日本臭菘体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生体系的建立

以日本臭菘幼叶为外植体,应用均匀设计法筛选其最适合的胚性愈伤组织及胚性细胞复合体诱导、体细胞胚胎发育及植株再生的培养基配方,建立日本臭菘体细胞胚胎发生体系。结果表明,LS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+IAA 0.1 mg/L适宜日本臭菘幼叶胚性愈伤组织及胚性细胞复合体诱导,诱导率为98%;LS+6-BA 0.50 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L+IAA 0.10 mg/L最适宜体胚发育及植株再生,体胚萌发率为100%,萌发的体胚在发育培养基上继续培养42 d后全部发育成完整植株。对不同阶段培养材料的形态结构及超微结构的观察证明,成功建立了日本臭菘体细胞发生及植株再生体系。     

高羊茅高频植株再生体系的建立及其影响因子的分析

研究了高羊茅(Festuca anmdinacea)愈伤组织诱导培养基和分化培养基组分的最适配比，建立了高羊茅高频再生体系。结果表明，培养基MSM 5mg／L 2,4-D 0．02mg／L KT诱导高羊茅种子出愈率高达92％；愈伤组织可在培养基MSM 4．5mg／L 2,4-D 0．2mg／L KT上长期保持；愈伤组织在培养基MSM 2mg／L 2,4-D 0．2mg／L KT诱导体细胞胚发生后，可在添加2mg／L KT和20mg／L蔗糖的SH培养基(MSH)上诱导分化形成丛生芽，愈伤组织分化率可达96％。再生芽在1／2MS培养基上14d生根率达100％。     

我国主要栽培木薯品种体细胞胚胎发生与芽器官发生的研究

本研究对我国10个木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)主要栽培品种离体培养,研究结果表明不同品种之间在体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生的能力上因基因型不同而差异显著.以组培苗茎段侧芽或顶芽为外植体,在添加Picloram和2,4-D的体细胞胚胎发生诱导培养基上暗培养2周后,可诱导胚状体的形成.生长素浓度中,2,4-D在6mg/L及Picloram在12mg/L为最佳使用浓度,并且Picloram的效果明显优于2,4-D.NZ188、SC124和SC205体细胞胚胎发生的频率可达到80%以上.诱导的胚状体经循环继代培养可形成次生胚状体.次生胚状体在成熟培养基上经2～3周的光培养可形成绿色子叶的体细胞胚,进而萌发形成再生植株.NZ188及SC8体细胞胚萌发频率最好,可达80%以上.以培养2周的子叶胚切块置于体细胞胚胎发生诱导培养基上可诱导形成次生胚状体,诱导频率都在77%以上.子叶胚切块置于器官发生培养基上可诱导芽器官发生,2周后可形成芽原基及不定芽,诱导频率在34.4%到72.2%之间,其中NZ188、NZ199和SC124诱导效果较好.再生培养附加乙烯抑制剂AgNO_3可明显抑制愈伤组织的形成,提高芽器官发生的能力,包括再生频率及芽再生的数目,浓度以4 mg/L为宜.从含AgNO_3的培养基上再生的芽有利于进一步生长和移栽成活.     

香蕉和荔枝体胚发生两种不同途径的研究(简报)

体细胞胚胎发生是植物界的普遍现象.体细胞胚胎发生的途径主要有两种:一种是直接胚胎发生,即由外植体表面直接产生体细胞胚胎,不需经过愈伤组织;另一种是间接胚胎发生,即先由外植体诱导出愈伤组织,然后建立胚性愈伤组织系,最后间接分化出体胚.     

糯玉米离体培养获取耐盐变异体

为了获取糯玉米耐盐变异体,以120mg/L的平阳霉素预处理糯玉米自交系（S1、S2）种子20h,萌发后用茎尖诱导胚性愈伤组织,比较了激素组合对胚性愈伤组织诱导、继代和分化的影响。结果表明2, 4-D 2.0mg/L和6-BA 0.25mg/L组合诱导胚性愈伤的效果最好;在添加100mg/L CH、6-BA 0.25mg/L和2, 4-D 2.0mg/L的继代培养基上愈伤组织生长良好。将胚性愈伤组织依次在含NaCl 10g/L、15g/L和20g/L培养基中进行筛选,获得耐盐变异体,转入分化培养基中诱导再生植株,自交1代种子在含NaCl 15g/L、20g/L的培养基上萌发率较对照种子高数倍,在20g/L NaCl的胁迫下,变异体自交1代种子幼苗叶片中脯氨酸含量及K+ / Na+比例明显高于对照。     

