三峡库区生态经济区用地结构变化及演变趋势--以重庆市梁平县为例

根据1999-2007年土地利用统计资料,借助信息熵原理及马尔科夫转移矩阵模型对梁平县土地利用结构动态演变进行了实例分析.结果表明,梁平县土地利用结构信息熵H经历了3个阶段:1999-2002年持续上升阶段,2002-2003年急速回落阶段及2003-2007年波动阶段,均衡度变化与信息熵相似.用地类型主要由耕地转向林地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地.运用RBF神经网络模型对研究区的土地变化进行理论趋势值分析表明,研究区内土地利用变化以农用地转化为交通用地和居民点及工矿用地的趋势最强,由此趋势在今后一段时期内,农用地将持续减少,耕地保护与建设用地扩张的矛盾将尤为突出.建议大力开展土地开发整理,特别是农村居民点的整理归并,同时积极挖掘存量建设用地,走高效、集约的土地利用之路.     

张家口市土地利用结构特征及其动态变化

以张家口市1996-2008年的土地利用变更调查数据为基础,采用土地利用变化贡献率、土地利用动态度、信息熵、优势度、均衡度、集中化、多样化等方法和模型,对张家口市土地利用结构特征及其动态变化进行了系统分析.结果表明:(1)耕地、林地、草地、未利用地4种土地利用类型占张家口市土地面积的92％左右,构成张家口市土地利用结构的基本格局.(2) 1996-2008年,张家口市耕地和未利用地大幅度减少,林地、园地、草地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地均在增加;各土地利用类型的动态度依次为:林地＞耕地＞园地＞未利用地＞交通用地＞草地＞居民点及工矿用地＞水域.(3)土地利用结构信息熵、均衡度呈增加趋势,优势度指数呈减小趋势,土地利用结构向无序、均衡化方向演变.(4)土地利用结构集中化指数减小,多样化指数增大,表明张家口市土地利用结构趋于多样化.     

京郊西北地区农地利用与景观格局时空特征

运用遥感与地理信息系统技术,对三年Landsat 1M多光谱遥感图像(1989年、1996年、2005年)进行解译判读,获取京郊西北地区各土地利用类型数据.运用土地利用程度时空演变模型、土地利用动态度模型、土地利用重心模型和景观生态学方法,对研究区1989～2005年间农用地利用及景观格局变化进行了分析.结果表明:农用地频繁流转,以耕地流失最为显著,去向主要为城市及建设用地,林地面积增加缓慢,沙荒地向林地转移明显:农用地各类型的新增速率远小于同期的转移速率,而城市及建设用地则相反;1989～1996年间研究区的综合土地利用动态变化率较1996～2005年间的大,变化集中表现在西北城郊过渡区域,城镇用地扩张导致耕地的利用重心不断向西偏南方向转移;研究区农用地景观破碎化程度在增加,各景观类型的平均斑块形状趋于分散和简单,景观多样性、景观均匀度旱现增加趋势,而景观优势度存逐渐减小.以利用农业用地为鲜明特征的城市化过程是影响北京西北地区景观格局演变的直接因素,城市及建设用地的不断扩张使得林地、耕地斑块的平均面积逐渐变小,景观格局连通性降低.     

兰州市近10年的土地利用动态变化研究

以兰州市为研究对象,采用2000年、2005年和2010年的土地成果资料,系统分析了全市近10 a的土地利用动态变化。选取土地动态度、土地利用程度、土地利用结构多样性、优势度和均匀度5个指标,定量评价兰州市土地变化的方向和速度及土地利用空间格局的演变。结果表明:2000—2010年兰州市土地利用结构发生了显著的变化,农用地减少,建设用地和未利用地增加;从土地利用速度及土地利用程度来看,全市土地利用仍处于调整期;土地景观格局模型表明兰州市土地多样性指数和均匀度减少,土地优势度指数呈逐渐增加趋势,土地空间格局的变化与经济发展、种植结构密切相关,人类活动是导致其变化的根本原因。     

基于马尔柯夫模型的峨庄流域土地利用格局动态预测

该文以峨庄流域为研究区域,在GIS技术支持下,以2000年和2005年的TM影像为原始数据,建立空间信息库,分析2个时期土地利用格局特征及变化,并利用马尔柯夫模型对未来土地利用格局趋势进行预测.结果表明:2000-2005年,峨庄流域居优势地位的土地类型始终是林地类型,耕地等其他土地类型镶嵌其中;未来15a流域总体趋势是朝着好的方向发展,耕地、未利用地面积在今后一段时期内仍呈减少趋势,到2020年耕地面积比例较2005年减少1.53%,林地、草地、水域及城镇村交通用地仍呈增加趋势,其中以林地增长幅度较大,到2020年其占比例将达到61.85%.根据模拟结果可调整各类土地利用格局,为峨庄流域宏观决策提供科学依据.     

