基于GIS的区域水土流失评价研究

以黄土高原为研究区，对该区的水土流失进行系统、宏观、综合的分析，确定了一套适于该区水土流失宏观定量评价的指标体系，并运用ＧＩＳ技术，对该区影响水土流失的各个因素进行空间分析，实现了多源数据的空间集成和专题信息的提取，建立了适于该区水土流失评价的宏观定量数学模型，并对研究区一定评价年限内的水土流失状况进行了应用评价。     

基于GIS的中国潜在水土流失评价指标研究

综合分析了影响水土流失的各主要因子 ,如地表形态 (地貌 )、地面物质 (土壤及其母质 )、动力条件(降雨、径流、风力和冻融作用 )、人为活动影响 ;结合现有的水土保持数据和研究成果 ,确定以土壤抗冲性、降雨侵蚀力、地形起伏度等作为基于GIS的中国潜在水土流失评价的指标 ,用以进行全国水土流失宏观分析评价。     

贵州省地质背景下的区域水土流失特征

 为进行区域水土流失现状评价及趋势预测,掌握宏观控制因子是必要的。从地质背景出发,分析贵州省地质条件的区域特征与水土流失现状及潜在危险性的关系。结果表明,地质条件是山区区域水土流失的重要影响因子之一,宏观上确定了水土流失危险程度的空间分布规律。同时,划分出6个水土流失分区,并就其未来趋势进行了描述和评价。     

基于RS和GIS的区域水土流失快速定量评价方法

区域水土流失的快速调查和评价对于水土保持宏观决策、灾情快速反应以及水土流失定期公告制的建立具有十分重要的意义。立足于区域水土流失问题探索和3S技术应用的研究,提出了区域水土流失宏观快速定量评价的方法及其实现的技术路线,并以整个黄土高原为研究区进行了实全研究,确定了一套适于该区水土流失宏观定量评从的指标,建立了相应的评价模型,并利用该模型对研究区一定年限内的水土流失状况进行了评价,获得了令人满意的结果。     

中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用

基于全国 1:10 0万的栅格数字高程模型 ( DEM)数据 ,在 ARC/ INFO的 GRID模块支持下 ,利用窗口分析方法 ,经过采样统计 ,确定中国水土流失地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口大小为 5 km× 5 km;基于 5 km× 5 km的分析窗口 ,提取了中国水土流失地形起伏度 ,完成了中国水土流失地形起伏度制图 ;最后对中国水土流失地形起伏度进行了适用性分析 ,并将其初步应用于中国潜在水土流失评价     

我国水蚀预报模型研究的现状、挑战与任务

 土壤侵蚀模型研究,是土壤侵蚀学科的前沿领域和水土保持规划的有效手段。述评了我国在坡面预报模型和流域侵蚀产沙模型、区域水土流失评价模型和全国水土流失宏观趋势预测的研究进展,提出了中国水蚀预报模型研究面临的挑战与任务,指出了我国水蚀预报模型近期研究重点。     

中国主要水蚀区土壤侵蚀过程与调控研究

国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）项目＂中国主要水蚀区土壤侵蚀过程与调控研究＂针对国家对土壤侵蚀防治对策基础理论的迫切需求和国际学科前沿重大问题,选择东北黑土漫岗丘陵区、西北黄土高原区、南方红壤丘陵区和西南紫色土山丘区等4个主要水力侵蚀区,从侵蚀过程、侵蚀模型和侵蚀调控3个层面进行了系统研究。揭示了不同方式和不同尺度下土壤侵蚀发生发展的过程及其空间格局、影响因子和作用机制;构建了中国多尺度水蚀预报模型;提出了水土流失与水土保持的环境效应评价指标体系与方法;综合集成了适应自然生态过程和人类活动的水土流失调控范式。该项研究成果丰富和发展了具有中国特色的水土保持科学,为国家制定水土保持战略和规划提供了理论依据。     

基于多因子层次覆盖模型的潜在土壤侵蚀等级评价——以内蒙古林西县为例

以内蒙古林西县作为研究案例,采用降雨侵蚀力、主要地形体、土壤可蚀性、植被盖度及水土保持措施等参数,利用TM影像、DEM、土壤类型图、土地利用类型图等地理辅助数据与地面实测土壤理化性质及多年降水数据,在GIS与RS技术支持下,对5个单因子作用下研究区潜在水土流失风险进行评价.并基于多因子层次覆盖评价模型,对复合因子及多因子综合作用下研究区潜在水土流失状况进行评价.结果表明:地形、土壤与植被盖度3个因子对土壤侵蚀的贡献量较大,土地利用方式与降雨强度对土壤侵蚀的贡献量较小.5个因子综合作用的结果是:林西县有近77%的土地面积面临强度及强度以上水土流失的危险.其中轻度及微度水土流失面积占总土地面积的比例较小,二者共占总土地面积比例14.8%,主要分布在林西县西北部的中高山坡度较低地区;强度水土流失占22.8%,主要发生在北部的中山区及中部的河谷平川区;极强度水土流失占43.8%,主要发生在中部及南部低山丘陵区;剧烈水土流失面积占10.8%,集中分布在北部中山高坡区.     

基于GIS的广东省水土流失潜在危险度评价

以GIS为支撑,选取整个广东省为研究区域,基于对自然界潜在水土流失强度的客观认识,综合考虑区域内坡度、坡长、土壤、降雨及地质等因子,通过空间叠加分析,对区域水土流失潜在危险度进行了度量和评价,生成了广东省水土流失潜在危险度分布图。分析结果表明,广东省水土流失潜在危险分布区以无险、轻险型区为主,其面积占全省面积的80%以上,主要分布在平原区;重险型区域面积占该省面积的18.3%,主要分布在东部、南部、北部地势较高,降雨量较大的山丘区,区内植被一旦遭到破坏,极易发生流失,是水土保持工作中的重点预防保护区域。     

现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用

７０年代以来,遥感和地理信息技术主要应用于土壤侵蚀遥感调查,基于ＧＩＳ的土壤侵蚀评价与制图研究,土壤侵蚀与水土保持信息系统建立等方面。今后一个时期内,现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用,主要表现为４个方面：（１）实施国家水土流失与水土保持动态监测;（２）中国水土流失定量评价模型系统;（３）定期快速清查区域水土流失与水土保持状况;（４）建立国家水土保持管理信息系统。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.