有机物质添加量对污染土壤铜形态及活性的影响

分析了泥炭和堆肥两种有机物质的添加量水平对冶炼厂附近污染土壤中铜形态及其活的影响。结果表明,添加土重２．５％有机物质就对土壤铜化学形态与活性产生显著的影响,使氧化锰结合态和松结合有机态铜等向紧结合有机态铜转化,使土壤化学活性铜（２．５％醋酸提取）降低约２０％;添加量增加到５．０％,控制作用有明显加强的趋势;添加量再于１０．０％单位加量有机物质的控制作用明显减弱。     

泥炭和堆肥对几种污染土壤中铜化学活性的影响

由于重金属在土壤中的难移动性和污染危害的长期性,有关重金属在土壤中化学行为的研究受到重视[1]。重金属铜在土壤环境中既有植物营养问题,又有土壤污染问题[1,2]。研究土壤铜的形态区分与转化、作物吸收积累与反应规律,有利于确定土壤铜的环境容量和铜污染土壤的改良方法[1,3]。由于铜与土壤有机质之间存在着特殊的亲和力,研究添加外源有机物质对土壤铜形态与活性的影响作用[1,4],有利于揭示有机物质对污染土壤铜作用的规律,为指导铜污染土壤的改良提供依据。本文主要介绍在盆栽条件下泥炭和堆肥两种有机物质对几个不同污染水平土壤铜化学活性的影响。     

有机物质对农田土壤与农作物砷污染修复的研究进展

施用富含有机成分的物质调控农田重金属砷污染是一种具有良好应用前景与环境价值的污染防治手段。不同有机物质(如水溶性有机酸、有机肥、生物炭等)可影响砷土壤环境化学行为,主要包括土壤中砷的有效性、形态转化、土壤-农作物系统砷的迁移,进而改变农作物对砷的富集。本文综述了有机物质在改变土壤砷生物利用度,影响砷在土壤中赋存形态的转化以及在农作物砷污染修复方面的最新研究进展,阐明其控制土壤砷污染的作用机理并总结有效的控制措施。同时,对高效有机改良剂开发、砷污染的修复机理与修复前景等方面进行了展望,以期为农田砷污染高效控制提供科学依据。     

污灌土壤中氟及硫的形态分布特征

以乌鲁木齐雅马里克山的石灰性土壤为研究对象,采用连续提取法和分步提取法对土壤氟和硫的化学形态进行了测定,研究了不同水质及外源对土壤氟和硫各形态的含量及其分布的影响.结果表明土壤氟主要以残渣态为主,占全氟含量99.5%以上.各形态氟呈残余态氟>有机束缚态氟>水溶态氟>可交换态氟>铁锰结合态氟的趋势.不同水质浇灌后,土壤硫主要以有机硫为主,占71.5%～81.2%.并且呈现有机硫>盐酸可溶性硫>水溶性硫>吸附性硫的趋势.外源物质对土壤理化性质及对土壤中氟和硫各形态有不同程度的影响.土壤氟和硫各形态之间以及各形态与土壤理化性质之间的相关性分析表明,全氟与残余态氟极显著相关.土壤全硫与有机硫之间具有十分密切的相关性.土壤pH值、有机质和CaCO₃含量是影响土壤中氟及硫赋存形态的主要土壤因子.     

