气液两相离心泵受力特性研究

离心泵在气液两相流工况运行时,叶轮内部流动极不稳定,为了研究叶轮在该工况下的受力情况,该文采用计算流体动力学的方法对某一气液两相离心泵进行了研究。基于欧拉-欧拉非均相流模型及SST湍流模型求解气液两相流离心泵的三维湍流流场,并将数值模拟结果与试验数据对比,两者吻合较好。通过对不同含气率工况下的离心泵瞬态特性进行分析发现,叶轮所受轴向力的大小随着时间的变化而波动,进口含气率达到3%时,轴向力脉动出现明显的峰值,这些峰值所对应的频率均为叶轮转频,随着进口含气率的增加,出现了2个及以上的峰值,进口含气率为7%工况的轴向力脉动峰值是3%工况的3倍,是5%工况的2倍;叶轮所受径向力大小及径向力脉动幅值均随进口含气率的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,各工况下径向力脉动峰值所对应的频率均为叶片转频的倍数;通过分析进口含气率分别为1%、3%及7%工况下叶轮中间截面的含气率分布、涡量分布以及静压分布可得,叶轮内含气率较高区域的涡量也较大,而该区域的压力分布也不均匀,由此可见,叶轮内气液分布不均导致了叶轮内的压力分布不均,从而使叶轮受力不均。     

气液两相离心泵受力特性分析

离心泵在气液两相流工况运行时,叶轮内部流动极不稳定,为了研究叶轮在该工况下的受力情况,该文采用计算流体动力学的方法对某一气液两相离心泵进行了研究。基于欧拉-欧拉非均相流模型及SST湍流模型求解气液两相流离心泵的三维湍流流场,并将数值模拟结果与试验数据对比,两者吻合较好。通过对不同含气率工况下的离心泵瞬态特性进行分析发现,叶轮所受轴向力的大小随着时间的变化而波动,进口含气率达到3%时,轴向力脉动出现明显的峰值,这些峰值所对应的频率均为叶轮转频,随着进口含气率的增加,出现了2个及以上的峰值,进口含气率为7%工况的轴向力脉动峰值是3%工况的3倍,是5%工况的2倍;叶轮所受径向力大小及径向力脉动幅值均随进口含气率的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,各工况下径向力脉动峰值所对应的频率均为叶片转频的倍数;通过分析进口含气率分别为1%、3%及7%工况下叶轮中间截面的含气率分布、涡量分布以及静压分布可得,叶轮内含气率较高区域的涡量也较大,而该区域的压力分布也不均匀,由此可见,叶轮内气液分布不均导致了叶轮内的压力分布不均,从而使叶轮受力不均。     

考虑轴向间隙影响的挖泥泵轴向力数值分析

转子所受的轴向力是关系到离心泵运行稳定性的重要问题,轴向力的大小和方向与离心泵的水力设计、结构设计中的许多参数都有相关性,其中叶轮盖板与蜗壳泵盖之间的轴向间隙是关键影响因素之一。为了量化地探究不同流量下轴向力特性与轴向间隙尺寸之间的关系,该文基于雷诺时均方程(Reynaolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,RANS),采用剪切应力传输(Shear Stress Transport)模型,即SST k-ω湍流模型,对一个前盖板含有后弯式副叶片的离心式挖泥泵进行了全流道数值模拟。考虑侧腔流域的多相位定常流动数值模拟得到了与试验测量结果非常吻合的外特性计算结果,各性能参数的计算误差均在5%以内。对该泵在3种轴向间隙下的外特性及轴向力变化规律进行了计算分析,结果表明:随前间隙的增大,泵的效率明显下降,扬程有不同程度的降低,轴功率变化不大;前、后盖板外表面所受轴向力随轴向间隙和流量的改变均有不同程度的变化,而叶轮内流道所受轴向力则基本不变,可视为定值;后盖板所受轴向力的绝对值最大,对总轴向力的方向及变化规律起着决定性作用,叶轮内流道所受轴向力的绝对值最小。随着前间隙的增大,前后盖板上的压力分布越来越均匀,而前后盖板上的速度沿径向均匀分布,基本不受轴向间隙变化影响。因此,在离心泵的水力设计中应综合考虑外特性、轴向力及加工成本,尽量减小前轴向间隙尺寸。本研究可为离心泵的优化设计提供参考。     

三种空化模型在离心泵空化流计算中的应用评价

为寻求一种更好的数值计算方法来模拟离心泵空化流,该文比较了Zwart-Gerber-Belamri模型、Kunz模型和Schnerr-Sauer模型在离心泵空化流模拟中的适用性。在3个不同的流量系数(φ=0.082、0.102、0.122)下,将每个模型的数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比,发现设计流量系数和小流量系数下Kunz模型的模拟结果与试验值最为吻合,大流量系数下Zwart-Gerber-Belamri模型的模拟结果更接近试验值。分析了φ=0.102时Kunz模型得到的空化流场,发现随着空化数的减小,空泡首先在叶片吸力面进口边附近产生,然后沿叶片吸力面向出口方向和叶片压力面扩展;叶轮流道总压系数的下降主要发生在上游断面,空化的发展对下游断面的影响很小;空化对叶片表面载荷分布影响较大。     

