吕梁市山洪灾害防治非工程措施建设成效与作用

吕梁市以丘陵山区为主体,是山洪易发的地区之一。针对山洪灾害具有季节性、局部性、递增性的特点,2010年以来,根据国家安排分期实施了山洪灾害防治非工程措施建设项目,建成了覆盖全市丘陵山区的山洪灾害防治非工程措施体系。以2012年和2016年汛期发生的暴雨山洪为例,分析了非工程措施体系发挥的重要作用及取得的防灾减灾效益。事实证明,山洪灾害防治非工程措施体系的监测系统可为预报预警提供数据支撑,预警系统可为广大居民安全转移安置提供时间保障,群测群防可为主动抗洪避灾减灾提供技能支持。     

四川省甘洛县2019年群发性山洪泥石流灾害的形成机理

[目的] 对四川省甘洛县2019年群发性山洪泥石流灾害成因机理进行分析，为山区山洪泥石流灾害防控减灾提供参考。[方法] 对2019年甘洛县山洪泥石流灾害开展现场调查，并结合相关影像和雨情数据等资料，对山洪泥石流灾害的影响因素以及形成机理进行分析。[结果] 2019年甘洛县山洪泥石流主要是由于短期强降雨所诱发的，加之区内有丰富的固体物源以及有利的地形地貌条件；山洪泥石流灾害是洪水与固体物质相互作用共同致灾的产物；山洪泥石流运动过程中受到地形以及一些工程设施的影响比较明显；同时山洪泥石流会挤压主河道甚至阻断河道，从而导致更大灾害。[结论] 基于甘洛县山洪泥石流灾害的形成机理与致灾特征，应该以加强灾区生态修复与水土保持为本，采取工程防治与生态防治相结合的治灾措施。     

阳泉市山洪灾害防治监测设备配置设计

阳泉市山洪灾害频发,预防山洪灾害破坏现已成为防灾减灾中的突出问题。针对"山洪灾害防治县级非工程措施建设"项目开展,结合市域实际,对雨情监测中的简易雨量计、自动雨量计、无线预警广播等仪器设备进行了选型与配套设计,为防汛指挥决策、抢险救灾奠定了扎实基础。     

山丘区洪水灾害成因及综合防治措施探析

近年来,我国山丘区洪水灾害频发并造成重大的人员及财产损失,山丘区洪灾防治已成为我国当前减灾防灾工作的重要内容。通过分析我国山丘区洪水成灾特征与成因,提出了山丘区洪水灾害综合防治思路,阐述了山丘区洪水灾害防治的工程措施与非工程措施。研究可为山丘区洪水灾害减灾防灾预案制定及综合防治提供决策依据。     

博河、精河流域防洪减灾对策探讨

就博河、精河流域的自然特征、社会经济发展、洪水成因及特征、历史洪水、洪水灾害造成的损失等进行了简要阐述。提出了博河、精河流域防洪近期、远期目标:近期以除险加固病险水库、河道治理、堤防建设及小流域综合治理为主,远期建成干流、支流水库、完善堤库、堤坝、堤林结合的工程体系和非工程措施,当出现特大洪水时不造成较大损失。防洪对策是:不断优化防洪布局;加强河道整治;治理山洪沟;加固病险水库、建设防洪水库;治理水土流失;改善生境;加强非工程措施     

水土保持综合治理是防治山洪泥石流的根本措施——“7·6”山洪泥石流灾害中两条小流域受灾程度不同的原因分析措施

2010年7月6日,湟源县城南4乡遭遇百年不遇山洪泥石流,造成人民生命和财产的重大损失。为寻求防灾减灾的办法,水保部门进行了灾情调查。调查结果显示,波航沟和寺寨沟两条小流域面积相差不大,自然条件相近,在相同的暴雨条件和相似的经营方式下,形成的山洪泥石流的规模和造成的危害程度却迥然不同,前者轻微,后者严重。分析认为:波航沟流域自然植被、水土保持综合治理程度都优于寺寨沟流域,人为扰动自然的程度低于寺寨沟流域,即波航沟流域水土流失程度比寺寨沟流域轻,是其受灾较轻的主要原因。因此,狠抓小流域水土保持综合治理,是防治山洪泥石流的根本措施,是减灾防灾最有效的途径。     

辽宁省山洪及泥石流灾害防治现状及建议

辽宁省山洪和泥石流具有频发性、突发性、毁灭性等特点 ,对人民群众的生命财产危害极大 ,作为山洪灾害频发的辽宁省 ,近几年来不断提高山洪及泥石流防御意识 ,认真调查灾害形成的原因和机理 ,通过加强组织和领导、采取超前规划、提高预报测报水平等措施 ,进行了大量卓有成效的工作 ,取得了较好的成绩 ,同时也存在着许多不足之处。若要使辽宁省防治泥石流灾害工作取得新突破 ,应加强相关各部门间协作 ,落实防治责任 ;积极确定防洪减灾试点 ,探索防治灾害新途径 ;加强监测预报系统建设 ,建立防治体系     

基于3S技术的干旱灾害评估研究进展

干旱灾害是制约我国社会经济发展及生态环境保护的重要因素之一,对旱灾造成的损失进行评估和计量可以为科学减灾、防灾及救灾工作提供必要的支持。本文概述了干旱灾害损失的复杂性以及利用 3S技术进行监测、建立损失评估模型和进行情景分析等方面的相关研究,并提出今后干旱灾害损失模型的建立应向着定量化、程序化、实用化的方向发展,以期为防灾、减灾规划及政策的制定提供科学依据。     

丽水市小流域山洪和地质灾害预警系统建设的调查与思考

丽水市是浙江省小流域山洪和地质灾害多发地区,近年来由小流域洪水和滑坡、泥石流等造成的灾害愈来愈严重,损失也愈来愈大。在深入调研的基础上,分析了小流域山洪和地质灾害预警系统建设中存在的"灾害发生量大面广,现有的设施防洪减灾能力差"、"预警系统不健全,责任落实不到位"、"群众防灾意识淡薄,防灾避灾能力低"等问题,针对存在的问题提出了明确建设目标和任务、科学编制规划、突出工作重点、强化保障措施等具体对策。     

兰州市城区山洪泥石流现状评价及防灾减灾对策

山洪泥石流是兰州市城区最主要的地质灾害。在介绍兰州市城区山洪泥石流灾害现状、复核山洪泥石流沟道行洪能力、沟道破坏情况、山洪泥石流灾害危害特征的基础上,提出了按流域面积、按沟道过流能力进行分类治理的防灾减灾对策。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.