酸度对土壤溶液中铜形态的影响及其与黑麦草生长关系的研究

研究了酸度对土壤溶液中铜形态的影响以及不同形态铜与黑麦草吸收及其生长的关系。结果表明：酸度强烈地影响土壤溶液中铜的化学形态，随着酸度的增加，土壤溶液中各种形态铜的含量包括水溶态铜、离子态铜及与易溶有机物结合的铜都相应增加，而且随处理铜浓度的增加不同酸度土壤上的差异更大。酸度能影响黑麦草对铜的吸收，随酸度的增加，黑麦草对铜的吸收增加。其中在对照及低铜处理中两种土壤的差异不显著，而在处理铜浓度高于50mg／kg以后两种土壤上的黑麦草铜含量差异都达显著水平。黑麦草的生长随土壤酸度的增加而变差，随处理铜浓度的增加，两种土壤的差异逐步达显著水平。黑麦草的生物量与黑麦萆体内铜含量、土壤水溶态铜、有机结合态铜及离子态铜都呈极显著的负相关关系。酸度也影响土壤溶液中易溶有机碳的含量，随酸度的降低有机碳的水平呈增加的趋势．在部分铜处理水平间差异达显著水平。     

模拟硝田土壤铁和硫的形态转化特征及其影响因素

采用室内培养试验,在确定模拟硝田土壤硫酸钠含量的基础上,观测并探讨落干/淹水状况、有机物质种类与数量对模拟硝田土壤铁和硫形态转化特征的影响。结果表明:全铁(Fet)和游离铁(Fed)受落干/淹水状态和有机物质种类与数量的影响均不显著,而活性铁(Feo)、络合铁(Fep)、亚铁离子(Fe(II))及有效铁(Fea)受淹水及有机物质数量的显著影响,Fe(II)、Fea还受有机物质种类的显著影响;硫形态转化同时受淹水及有机物质种类与数量的影响;土壤铁、硫形态转化一方面通过有机物质与铁、硫的直接作用实现,一方面通过改变土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)及还原性物质总量(TARM)等氧化还原状况实现;铁与硫的形态转化也表现出一定的耦合关系。     

玉米根际土壤中不同重金属的形态变化

采用根垫法研究了不同生长时期的玉米根际土壤中铜、镉、铅、锌和铬的形态变化。结果表明 ,玉米生长 1 0 0d内不同重金属的形态变化有显著差别。交换态铜 ,碳酸盐态铜和锌 ,铁锰态铜、铅和铬 ,有机态铜、铅和铬都有明显变化。在 1 0 0d生长期间 ,不同重金属在根际土壤中的相对变化有较大幅度的波动。植物吸收主要影响根际土壤交换态铜和碳酸盐态铜和锌的变化 ,对镉和铅形态变化影响不大。     

耕型红壤和红壤性水稻土铜的化学形态及其有效性

对湖南省 1 0个有代表性红壤样品进行化学分组测定 .结果表明 ,土壤有机态、无定形铁态、晶形铁态和残留态铜分别占全铜量的 1 5 2 %、1 1 7%、1 7 2 %和 5 6 0 % .红壤性水稻土有机态和无定形铁态铜 ,明显高于耕型红壤 ,而晶形态、残留态铜则相反 ,供试土壤有效铜含量与土壤有机态铜和无定形铁态铜含量呈极显著性正相关     

旱改水对土壤铜含量及其有效性的影响研

旱改水对土壤Cu含量及其有效性的影响研究结果表明 ,代换态铜是土壤中Cu的强度因子 ,而晶形铁结合态铜和残留态铜为植物无效态铜且需经形态转化才有效 ,其他形态铜既是容量因子也是强度因子 ,其有效程度大致为无定形铁结合态铜 >有机结合态铜 >氧化锰结合态铜 >碳酸盐结合态铜。旱改水促进碳酸盐结合态铜、氧化锰结合态铜尤其是残留态铜向代换态铜、无定形铁结合态铜和有机态铜转化 ,提高土壤铜有效性和可移动性 ,并使Cu淋溶损失 ,导致水旱轮作土壤耕层全Cu贫化     

