贵州省北盘江流域2000-2018年NDVI变化及其与地形梯度、人口分布的关系

[目的] 研究贵州省北盘江流域NDVI变化及其与地形梯度、人口分布的关系,为喀斯特地区植被恢复、退耕还林开展、国土空间优化整治等提供科学参考。[方法] 采用2000—2018年贵州省北盘江流域NDVI数据,分析其时空变化特征及与海拔、坡度、人口密度等影响因素的相互关系。[结果] ①2000—2018年北盘江流域NDVI值总体呈上升趋势,且年均增长稳定,植被呈现不断恢复的趋势。②2000年北盘江流域NDVI空间分布在东南部最高,在西北部最低,NDVI高值在中部地区分布较为破碎,至2018年各地区NDVI值差距显著缩小,其中在西北部和中部NDVI低值区转变最为明显。③2000—2018年北盘江NDVI显著减少、轻微减少及轻微增加的地区面积较少,面积比例不足10%;而显著增加地区面积为19 986.04 km²,比例为90.93%。④2000—2018年,北盘江流域NDVI的海拔效应表现为阶段变化特点,其中2000—2010年NDVI值随着海拔的上升总体呈现下降趋势;2010—2018年NDVI值随着海拔的上升总体呈现上升趋势;NDVI值随坡度增加表现为上升—下降趋势;而NDVI值随人口密度增加呈降低趋势。[结论] 地形因子奠定植被生长条件,而社会和人为因子对NDVI值变化影响较大。     

川西高原植被NDVI动态变化特征及对气候因子的响应

[目的]分析川西高原2001—2017年植被NDVI动态变化特征,研究植被NDVI对气候因子的响应,为区域水土保持和生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]基于MOD09A1数据反演川西高原植被NDVI,结合中国气象科学数据共享服务网提供的气温和降水等资料,利用Theil-Sen media趋势分析、Mann-Kendall统计检验和Hurst指数等方法,分析川西高原2001—2017年植被NDVI的时空分布特征、变化趋势及持续性变化特征,探讨川西高原植被NDVI变化对气候因子的响应。[结果](1)川西高原2001—2017年植被NDVI均值为0.486,呈由西北向东南逐渐升高的趋势,垂直分布上植被NDVI随高程增加呈现先增加后下降趋势;(2)近17 a川西高原植被NDVI整体以0.01/10 a的速率变化,变化趋势以改善为主,改善和退化面积分别占比83.5%和16.5%;Hurst指数研究表明,川西高原植被NDVI总体变化持续性较强,反持续性较弱;(3)2001—2017年川西高原气温呈上升趋势,降水上升趋势不明显;整体上植被NDVI对气候的响应存在空间差异,研究区北部主要受气温和降水影响,西南部主要受降水影响。[结论]川西高原植被的生长受气候、地形和人类活动等因素影响,植被NDVI呈现明显空间异质性。随着生态文明建设的持续推进,近17 a植被NDVI改善面积持续增加,且未来持续性较强。     

2001—2020年内陆干旱草原县域尺度植被NDVI时空变化特征及其驱动因素

[目的] 探讨中国内陆干旱草原在县域尺度上时序地表生态空间变化及气候驱动特征,为制定合理的生态措施提供科学依据。[方法] 以甘肃省肃南县(肃南裕固族自治县)为研究区,收集归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气象数据,采用趋势分析、变差分析、偏相关分析和残差分析等方法,分析了2001—2020年肃南县植被NDVI时空变化特征及驱动因素。[结果] ①研究期内县域植被NDVI呈波动上升趋势,上升速度为0.042/10 a;10种植被的NDVI呈现相似的增长趋势,较以往小尺度区域研究能够作出更精确的反映; ②从空间分布看,植被NDVI自西北向东南逐渐提高,全县36.14%的植被NDVI变化趋势表现为基本稳定,退化区域远大于改善区域; ③肃南县不同类型植被对植被NDVI稳定性的贡献程度为：针叶林＞灌丛＞阔叶林＞草原＞草甸＞高山植被＞栽培植被＞其他＞沼泽＞荒漠; ④植被NDVI受夏季降水量及植物生长季气温影响最大,人类活动对肃南县96.52%的植被NDVI增加具有促进作用。[结论] 近20年来,肃南县植被NDVI整体上升,其变化趋势受气候条件和人类活动的双重影响,未来肃南县过度放牧区域植被NDVI可能仍会下降,但整体依旧呈上升趋势。     

