resulted in significantly decreasing fine root biomass (<2 mm diameter; −12.8%), while significantly increasing coarse root (≥2 mm diameter; +56.5%) and total root (+20.2%) biomass, but had no remarkable effect on root morphology. This suggests that simulated nitrogen deposition could stimulate carbon accumulation in root biomass. The root: shoot ratio decreased (−10.7%) suggests that aboveground biomass was more sensitive to simulated nitrogen deposition than root biomass. In addition, simulated nitrogen deposition increased the fine root nitrogen content (+17.6%), but did not affect carbon content, and thus decreased the fine root C:N ratio (−13.5%). These changes delayed the decomposition of roots, combined with increasing of the fine root turnover rate (+21.4%), which suggests that simulated nitrogen deposition could increase carbon and nutrient retention in the soil. Simulated nitrogen deposition also strongly affected the functional traits of roots, which increased root respiration (+20.7%), but decreased fungal colonization (−17.0%). The effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on the plant root systems were dependent on ecosystem and climate zone types, because soil nutrient conditions and other biotic and abiotic factors vary widely. Long-term simulated experiments, in which the experimental N-addition levels were less than twofold of the average of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, would better reflect the response of ecosystems under atmospheric nitrogen deposition. These results provide a synthetic understanding of the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plant root systems, as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plants and the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.     

Non-destructive visualization and quantification of roots using computed tomography

A protocol is described for non-destructive visualization and quantification of roots for relatively large core using computed tomography (CT) and computer codes developed to isolate and analyze the CT matrices. The scanner settings were optimized using a phantom core filled with different soil and materials (including root segments) of known geometry and orientation. CT parameters were optimized (130 kV peak voltage and 480 mAs), using a core 0.23×0.14 m diam. filled with a single grain sand scanned at a voxel resolution of 275×275×1000 μm. Quantitative attributes of the roots of chickpea 21 days after germination such as the number of root laterals, their volume, length, wall area, tortuosity and orientation are presented and compared with results obtained by destructive sampling. Results suggest the CT approach systematically underestimated root length compared to destructive sampling (difference reaching up to 10%). The average root segment length estimated by the non-destructive algorithm was 28.1 mm compared to 36 mm by destructive analysis. However, the non-destructive approach revealed details that are not possible to obtain with invasive techniques. For instance, the root laterals had an average tortuosity of 2.5 indicating that their length was 2.5 greater than the distance between their extremities.     

Impact of tillage on maize rooting in a Cambisol and Luvisol in Switzerland

Soil conditions under no-tillage (NT) are often unfavorable for the growth of maize roots in comparison to conventional tillage (CT). In 1997 and 1999, the impacts of tillage on the morphology and spatial distribution of maize (Zea mays L.) roots at anthesis were investigated in a 5-year field trial at two sites (loamy silt and sandy loam soils) in the Swiss midlands. Four soil cores, perpendicular to the maize row, were taken to a depth of 100 cm in each plot; the root length density (RLD), the mean root diameter (MD), and the relative length per diameter-class distribution (LDD) of the roots were determined.

Roots were longer and thinner in 1999 than in 1997. The RLD was significantly higher and the MD was smaller on the loamy silt than on the sandy loam. The RLD and MD decreased with the distance from the plant row. Most of the maize roots, about 80% of the total root length, were in the layer from 0 to 40 cm, with maximum values from 5 to 10 cm; the thickest roots were in the soil layer from 10 to 50 cm. Significant differences in RLD with increasing distance from the row of plants were found in the top 30 cm.

Averaged over the whole soil profile, RLD was higher and MD was smaller under CT than under NT. The impact of tillage on RLD and MD interacted with spatial factors and years. Within the soil profile, RLD was significantly higher under NT than under CT at a depth of 5 cm, whereas it was higher under CT than under NT below 10 cm. Below 50 cm, there was no difference in RLD between the tillage systems. In a horizontal direction, MD was consistently higher in the row and lower in the mid-row under NT than under CT.

Our results show that differences in maize root growth between tillage systems, which were reported in previous studies, persist until anthesis. The accumulation of maize roots near the soil surface in NT suggests that subsurface-banding of starter fertilizer is a more efficient way of applying fertilizer (particularly immobile nutrients such as phosphorus) compared with broadcasting in order to supply sufficient nutrients for NT maize.     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发育相对应。比较轮作藜麦及轮作玉米的整体表现,以轮作玉米调控马铃薯连作障碍的效果较好。     

不同养分与水分管理对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响

室内盆栽试验研究不同养分与水分管理模式对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响结果表明 ,干湿交替模式和控制水分灌溉模式采用厩肥 化肥配施处理水稻植株根系平均活跃吸收面积分别比单施化肥处理高 19.3%和 2 8 2 % ;平均根系活力分别高 2 3.7%和 37.9%。而连续淹水模式则削弱有机与无机肥配施对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的改善效果。厩肥 化肥配施处理可显著提高水稻中后期植株根表磷酸酶活性 ,尤以控制水分灌溉模式采用有机与无机肥配施比单施化肥处理高 4 4 .7%。