有机物料影响下土壤溶液铜形态及其有效性研究

研究了盆栽种稻条件下，有机物料对土壤水溶性铜、易解离态铜和可解离态铜含量变化的影响及其与水稻吸铜量之间的关系。结果表明，在分蘖期，当不添加外源铜时，猪粪和泥炭均降低了潮土水溶性铜含量，但没有降低红壤水溶性铜含量。两种有机物料均降低水溶性铜的可解离程度。当添加外源铜时，两种有机物料均显降低了水性铜浓度。到成熟期，在不添加外源铜的情况下，两种有机物料不同程度地提高了不溶性铜含量，但在添加外源铜的情况下，则仍然降低了水溶性铜含量。pH和DOC是影响土壤铜溶解度及形态的主要因素，但在不同条件下，二的影响程度不同。土壤溶液中3种形态铜含量均与水稻吸铜量呈显正相关。     

Rhizosphere effects on Cu availability and fractionation in sewage sludge‐amended calcareous soils

Rhizosphere processes have a major impact on copper (Cu) availability and its fractions in soils. A greenhouse experiment with wheat was performed to investigate availability (using seven chemical procedures) and fractionation of Cu in the rhizosphere of ten agricultural soils (Typic Calcixerepts) amended with sewage sludge (1% w/w) using rhizoboxes. The results show that available Cu concentrations in rhizosphere soils were significantly (P < 1%) lower than in bulk soils. In comparison with the bulk soils, in the rhizosphere soils the concentration of Cu associated with organic matter and residual Cu increased by 24 and 4%, respectively, whereas exchangeable Cu, Cu associated with iron‐manganese oxides, and Cu associated with carbonate decreased by 20, 14, and 12%, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Cu associated with iron‐manganese oxides and Cu associated with organic matter in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were significantly correlated (P < 5%). The results show that the differences between rhizosphere and bulk soils in chemical conditions such as DOC concentrations can change the proportion of soil Cu fractions and, therefore, Cu availability for wheat in calcareous soils amended with sewage sludge. The results show that the wheat root‐induced modifications of chemical and biological soil conditions do not only lead to Cu depletion in mobile soil Cu fractions, but also to modification in soil Cu fractions which are commonly considered as more stable.     

Redistribution and Availability of Iron,Manganese, Zinc,and Copper in Four Malian Agricultural Soils Amended with Solid Municipal Waste Compost

Abstract

Municipal waste compost can improve the fertility status of tropical soils. The redistribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in tropical soils after amendment with solid municipal waste compost was investigated. Four tropical agricultural soils from Mali characterized by poor trace‐element status were amended with compost and incubated for 32 weeks at 35°C. The soil were analyzed at the beginning and the end of the incubation experiment for readily available fractions, organic fractions, and residual fractions as operationally defined by sequential extraction. Readily available Fe increased significantly with compost application in most soils. Readily available Mn was mostly unaffected by compost application. After 32 weeks, readily available Zn had increased, and readily available Cu had decreased. Readily available levels of the elements remained greater than deficiency levels in the compost‐amended soils. Organic fractions of the elements increased after compost addition. The organic fractions and residual forms, depending on the element and the soil, remained constant or increased within the duration of the experiment.     

Effect of Organic Residues and Their Derived Biochars on the Zinc and Copper Chemical Fractions and Some Chemical Properties of a Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

Addition of more resistant organic materials, such as biochars, to soils not only enhances soil C sequestration but also can also benefit soil fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two organic materials (sheep manure and vermicompost) and their biochars produced at two pyrolysis temperatures (300 and 500°C) applied at 5% (w/w) on the chemical fractions of Zn and Cu and some chemical characteristics of an unpolluted, light textured calcareous soil. Addition of the raw organic materials and their-derived biochars significantly enhanced plant available K, P, and Zn but significantly decreased plant available Cu in the soil. Sheep manure biochar produced at 300°C was most effective at increasing plant available P (13-fold) and K (1.9 fold) likely due to formation of more soluble forms of P and K compared to raw material or biochar produced at higher temperature (500°C). Whereas, raw vermicompost and sheep manure were most effective at enhancing plant available Zn, by increasing water soluble and exchangeable Zn fraction likely due to organic complexation. All amendments, especially biochars produced at 300°C reduced water soluble and exchangeable Cu mainly attributed to increased soil P availability. The results of this study showed that in the short-term, addition of the low-temperature biochars was best for enhancing soil P and K availability, but concomitantly reduced Cu availability the most, whereas, addition of the raw organic materials was better for enhancing Zn availability compared to the biochars.     