半开式离心泵变工况叶顶间隙的流动特性

为研究不同工况下,叶顶间隙对半开式叶轮离心泵内部流场及外特性的影响,该文对某半开式叶轮离心泵内部三维湍流流场进行数值模拟。揭示了离心泵内不同工况下叶轮流道和叶顶间隙层内的流动规律,对比分析了4种不同流量工况下叶顶间隙泄漏涡的流动特性、叶顶间隙层总压与相对速度分布,以及流量的变化对离心泵外特性的影响。结果表明:在小流量(设计流量为1.5 m3/h)时,间隙层内充满了泄漏涡,随着流量的增加涡核逐渐减少;大流量时涡核几乎消失,但此时流体速度激增,流动冲击损失变大在叶轮出口与间隙层附近存在着大面积回流,小流量时回流几乎占据了整个出口。通过模型泵外特性试验,验证了数值计算的准确性。该文为离心泵叶顶间隙设计及水力优化提供了参考。     

叶轮进口条件对串并联离心泵无过载特性的影响

为了阐明叶轮进口条件对串并联离心泵无过载性能的影响,该文从速度三角形理论出发,引入进口速度加权平均角度(θ),推导了单级模型泵无压直管叶轮进口条件的最大轴功率,以及相对应的流量的计算公式。在此基础上,研究了串并联离心泵分别应用无压半螺旋和有压半螺旋2种不同叶轮进口条件对无过载性能的影响。结合(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术,对各模型泵外特性曲线进行了数值模拟,并搭建试验台分别对单级模型泵和串并联离心泵进行试验。分析表明:计算结果与试验结果能够较好地吻合,在设计工况下,扬程误差和功率误差均在5%以内,从而验证了数值模拟结果的正确性。结果证明:不同叶轮进口条件下,得到的轴向速度分布均匀度变化不大,均匀度较好;而流动偏移角(γ)值有较大的差异,γ值越大越有利于无过载性能的实现。该研究结果为串并联离心泵的无过载研究和开发提供了一定的依据。     

潜水泵缩比模型的相似性验证与内部流场分析

相似换算设计法是离心泵设计中最常用的方法之一。为了验证缩比模型的相似性,该文选取一典型井用潜水泵作为模型泵,基于缩比模型换算法获得设计泵,借助数值模拟与性能试验的方法,研究设计泵与模型泵的相似性,并分析两者内部流场的差异与规律。采用Ansys CFX软件分别对设计泵和模型泵进行数值模拟,以两级泵模型建立计算域,划分结构化网格,基于标准k-?湍流模型和标准壁面函数进行多工况数值模拟,分别对设计泵和模型泵进行了性能预测,并对预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:较于模型泵,设计泵的最大功率点向大流量工况偏移,且最大功率与额定功率的比值有所上升,但其仍具有较好的无过载特性。模型泵数值预测与试验结果的对比表明,在额定流量下,数值模拟预测的扬程低于试验结果 0.79%,功率低于试验值5.2%,效率高于试验值2.78%,且两者随流量变化的趋势基本一致,说明该文的数值计算结果具有一定的准确性。缩比模型在0.4~1.6倍额定流量工况范围内,扬程、效率和功率随流量变化趋势基本一致,设计泵与模型泵满足相似换算准则,模型等比例缩放法能够满足深井离心泵的水力设计要求。     

斜流泵叶轮水力径向力的数值模拟与试验验证

该文采用数值分析法研究了斜流泵叶轮的水力径向力变化规律,通过数值模拟准确地预测了斜流泵的水力性能,扬程预测误差在4.4%以内。通过数值分析获得了斜流泵叶轮的瞬态水力径向力数据,均匀进口条件下,叶轮的瞬态水力径向力均值几乎为零。对瞬态水力径向力进行傅里叶分析,获得其在频域内的分布,结果显示,当工况从0.6倍设计流量点变至0.4倍设计流量点时,1倍和4倍轴频下的径向力突然增大,叶轮的水力不平衡和动静干涉中的叶片通过激励增强了上述频率下的水力径向力数值。流场分析显示,在小流量工况时,叶轮与导叶体之间的回流涡旋完全占据了泵内流道空间。进一步的压力脉动分析证实,在小流量工况下,动静干涉中的叶片通过激励显著增大了叶轮与导叶之间测试点的压力脉动幅值。     

斜流泵叶轮水力径向力的数值模拟与试验验证（英文）

该文采用数值分析法研究了斜流泵叶轮的水力径向力变化规律,通过数值模拟准确地预测了斜流泵的水力性能,扬程预测误差在4.4%以内。通过数值分析获得了斜流泵叶轮的瞬态水力径向力数据,均匀进口条件下,叶轮的瞬态水力径向力均值几乎为零。对瞬态水力径向力进行傅里叶分析,获得其在频域内的分布,结果显示,当工况从0.6倍设计流量点变至0.4倍设计流量点时,1倍和4倍轴频下的径向力突然增大,叶轮的水力不平衡和动静干涉中的叶片通过激励增强了上述频率下的水力径向力数值。流场分析显示,在小流量工况时,叶轮与导叶体之间的回流涡旋完全占据了泵内流道空间。进一步的压力脉动分析证实,在小流量工况下,动静干涉中的叶片通过激励显著增大了叶轮与导叶之间测试点的压力脉动幅值。     

超低比转速离心泵关阀启动瞬态特性分析

为探究超低比转速离心泵关阀启动瞬态特性,该文以一台比转速为25的超低比转速离心泵为研究对象,在关死点工况下对稳态和关阀启动瞬态过程进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比,研究表明:在关死点稳态工况下性能曲线与试验测得结果变化趋势相同,最大偏差小于5%,验证了数值模拟的准确性;关阀启动过程,不同启动加速度下启动过程的末期均出现一个冲击扬程;在相同转速时,稳态过程中间截面的静压分布、相对速度流线分布和进口管路内相对速度与关阀启动瞬态过程分布趋势存在差异。关阀启动瞬态过程内部流场的发展总体上滞后于关死点稳态过程内部流场。研究结果可为进一步研究超低比转速离心泵启动的瞬态过程特性提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.