太行山区不同坡度NDVI变化趋势差异分析

山区坡度对土壤侵蚀和植被生长有重要影响。分析不同坡度NDVI变化趋势的差异有助于理解植被对不同坡度的响应情况,加深对植被变化影响机制的理解。本文基于MODIS数据和DEM数据,以生长季NDVI均值为表征指标,采用基于像元的趋势分析方法以及基于坡度的回归分析法,分析了太行山地区2000—2015年间植被变化情况,并且对植被变化趋势与坡度关系的规律做了系统性分析。同时,本文采用土地利用转移矩阵来分析2000年和2010年两期不同坡度土地类型流转的面积及方向,探讨土地利用变化对不同坡度植被变化的影响状况。结果表明:(1)研究时段内太行山区植被总体上得到改善,植被改善区域占该区总面积的93.5%。(2)NDVI增加趋势在中西部地区(山西省境内)最为明显,东部和南部部分中低海拔区出现减少趋势,主要集中在东部邻接华北平原的低山丘陵区。(3)坡度较大的区域生长季平均NDVI较高。(4)植被变化趋势(y)与坡度(x)之间的关系为非线性关系,可用二次函数来表示,其表达式为:y=?0.311x2+8.098x+28.027。(5)当坡度在7°~15°,植被变好趋势最为明显,其次是坡度为15°~20°,坡度7°~20°NDVI变化趋势均值分别比20°区域和≤7°区域高15.8%和29.8%。(6)2000—2010年在低(0°~7°)、中(7°~20°)和高坡度(20°)区域,耕地、林地、草地总面积均减少,主要流向了建设用地和水域。然而,3个坡度范围NDVI变化趋势均为正,且增加最明显的为中坡度地区,然后依次是高坡度地区和低坡度地区。(7)NDVI变化趋势受到土地利用类型和面积的影响较小,主要受到自身生化条件、自然环境条件和人为扰动(土地利用强度等)的综合作用。基于以上结果,本文对太行山区不同坡度土地资源的合理利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

西南地区生长季植被覆盖时空变化特征及其对气候与地形因子的响应

为探究西南地区生长季植被覆盖时空变化特征以及驱动因子如何定量影响其动态变化,基于MODIS NDVI数据,通过趋势分析、变异系数、相关分析等方法研究了西南地区2000-2016年生长季植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并结合气候因子、DEM数据,分析了植被覆盖对气候与地形因子的影响程度。结果表明:西南地区近17年来生长季NDVI呈增长趋势（0.009/10 a）,其中4月份增速最显著（0.029/10 a）;呈增加趋势的区域占研究区总面积71.94%,主要分布在东部与东南部区域;植被覆盖变化以较低稳定（31.15%）与中度稳定（25.36%）占主导。研究区NDVI与气温、降水的相关性在空间分布上主要以正相关为主;月尺度NDVI与气候因子的相关性高于年尺度的值;植被覆盖度与月平均气温的相关性高于其与月降水量的相关性,植被生长对降水月变化的响应不明显,对气温的响应无明显滞后效应。研究区平均NDVI在海拔大于4 000 m区域最小（0.30）,在坡度0°~5°区域最小（0.37）,但是NDVI的显著退化趋势则是以海拔大于4 000 m处最大（14.33%）;海拔大于4 000 m区域主要受降水控制,坡度5°~15°区域主要受气温控制;坡向对植被生长变化的影响没有海拔和坡度影响大。     