Chemical transformation of copper in some sludge-amended soils

In a laboratory incubation study, the periodic changes in different chemical fractions of copper (Cu) in three sludge-amended soil types (acidic sandy clay loam, neutral clay loam and alkaline clay loam) of varying soil reaction were monitored under field capacity and flooding moisture regime over 16 months. The water soluble and exchangeable fraction of Cu was very low (≤1% of total Cu) in all three soil types. At the end of incubation (16 months), the sodium acetate extractable (carbonate sorbed)- and residual-Cu fractions transformed into Fe-Mn oxide fraction, irrespective of moisture regime in all three soil types. However, the extent of transformation varied among soils.     

秸秆还田对砂姜黑土理化性质与锰、锌、铜有效性的影响

采用田间试验与实验室培育试验研究作物秸秆还田对砂姜黑土理化性质及Cu、Zn、Mn有效性的影响,结果表明,秸秆还田可降低土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度,特别是毛管孔隙度显著增加。土壤中胡敏酸和富里酸含量显著增加,胡敏酸含量的增加对提高土壤有机质活性和改善土壤肥力具有良好效应。与单施化肥比较,秸秆配施化肥土壤中交换态锰、锌、铜含量分别增加11%、21%和41%,有机结合态锰、铜分别增加19%和103%。培育试验表明,加入粉碎的作物秸秆培育90d后,土壤中有效锰、有效铜含量分别增加21%和27%。     

石灰用量对污染红壤和黄泥土中有效态铜锌含量的影响

采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合污染的三级污染红壤和黄泥土（Cu 200mg/kg、Zn 400 mg/kg）,稳定一个月,施入低（0.50 g/kg）、中（1.50 g/kg）和高（2.50 g/kg）3种不同用量的石灰,稳定两个月后测定土壤有效态铜、锌含量和pH值,以阐明石灰用量对不同污染土壤中重金属有效态含量的影响。结果表明,随石灰用量的增加,复合污染红壤中有效态铜含量较对照依次降低31%、76%和87%;而石灰用量对黄泥土中有效态铜影响的差异不显著;两种土壤中有效态锌含量均随石灰用量的增加而显著减少;复合污染较单一污染相比,有效态铜及有效态锌的含量差异不显著。在复合污染下,低、中量石灰使黄泥土中有效态铜含量较红壤减少89%和63%,有效态锌减少27%和65%。但加入高量石灰,两种土壤差异不显著。石灰能够降低单一与复合污染铜、锌有效态的含量,但其效果因土壤类型而异,在红壤上选择施用高量石灰而在黄泥土上则适宜施用低中量石灰,以取得最佳的修复效果和效益。     

Release of Copper,Zinc, and Manganese from Rock Powder with Organic Materials Applied to Soils

An incubation experiment was conducted using a sandy (Fluvic Cambisol) and a silty (Endostagnic Cambisol) soil to determine the release of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) from a sulfide-rich rock powder (grain size <0.5 mm), applied either alone or mixed with organic materials. Finely ground legume straw, wheat straw, and cow dung from an organic farm were used as organic materials. Rock powder and organic materials were mixed thoroughly with soils, moistened to field capacity, and incubated for 42 days. Soil samples were collected at weekly intervals for analysis. The solubility of Cu in soils increased over time with the addition of rock powder but decreased significantly if soils were mixed with organic materials. Treatments with organic materials alone show a lower release than the combination treatments with rock powder. These trends were similar for both soils. Although the solubility of Mn was very high in the sandy soil, it was not significantly affected either by the time of incubation or by the treatments applied. Zinc solubility was greater in organic material treatments than in the combined treatments in either soil. There were significant changes in pH with time as pH decreased in rock powder treatments. This study shows that the rock powder used here could be a potential source of soluble Cu, when used in combination with organic manure, though for Zn and Mn results are not conclusive.     