水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因(OCI )转化甘薯获得转基因植株

用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因(OCI)导入甘薯（Ipomoea batatas)品种栗子香，获得了转基因植株。所用菌株为根癌农杆菌LBA4404，其携带的pBinh质粒上含有新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ(NPT Ⅱ)基因和OCI基因。将继代培养3d后的栗子香胚性悬浮细胞与LBA4404(OD600nm=0．5)共培养4d。将共培养后的胚性悬浮细胞首先在含有2mg／L2，4-D和300mg／L Carb(carbencillin)、但不含有Kan（kanamycin)的MS液体培养基中培养5d，然后在含有2mg／L2，4-D、50mg／L Kan和300mg／L Carb的MS液体培养基中进行选择培养。选择培养4周后，将直径约1mm的抗Kan细胞团转移到添加2mg／L2，A-D、50mg／L Kan和300mg／L Carb的MS固体培养基上，共转移200个细胞团，诱导得到了8个胚性愈伤组织。将这些抗Kan胚性愈伤组织转移到添加1mg／L ABA、50mg／L Kan和100mg／LCarb的MS固体培养基上，通过体细胞胚胎发生途径获得了13株再生植株。PCR和PCR-Southern检测结果表明，获得的13株再生植株中7株是转基因植株。     

甘薯和近缘野生种Ipomoea triloba的种间体细胞杂种植株再生

摘要: 将甘薯(Ipomoea batatas )品种元气和近缘野生种I. triloba的叶柄原生质体用PEG法融合后, 培养在含有0.05～0.20 mg/L 2,4-D和0.5 mg/L KT的改良MS液体培养基中。培养约7周后，将直径达1～2 mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加0.05～0.20 mg/L 2,4-D和0～0.5 mg/L KT的MS培养基上使其增殖。转移3～5周后，愈伤组织直径达8～15 mm。将这些愈伤组织再转移到MS基本培养基上，或转移到添加 3.0 mg/L BAP的MS培养基上培养4～5周后再进一步转移到MS基本培养基上进行培养，结果获得了69株再生植株。RAPD分析表明，其中1株再生植株是元气和I. triloba的种间体细胞杂种。杂种植株的株型呈野生攀缘型，相似I. triloba；而茎色呈绿-紫色，相似元气；其茎的节间长度和叶片形状表现为融合双亲的中间型。茎尖细胞染色体数为54～103，因细胞不同而不同。     

空竹悬浮细胞系的建立

竹子悬浮细胞培养比较困难,本研究首次获得空竹悬浮细胞.以空竹种胚为材料诱导愈伤组织,建立稳定的悬浮细胞培养体系;通过固体培养法获得悬浮细胞来源的愈伤组织,可为竹类悬浮细胞系遗传转化或诱变后单克隆的筛选提供材料.空竹种胚在3/4MS+500mg/L脯氨酸+500mg/L谷氨酰胺+300mg/L胰蛋白胨+3.0mg/L 2...     

海岛棉突变系体细胞培养及植株再生研究

采用埃及海岛棉辐射突变系226、188、197和埃及棉吉扎69的下胚轴为外植体,接种子改良的 MS 培养基(MS 无机盐+B_5有机元素)上,补加不同外源激素诱导愈伤组织和分化,然后经过悬浮培养,获得大量胚状体。经过重复实验,226、197能够产生大量胚状体,胚状体的发生频率分别为90%和70%左右,发生指数3.0和2.0。最适诱导培养基为改良 MS+2,4-D 0.05mg/L+KT 0.1mg/L,最适继代次数3～5次,其中需要在 IAA 1mg/L+ZT 0.1mg/L 培养基中继代2次。分化培养基为 MS+KT 1mg/L+NAA 4mg/L。然后选择淡黄或灰白松散的愈伤组织接种到悬浮培养基MS+KT 0.05mg/L 中,培养15～20d,即产生大量胚状体和胚性细胞团。在不加激素的培养基上,胚状体萌发成苗生根。对不同状态愈伤组织的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶进行分析表明,其酶活性和谱带差异较明显。     

影响蒜头果离体胚乳愈伤组织培养的几种因子

四种基本培养基（MS、B5、N6和SH）的试验结果表明，MS和N6两种基本培养基适宜蒜头果胚乳愈伤组织培养；在相同的2，4-D和6-BA激素配组中，附加低浓度的GAs（O．5mg／L）有利于胚乳愈伤组织的诱导；添加甘氨酸和椰乳（CM）对悬浮培养愈伤组织的诱导不适宜。愈伤组织继代增殖培养的适宜培养基为MS＋2，4-D2．0mg／L＋KT0．2mg／L＋GA30．2mg／L和N6＋2，4-D2．0mg／L＋6-BA0．2mg／L＋GA30．6mg／L。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI