1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量动态监测与评价

[目的]借助遥感生态指数(RSEI)对阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量进行动态监测与评价,分析1990—2020年研究区生态环境变化及驱动因素,为阿拉尔垦区发展和生态保护提供科学参考。[方法]选取1990,2000,2011和2020年4期Landsat TM/ETM~+/OLI影像数据,耦合绿度指标(NDVI)、湿度指标(WET)、干度指标(NDSI)、热度指标(LST)构建RSEI,结合研究区气候、人口、经济等驱动因素探究阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量动态变化。[结果] 1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区RSEI均值从0.344上升至0.468,生态环境质量总体好转;1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变好区域主要位于垦区北部和南部地区,改善面积达1 756.36 km~2,占总面积45.92%;生态环境质量受自然因素和社会经济因素影响,社会经济因素对阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变化起主导作用。[结论]近30 a来阿拉尔垦区生态环境得到有效改善。遥感生态指数(RSEI)在一定程度上可以快速、有效地反映1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变化。     

基于GEE云计算的南宁市生态环境质量时空分异监测

[目的]利用遥感技术及时、动态、客观地监测和评估城市生态环境质量变化,为城市生态环境规划与管理提供参考。[方法]以南宁市为案例,利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台对2000—2020年Landsat系列遥感影像进行像元级融合、消除色彩、去云等预处理,计算绿度、湿度、干度和热度这4个遥感指标,并采用主成分分析法构建遥感生态指数,定量评价南宁市生态环境质量动态变化及空间分异特征。[结果]南宁市RSEI多年平均值为0.615,总体呈现“下降—上升—稳定”的波动上升趋好的态势。生态环境质量较好的区域主要是自然保护区、山林地、草地和水域,生态环境质量较差的区域则集中于人类活动频繁,土地利用强度较大的城镇及城乡交错区、农耕区。生态环境质量与植被绿度和湿度指标呈正相关,与干度和热度指标呈负相关,且干度指标因子对RSEI影响程度最大。[结论]南宁市2000—2020年生态环境质量总体处于良好水平且呈上升态势。结合GEE和RSEI指数能够较好地反映城市生态环境质量,为城市生态环境质量长时间序列监测提供计算平台。     

基于遥感生态指数的新疆干旱区博乐市生态变化分析

[目的]结合遥感方法分析新疆维吾尔自治区博乐市生态变化,为该区生态保护提供理论依据。[方法]以博乐市1997年、2007年和2016年3期Landsat系列影像为数据源,提取绿度、湿度、干度和热度4个指数,通过主成分分析耦合出遥感生态指数(RSEI),对博乐市生态环境质量进行了监测和评价。[结果]研究区属于MODS(山地—绿洲—荒漠)系统,总体RSEI指数较低,由差和较差主导;1997—2016年博乐市的生态环境质量呈明显改善趋势,遥感生态指数RSEI从0.250提高到0.422,等级为优和良的比例从11.24%上升到26.20%;改善的区域面积明显大于变差的面积,改善的区域主要分布在北部山地、中部绿洲和南部天山西部北麓荒漠区域。生态环境恶化的区域主要集中在中部绿洲的耕地和城镇建设用地区域。[结论]荒漠生态建设和扩大绿洲面积对生态环境的改善有积极影响,同时也要合理配置资源和土地利用。     

基于RSEI模型的砒砂岩区生态环境质量演变研究

[目的]探究砒砂岩区生态环境质量状况，为当地生态环境治理工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于GIS和RS技术，利用遥感生态指数RSEI模型，分析砒砂岩区2001—2020年生态环境质量时空演变。[结果](1)基于砒砂岩区4期影像数据提取的遥感生态指数RSEI呈现先下降后上升的趋势，表明生态环境质量在缓慢改善；(2)绿度生态指标与湿度生态指标对砒砂岩区生态环境质量起正向作用，干度生态指标与热度生态指标会起到负面作用，并且绿度生态指标对生态环境质量改善的贡献率更高；(3)在2001—2020年间，生态环境质量改善区域占到研究区总面积的36.79%;生态环境质量恶化区域占15.68%,多为轻度退化。[结论]砒砂岩区2001—2020年间生态环境质量总体呈现出上升趋势，且生态环境质量对人为活动高度敏感，因此在改善生态环境的同时还需融入生态保护理念，做到人与自然和谐共生。     

基于遥感生态指数的神东矿区1995-2020年生态环境质量的时空变化特征分析

[目的] 分析神东矿区1995—2020年生态环境质量时变化特征,为改善该区域生态环境提供科学依据。[方法] 基于1995—2020年6期Landsat 5 TM及Landsat 8 OLI数据,利用主成分分析法,选用干度指标（NDSI）、绿度指标（NDVI）、热度指标（LST）、湿度指标（WET）构建遥感生态指数（RSEI）。运用重分类将RSEI分为5级,按照重心迁移方法分析RSEIⅠ—Ⅴ等级的重心迁移情况,并分析RSEI的空间变化规律,实现利用RSEI对神东矿区的生态环境质量的动态监测和评价。[结果] ①神东矿区在1995—2020年生态环境状况明显提升,其中呈上升趋势的面积占矿区总面积的42.22%,绿度、干度指标对矿区生态环境质量影响较大。②矿区生态环境质量各级土地利用类型以草地、耕地为主,且生态环境质量变化受耕地、草地面积变化影响较大。③矿区生态环境质量主要以Ⅱ,Ⅲ级为主,Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅴ级迁移幅度较大且重心整体向矿区西南、西北方向迁移。[结论] 1995—2020年神东矿区生态环境质量呈现总体上升态势,受植被生长情况和人类活动因素影响较大。     