施用猪粪对不同类型土壤中铜的赋存形态及小白菜吸收铜的影响

  目的  探讨猪粪中铜（Cu）的输入对土壤中Cu的赋存和生物有效性的影响。  方法  将1%和3%的腐熟猪粪（干猪粪∶秸秆 = 10∶1）添加到黄褐土、红壤、黑土、褐土中,分别老化0、1、2、3、5个月后,进行小白菜盆栽实验。  结果  与对照相比,施用猪粪使黄褐土、红壤、黑土和褐土土壤铜（Cu）全量分别显著增加了20.23% ~ 50.43%、79.87% ~ 142.6%、52.41% ~ 76.43%和41.14% ~ 92.24%。四种土壤中水溶态（F1）、碳酸盐结合态（F3）Cu占比均增加,施用3%猪粪的红壤未老化处理中F1-Cu和黄褐土未老化处理中F3-Cu增幅最大,分别达4.55%和16.47%。土壤铁锰氧化态（F5）、有机结合态（F6）Cu占比增加,残渣态（F7）占比降低。土壤有效态Cu的占比与猪粪老化时间呈显著负相关,3%猪粪老化5个月处理的黄褐土、黑土和褐土土壤有效态Cu占比分别降低12.85%、4.11%和3.68%,而红壤有效态Cu占比随老化时间变化不显著。在黄褐土中,腐殖酸结合态（F4）Cu的占比随猪粪老化时间的延长逐渐增加。施用猪粪显著增加小白菜对Cu的吸收,其中红壤的增幅最大,根系与地上部Cu含量分别显著提高244.5%和381.7%,地上部Cu含量为国家食品中污染物限量标准的1.44 ~ 2.56倍。逐步回归分析方程表明小白菜根系Cu的含量与土壤pH、粘粒及腐殖酸结合态（F4）含量呈显著负相关,与猪粪Cu输入量、土壤可溶性有机质含量呈显著正相关。  结论  猪粪的Cu输入显著提高土壤和小白菜的Cu 含量。土壤Cu的生物有效性不仅受土壤性质的影响,猪粪本身及在土壤中分解产生的腐殖酸和水溶性有机质对Cu的有效性也有较大的影响。通过比较不同的土壤类型,施用含Cu猪粪在红壤－作物系统中存在相对较高的重金属污染风险。     

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。     

Redistribution of copper in alfisols under submergence. II. applied copper

Abstract

Soil submergence for growing wet land rice creates typical chemical environment which is likely to affect availability of applied fertilizer copper (Cu) to the crop by transforming it into various soil fractions. An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of organic matter (as starch) application on the transformation of applied Cu in Alfisols under submergence. Copper was applied either at the beginning or after 15 days of submergence (presubmergence). Results show that more than 85% of the applied Cu was distributed in water soluble plus exchangeable (WSEX), organically complexed (OC), and amorphous iron oxides bound (AMOX) fractions at the beginning of incubation. Submergence caused decrease in WSEX, and OC [in Purulia district (S,) soil only] fractions and increase in AMOX and residual Cu fractions of applied Cu. About 15% of the applied Cu was transformed into inactive residual fraction at the end of 60 days of submergence. Copper applied in 15 days presubmerged soils transformed to a lesser extent into residual fraction than that applied in 0 day presubmerged (i.e., no presubmergence) soils. Application of organic matter in S, soil mobilized applied Cu from OC to AMOX fraction and reduced net transformation into residual fraction. Lower net transformation into residual fraction suggests that Cu may be applied in 15 days presubmerged soil for its higher use efficiency in rice crop grown in Cu deficient Alfisol.