气候与人类活动对丹江口水源区植被覆盖变化的影响

植被覆盖状况直接影响到区域生态环境质量,动态监测区域植被覆盖变化,分析其影响因素,对有效开展生态工程建设、实现生态环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程核心水源区,其生态环境状况直接影响到水源区的水质和水量,目前此区域植被覆盖动态变化研究存在研究时间较短,人类活动定量评估不足等问题。该研究以丹江口水源地为研究区,以GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI为数据源,运用经验正交遥相关EOT(empirical orthogonal teleconnections)算法对1982—2018年归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)数据进行重构,分析此区域植被覆盖时空变化特征。在此基础上,分析气候和人类活动因素对区域植被覆盖变化的综合贡献情况。结果表明:1982—2018年间NDVI呈现波动上升趋势。空间上,89.93%的像元年均NDVI呈现增加趋势,10.06%的像元年均NDVI呈现减小趋势。气温与NDVI呈现显著正相关,相关系数为0.792 (P0.05),降水量与NDVI呈现显著负相关,相关系数为-0.43 (P0.05),气温对植被的影响大于降水。气候因素对植被的影响呈现明显的空间异质性,在海拔较高的山地区域,植被生长受降水和气温的综合作用影响;而在地势较为低平的盆地和河谷区,NDVI与气温呈现显著的正相关关系,与降水则呈现显著负相关关系。人类活动对区域植被覆盖影响具有双重作用,研究区67.74%区域人类活动对植被覆盖产生正面影响,正向作用表现在为恢复生态环境实施的一系列生态保护与建设工程措施;32.26%区域人类活动对植被覆盖产生负面影响,负向作用表现在为发展社会经济进行的一系列不合理的生产活动。采用残差法分离气候因素和人为因素对区域植被覆盖影响,气候因素对区域植被覆盖变化的综合贡献度为92.14%,人类活动因素的综合贡献度为7.86%,气候因素是影响区域植被覆盖整体变化的主导因素。空间上,在生态措施实施以及中心城市周围等人类活动程度较高的区域,人类活动逐渐成为NDVI变化的关键因素。     

2001—2018年雅砻江流域植被NDVI时空动态及其对气候变化的响应

为了了解雅砻江流域植被覆盖变化及其对气候的响应,基于MOD13Q1和气象数据,采用趋势分析和偏相关分析等方法,分析了2001—2018年雅砻江流域生长季NDVI的时空变化特征,探讨了NDVI变化对气候因子的响应。结果表明:(1)2001—2018年雅砻江流域NDVI均值为0.66,呈东南向西北逐渐下降趋势,并随海拔的升高呈先增后减趋势;(2)2001—2018年雅砻江流域NDVI整体以0.003/10 a的速率波动上升,NDVI增加面积(63.97%)大于减少面积(36.03%); 2001—2018年雅砻江流域生长季的气温上升趋势显著,降水上升趋势不明显,流域上、中游气候向暖湿方向发展;(3)整体上NDVI受气温影响大于降水,与气温呈正相关关系,与降水呈负相关关系; 空间差异明显,上游受气温和降水共同影响,中、下游大部分地区受降水影响。整体而言,雅砻江流域被的生长受地形、气候和人类活动等因素影响,近18年植被NDVI改善面积持续增加。     