基于遥感生态指数的黄山世界遗产地生态环境评价

[目的]定量评价黄山世界遗产地的生态环境质量,为有关部门制定规划和管理决策提供科学依据。[方法]以黄山世界遗产地核心区和缓冲区共同作为研究区,基于Landsat卫星影像提取绿度、湿度、干度、热度指标分量,并利用主成分分析方法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI)。结合地理信息系统空间分析和统计方法对研究区内生态环境质量进行定量评价。[结果] 1992—2017年研究区内RSEI指标数值由0.573上升为0.638,生态环境质量呈明显上升趋势。在3期数据中,RSEI等级为中和良的比例均达到了65%以上,占主导地位,保护区内整体生态环境质量较好。RSEI等级为差和较差的土地中,有近63.6%的土地转变为RSEI等级更高的土地,保护区内生态环境质量明显改善。[结论]黄山世界遗产地生态环境质量稳步提升,有关部门的保护措施初见成效,需进一步协调发展与保护的关系,实现黄山世界遗产地的可持续发展。     

川西北土地沙化区生态环境质量遥感动态监测

为了分析防沙治沙工程的实施对区域生态环境质量的影响,以川西北沙化土地为研究对象,选取沙化土地治理前(2004年)和治理后(2014年)的Landsat影像,基于ENVI平台,从绿度、湿度、干度、热度4方面分别提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)、湿度指数(WET)、建筑物—裸土指数(NDBSI)和地表温度(LST),并对这4个指数进行主成分分析,选择信息量较多的主成分贡献率为权重,建立遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价模型,对研究区的生态环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:2004—2014年,研究区的RSEI均值由-0.059 8下降为-0.068 6,降幅为14.72%,生态环境质量总体下降; 较2004年,2014年优和良等级比例分别增加0.70%和1.77%,增加区域位于川西北防沙治沙工程的实施区; 10年间共有1.25%的区域生态得到改善,1.96%的区域生态发生了退化,生态环境改善区域主要分布于石渠县的防沙治沙工程实施区。因此,川西北防沙治沙工程的实施对改善区域生态环境质量起到了重要的作用。     

基于遥感生态指数的东江源区2000-2019年生态环境质量评价

[目的] 对2000—2019年东江源区域生态环境变化进行分析,从而为该区水源地的保护和利用提供科学依据。[方法] 以东江源为研究对象,选取2000,2004,2009,2014和2019年5期的Landsat影像数据,提取绿度（NDVI）、湿度（WET）、干度（NDBSI）和热度（LST）4项指标,采用主成分分析法与遥感生态指数（RSEI）法,对东江源生态环境质量进行了评价分析。[结果] 2000—2019年研究区的RSEI指数分别为0.356,0.538,0.332,0.608和0.637,生态环境质量呈现上升、下降和上升趋势,总体上生态环境质量明显改善。生态环境较好的区域主要分布在植被覆盖率较高的中部和东南部,较差的区域主要分布在人类活动密切的东部和西北部的城镇区。研究区内优良等级的生态环境质量占主导地位,其面积比例由2000年的0.204 9%上升到2019年的92.346 4%,生态环境明显变好。热度（LST）和干度指标（NDBSI）重心偏移变化较小,为1.616 km和1.482 km,而绿度（NDVI）和湿度指标（WET）受人口密度和开发程度的影响,绿地分布和土壤含水量随着建设用地的开发而开始分散,使偏移量增大。[结论] 在2000—2019年,除城市交通造成周边的环境质量下降外,其余地区较之前都有明显的改善。植被覆盖和城市用地之间的关系是造成东江源生态环境变化的主要成因。     

太原城市群生态环境质量监测及驱动力分析

[目的] 研究太原城市群2002—2021年生态环境质量变化状况,为城市可持续发展及绿色转型提供科学建议。[方法] 基于GEE平台与MODIS影像,利用主成分分析法耦合绿度、湿度、热度、干度构建生态遥感指数(RSEI),结合稳定性分析、空间自相关分析研究太原城市群生态环境质量变化的空间性质,并利用地理探测器量化分析多种因子对RSEI的影响。[结果] 各年份第一主成分贡献率均高于75%,表明基于第一主成分提取RSEI能够综合表征研究区生态环境质量;2002—2021年,太原城市群生态环境质量总体呈现上升趋势,从0.433提高到0.488,增长率约为0.002 9/a。生态改善面积所占比例为17.1%,主要分布在西北部的岚县、静乐县;研究区生态环境质量变化存在明显空间自相关,Moran’I指数为0.729,高高集聚与低低集聚区域与生态改善、退化区域基本重合;太原城市群生态环境质量与气候因子中的相对湿度、气温、潜在蒸散量有显著相关性。[结论] 2002—2021年太原城市群生态环境质量得到改善,植被覆盖和城市扩张因素影响较大,RSEI能够有效监测研究区生态环境质量变化。     

基于遥感生态指数的焦作市生态环境动态监测与评价

[目的] 探究河南省焦作市其近20 a来生态环境质量演化特征，可为该市及其他资源枯竭型城市生态建设提供科学参考。[方法] 选取2000，2006，2009，2014和2019年5期Landsat影像数据，耦合绿度、湿度、温度及干度4个指标，通过主成分分析法建立遥感生态指数（RSEI）评价模型，对焦作市生态环境质量进行定量评价。[结果] ①2000-2014年，焦作市生态环境质量为倒"U"形曲线，2014-2019年生态环境质量好转；②城镇人口占比增幅变缓及产业结构由第二产业向第三产业转变改善了焦作市生态环境质量；③回归分析中所选4个指标中对焦作市生态环境变化影响的重要程度表现为：干度 > 湿度 > 绿度 > 热度。[结论] 遥感生态指数对资源枯竭型城市生态环境质量可进行有效监测与评价。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.