浅沟侵蚀过程及预报模型研究进展

浅沟是黄土丘陵沟壑区的重要产沙方式之一，是在径流冲刷和人类耕作共同作用下形成的。介绍了浅沟侵蚀发生发展过程、浅沟水流水力学特性、浅沟侵蚀影响因素、浅沟侵蚀预报模型等进展，提出了今后亟待加强的研究领域，包括浅沟发生的临界动力条件、浅沟发育过程的定量描述、浅沟水流的剥离方程及泥沙搬运能力、动态监测浅沟侵蚀过程的新方法、包括浅沟侵蚀的坡面土壤流失预报模型等。     

降雨和汇流条件下浅沟侵蚀过程试验研究

[目的]探究含沙水流汇入对含有浅沟微地形的裸土和草地坡面的侵蚀产沙过程的影响,为该地区浅沟侵蚀治理提供理论依据,并为坡沟系统的土壤侵蚀模型建立奠定基础。[方法]通过降雨和放水相结合的野外模拟试验和人工建筑的浅沟模型开展研究。[结果]含沙水流汇入裸土浅沟坡面的侵蚀量增加了15%～58%,而对草地浅沟坡面的侵蚀影响不显著,说明草地恢复对于减少由汇流作用的侵蚀具有显著效益。试验条件下裸坡和草地坡面泥沙浓度都在产流开始时达到最大然后逐渐降低,最后达到稳定,然而含沙水流汇入使得泥沙浓度达到稳定所需的时间延长。含沙水流汇入能够显著增加浅沟发育速度,特别是浅沟沟宽和下切深度增加明显,草地恢复可以显著减缓浅沟的下切侵蚀,进而减缓浅沟的发育速度。对于裸土和草地浅沟坡面,含沙水流汇入显著增加了浅沟部位流速,尤其是草地浅沟部位各坡段流速平均增幅达到了55%。[结论]增加含沙水流汇入会显著增加裸坡坡面上的浅沟侵蚀量和浅沟的发育速度,而对草地坡面上浅沟的侵蚀和发育影响不显著。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域浅沟和切沟侵蚀区的界定

验证了国外发生浅沟侵蚀和切沟侵蚀判定式在黄土丘陵区的适用性。通过GPS实测数据并结合GIS空间分析与统计回归方法,建立了适用于黄土高原丘陵区的发生浅沟侵蚀和切沟侵蚀判定式。研究结果表明,在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,随着坡度的增大,发生浅沟侵蚀和切沟侵蚀的临界值a增大,高强度降雨致使判定式中汇水面积（A）的指数b值减小,从而降低了汇水面积的影响作用。在假定其它因素相同时,浅沟形成只需较小的汇水面积,而切沟形成则需要相对较大的汇水面积;当单位汇水面积相同时,发生切沟侵蚀比浅沟侵蚀需要更大的坡度。利用国外研究结果预测提取的浅沟侵蚀和切沟侵蚀发生区,明显夸大了研究区的沟蚀发生区;而用作者所建立的判定式提取的浅沟和切沟侵蚀分布区与野外实际相当吻合。即浅沟侵蚀主要发生在15°～35°的沟间地上,其分布面积占整个沟间地面积的60％,切沟侵蚀主要发生在大于35°的沟坡地上,其分布面积占整个沟坡面积的93％。     

黄土高原集流槽的发育与控制

本文从细沟交汇与分叉和人为耕作作用两方面论叙了集流槽的发生发展机制,在搞清其发生发展规律的基础上,讨论了它在现代侵蚀沟和微地貌分类中的归属问题,指出它应作为细沟、浅沟、切沟系列以外一种特殊的侵蚀微地形。将发生在集流槽底部,宽度30～50cm,其深度与耕作层等深的小侵蚀沟称为浅沟。嗣后讨论了用细沟、浅沟分布的不均匀性拟定的集流槽发育系数d,来鉴别集流槽发育程度的方法,分析了集流槽与细沟侵蚀、浅沟侵蚀的关系。最后提出控制集流槽发展,防止浅沟、切沟侵蚀的两项措施。     

三峡库区野外模拟降雨条件下弃渣场土壤侵蚀特性

[目的]揭示三峡库区弃渣场土壤侵蚀规律,为该地区弃渣场的土壤侵蚀治理提供依据。[方法]通过现场搭建径流小区并采用人工模拟降雨的方法进行研究。[结果]降雨量同侵蚀量存在极显著的线性关系;降雨强度同渣场产流时间呈极显著的幂函数关系,同径流含沙率呈极显著的指数函数关系;渣场表层较高的细砾石含量,一定程度上可以减少溅蚀与面蚀量,但在强降雨或持续降雨条件下会促进坡面沟蚀的发育;渣场侵蚀具有一定季节分布,非雨季时,渣场侵蚀以面蚀与轻微沟蚀为主,坡面主要发育为细沟与浅沟,侵蚀量较少;雨季时,渣场坡面浅沟迅速转化为切沟,泥沙流失严重。[结论]研究区渣场侵蚀具有一定的季节性,渣场施工时应根据气候特征适当调配,主动避开雨季,并在雨季前完成渣场的水土保护设置;采取相应防护措施抑制或减缓雨季沟蚀的发育是研究区渣场水土保持防护的重点。     