生态工程背景下黄土高原植被变化时空特征及其驱动力

[目的]分析1990—2015年黄土高原植被的时空演变规律,并从气候变化和人类活动两个方面分析该地区植被变化的驱动力,以期为生态环境保护相关政策的制定和区域可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]基于GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI建立长时间序列NDVI数据集,采用线性趋势分析、多元线性回归和改进的人类残差等分析方法,以NDVI为指标,辅助土地利用数据,对黄土高原地区1990—2015年期间植被时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了定量分析。[结果]①在1990到2015年期间,黄土高原地区植被的NDVI总体表现为上升趋势,且变化趋势较明显的分为两个时期,其中2000年以后NDVI上升速率较快;②2000年以后,黄土高原植被NDVI迅速上升,上升区域面积达到总面积的91.90%,其中NDVI显著上升面积比为65.78%;③黄土高原地区植被面积总体表现为增加,且主要来自于耕地的转入;④人类活动促使的植被恢复区域占黄土高原总面积的21.74%,主要分布在内蒙古的东部和北部、甘肃和宁夏的南部,以及陕西和山西的中部地区。[结论]随着退耕还林还草政策的实施,黄土高原地区植被面积持续增加,且植被生长状况持续变好,黄土高原植被恢复的原因主要是气候和人类共同影响,其中人类影响的程度较大。     

2000—2020年延安市植被覆盖时空变化及其影响因素

[目的] 对陕西省延安市植被覆盖时空变化特征及其与气候变化和人类活动之间的关系进行研究,为该市评估生态环境效益和生态环境建设提供科学支持。[方法] 基于MODIS-NDVI和气象等相关数据,采用线性趋势分析、相关性分析和残差分析对延安市2000—2020年植被覆盖时空变化特征及其影响因素进行研究,并用地理探测器分析不同因子对植被覆盖变化的影响以及各因子之间的交互作用。[结果] ①2000—2020年延安市植被NDVI总体呈上升趋势,增速为10%/10 a,快于同期三北防护林植被覆盖的平均增速。②延安市植被覆盖状况不断优化,呈现改善的面积占99.64%,其中明显改善的面积占97.85%,呈现退化趋势的范围比例极少。③受水热分布的影响,延安市呈现“东高西低,南高北低”的植被分布格局。④延安市植被NDVI与降水的相关性要显著强于气温,与气温的相关系数分布在-0.60~0.70,其中呈正相关的面积占47.52%;与降水的相关系数分布在-0.23~0.91,其中呈正相关的面积占99.62%; ⑤延安市退耕还林还草等生态恢复工程的有效实施对植被状况改善最为显著,降水作用次之,气温和自然地理因素作用较小,多影响因子对延安市植被覆盖变化的交互作用表现为非线性增强或双因子增强。[结论] 延安市是黄土高原腹地中心城市,植被覆盖受气候和人类活动影响较大,未来在生态建设背景下,要立足于不同区域的资源禀赋,人为因素合理参与,因地制宜地采取相应的管控和补偿措施,以期达到植被NDVI持续改善的效果,进一步增强其生态效益。     

江苏省植被覆盖动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

[目的]研究2000—2013年江苏省植被覆盖状况的时空分布特征,并从年际和季节尺度上分析植被覆盖的空间变化特征以及NDVI与气温、降水量的相关关系和滞后性,以期为区域生态环境监测、生态环境保护和植被可持续发展提供参考。[方法]运用美国国家航空航天局(NASA)发布的2000—2013年MODIS 13Q1级产品(归一化植被指数)和江苏省1999—2013年各气象站点气象资料,采用最大值合成法、趋势线分析法、Person相关分析法和偏相关分析法。[结果](1)14a来,江苏省植被NDVI整体上呈下降趋势,且在时间和空间尺度上有所差异;(2)由于气温、降水量、厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜等事件的影响,NDVI在年际和季节间呈波动性变化;(3)NDVI对降水变化响应的滞后期为1个月,NDVI基本同步于相应气温的变化,仅夏季滞后期为1月。[结论]从时间尺度上看,年际、秋季,NDVI呈下降趋势,而春夏季,NDVI呈上升趋势;从空间尺度上看,江苏省西部的植被覆盖程度明显优于东部沿海和长江中下游平原。NDVI在年际和季节尺度上与气候因子的相关性显著,且与气温的相关性最好。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.