湟水流域近10年土地利用与景观格局演变分析

以青海省湟水流域为研究区,采用中分辨率TM影像和HJ-1卫星CCD数据,利用2000、2005、2010年3个时相的土地利用遥感解译数据,计算了森林、草地、水域、农田、城镇用地和未利用地6个一级分类的土地利用类型转移矩阵,提取了景观格局指数,在此基础上分析了土地利用变化与景观格局的演变特征。结果表明,湟水流域土地利用变化最明显的是农田、城镇用地和草地,其中农田呈持续减少态势,城镇用地和草地呈增加态势;从土地转移矩阵来看,城市扩张带来的建设用地增加是造成流域农田减少的主要原因,而草地的增加主要受益于退耕还林还草和流域生态建设等政策的实施。从景观斑块类型的变化来看,变化最大的是农田和城镇,10年期间,农田在面积减少的同时景观分离度增加,城镇用地在面积增加的同时景观聚集度增加,这说明城镇用地在由中心向外扩张的过程中,空间分布较紧凑且连接性较好;与此同时,草地的斑块个数、斑块密度呈明显减小趋势,而农田与城镇用地的斑块个数、斑块密度总体呈增加趋势,这说明人类活动的不断扩张导致了湟水流域景观破碎度增加。从景观整体水平来看,景观水平指数中边缘密度、形状指数、香农多样性指数、香农平均度指数均呈增加趋势,这说明湟水流域景观结构异质性呈增加趋势。     

烟台地区近13年土地利用/土地覆盖变化分析

利用1992年和2005年的TM影像及2005年的土地利用现状图,运用GIS与RS技术,分析了烟台地区13年来土地利用的具体变化状况。研究结果表明,1992-2005年期间烟台地区耕地面积明显减少,城乡工矿建设用地、交通用地呈明显增加趋势,林地、河流变化较小,略有增加。同时对该地区的土地利用格局进行了分析,并对驱动这种格局的因素进行了简单分析。烟台地区在快速城市化过程中,耕地减少没有明显减缓迹象,迫切需要加强保护耕地措施。     

1985～2015年淮北市土地利用变化特征及其预测研究

以1985、1995、2005、2015年4期遥感影像为基础,应用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析了淮北市1985～2015年土地利用景观格局变化,并采用ANN-CA模型预测2025年淮北市土地利用数据。结果表明:1)淮北市土地利用类型以耕地为主,耕地面积占60%以上,建设用地次之;近30年,建设用地和林地面积呈增加趋势,耕地、水域和草地呈减小趋势;2005～2015年土地利用结构和景观格局变化显著,各类土地利用面积变化速率加快。2)1985～2015年土地利用类型的转移主要为耕地向建设用地转变、水域向耕地和建设用地转变。3)1985～2015年淮北市土地利用破碎化程度不断升高,景观格局趋向复杂化,景观异质性增强。4)2015～2025年,林地面积将保持不变,耕地、草地、水域面积减少,建设用地面积不断增加。     

2000-2010年皖江城市带土地利用/覆被变化对区域净初级生产力的影响

基于2000年、2005年、2010年3期Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像解译数据,定量分析了近11年来皖江城市带土地利用时空变化;利用MODIS/NDVI数据及气象数据,基于改进的CASA模型估算了同期植被NPP,分析、评估了地类转换对研究区植被NPP的影响程度.结果表明:2000-2010年,研究区的土地利用格局变化显著,主要表现为耕地、草地、未利用土地面积不断减少,建设用地、水域面积持续增加,林地面积先减后增;土地利用类型转换以耕地的显著减少和建设用地的快速增加为主要特点;近11年来,研究区植被NPP整体上呈增加趋势,且呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局;各用地类型的NPP均值都在增加,林地NPP增幅最大;长江以北地区植被NPP呈逐渐增加趋势,沿江和长江以南地区的植被NPP变化趋势反之;耕地转为建设用地造成的NPP损失量最大.     

广西海岸带土地利用时空格局及其驱动因子

明确广西海岸带土地动态变化趋势及其驱动因子,为优化该区土地利用结构和制定合理管控政策提供参考是全面、系统、合理地利用海岸带资源,进行生态文明建设的重要依据。基于多时相遥感数据,辅以随机森林分类、转移矩阵、景观格局指数和地理探测器等方法,系统分析了2010—2018年快速发展时期广西海岸带土地利用类型时空格演变规律与景观格局,并综合探讨了其演变的驱动因子。结果表明:(1)2010—2018年广西海岸带土地利用交错增减,变化显著。建设用地、林草地、人工湿地和自然湿地面积增加,建设用地年均增加101.89 km²,集聚特征突出,主要转入源为耕地; 耕地、其他用地和水体面积缩减,耕地年均缩减162.66 km²,分散特征明显,主要转出为林草地。(2)分时段土地利用动态度差异较大。2010—2014年其他用地和2010—2018年建设用地单一动态度最大,分别为-10.48%,8.80%; 2010—2018年水体单一动态度最小(-0.11%); 综合动态度逐段上升,2010—2018年达1.52%,属快速变化型; 林草地、耕地和建设用地间交替转化活跃。(3)土地利用景观格局呈斑块破碎化、多样化和均匀化演变趋势,景观的异质性和复杂性增强。(4)人文因子是土地利用变化的主导因子,平均贡献率为17.82%; 自然因子影响较小,平均贡献率仅9.72%。人文因子和自然因子协同作用加速了广西海岸带土地利用及景观格局变化。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.