龛沟是崩岗早期发育的形态标志

为探究我国南方花岗岩红壤地区崩岗的起始标志和发育阶段。在湖北省通城县和广西岑溪市2个典型崩岗区调查崩岗的发育过程。结果表明,2个调查区都存在一种细沟发育而来的龛状浅沟,将其命名为龛沟。龛沟具有3个特征：上游有明显细沟,沟壁陡峭且具有上窄下宽的宽深梯形形态。龛沟主要发生在砂土层裸露、具有一定汇水面积和局地坡度>30°的裸露坡面。龛沟是一种特殊形态的浅沟,其定义、形态和侵蚀营力都不同于常规浅沟、切沟和Amphitheatershaped canyons等沟蚀地貌。龛沟是沟道侵蚀从水力侵蚀为主变为水力和重力复合侵蚀的过程,是崩岗起始发育的启动标志,其发生原因与花岗岩红壤上红（黏）下砂的土层结构有关。以龛沟出现为标志,将崩岗的发育阶段重新划分为早期准备阶段、初期启动阶段、中期发展阶段和后期成熟阶段。龛沟的特点和研究区的崩岗治理效果表明,削坡开级的治理方式不适合在红土层较薄的花岗岩红壤地区使用。龛沟的发现将推进对崩岗早期发育的研究,并为崩岗的预防和治理提供新的理论依据。     

7Be示踪坡耕地次降雨细沟与细沟间侵蚀

对于坡面细沟与细沟间侵蚀过程的了解是建立侵蚀预报模型的基础,但传统方法难以对其进行深入研究。利用7Be示踪技术并结合人工模拟降雨,考虑坡脚沉积作用,研究了25°坡耕地径流小区次降雨过程中细沟与细沟间侵蚀动态。结果表明：根据流出径流小区泥沙7Be含量变化计算坡面明显细沟出现时间,由于坡脚沉积作用使得A、B两试验小区这一时间比实际细沟出现分别延迟了45 min和11 min;根据坡面-侵蚀泥沙中7Be总量守恒和泥沙质量平衡原理,坡面细沟间侵蚀及细沟侵蚀在坡面总侵蚀、坡脚沉积区泥沙及流出径流小区泥沙中的比例被定量区分开;总体上,细沟间侵蚀量在径流泥沙中的比例逐渐减少,而细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加。两试验小区中7Be示踪计算坡面细沟侵蚀量和坡脚沉积量与实测值相比相对误差均较小,因此7Be示踪技术可以对土壤侵蚀进行较为准确地定量研究。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟水流水动力学参数实验研究

浅沟侵蚀是黄土丘陵沟壑区重要的侵蚀类型,浅沟水流的水动力学参数研究是建立浅沟侵蚀物理模型或概念模型的基础。以黄土丘陵沟壑区延安市燕儿沟小流域的坡地为对象,通过野外放水冲刷实验,对浅沟水流的水动力学参数变化特征进行研究。结果表明：浅沟水流属于紊流范围,大多数情况下是急流;在坡度18°左右时,携沙水流的流速最小,阻力最大,此时水流的能量分配在侵蚀与携沙之间达到平衡;浅沟水流在坡度26°左右时流速达到最大,水流功率达到最大,最利于浅沟侵蚀的发生和发展。研究结果可为黄土区浅沟侵蚀物理模型的建立提供理论支撑。     

不同土地利用方式坡面径流侵蚀强度模拟试验

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤丘陵区3种土地利用方式下(经济林坡地、坡耕地及荒坡地)坡面侵蚀强度及其影响因素进行对比分析.结果表明,次降雨坡面土壤侵蚀模数大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地;90 mm/h雨强是经济林坡地侵蚀性降雨的临界雨强,60 mm/h雨强是荒坡地及坡耕地侵蚀性降雨的临界雨强;建议在坡耕地上以4m为间隔设置水土保持措施;雨强30～120 mm/h时,侵蚀模数随坡长延长相同长度增速大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地,雨强150 mm/h时,其顺序为经济林坡地＞坡耕地＞荒坡地;3种土地利用方式下侵蚀模数与径流深均呈正相关关系,可用幂函数拟合(R2＞0.75),侵蚀模数随径流深变化速率大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地;3种土地利用方式下雨强与侵蚀模数的相关性均较坡长大.     

三峡库区紫色土旱坡地不同坡度土壤磷素流失特征研究

以三峡库区紫色土旱坡地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区旱坡地不同坡度下土壤磷素的流失特征。结果表明,地表径流量和侵蚀泥沙量都随着坡度的增大而增大,且径流量和泥沙量是先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定。地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中磷素的流失量均呈17°>9°>4°的趋势。地表径流中,颗粒态总磷流失量是水溶态总磷流失量的1.50～1.51倍。全磷主要吸附在泥沙中流失,磷素随泥沙的流失量占总流失量的85.0%～94.1%。研究结果为三峡库区旱坡地磷素的管理提供理论依据。     

Effect of joint structure and slope direction on the development of collapsing gully in tuffaceous sandstone area in South China

This study focuses on the collapsing gullies in tuffaceous sandstone area and investigates the slope direction and morphological characteristics of the main and branch gullies. Furthermore, we assess the structural characteristics of the rock joints within this area, including their strike, dip direction and dip angle. The results show that there are 405 collapsing gullies in the study area. The slope directions associated with collapsing gullies and the directions of the main gullies largely fall within the ranges of NE20°-NE90°, SE90°-SE160°, SW240°-SW270°, and NW270°-NW290°. The collapsing gullies include 1103 branch gullies in total, most of which have directions that fall within the ranges of NE20°-NE40°, NE50°-NE70°, NW280°-NW300°, and NW330°-NW350°. The joints in the bedrock are directional and regional, and they can be divided into two main groups. The number of southward dip directions is greater than the number of northward dip directions, and most of the measured dip angles are greater than 60°. The mean dip angle is greatest for joints with measured strike values of NW280°-NW290°, with a value of 85.2°. The development of collapse gullies is affected by both the slope direction and joints. The slope direction determines the direction of the main gullies, with a correlation coefficient of 0.809 (P<0.01). The branch gullies are mainly affected by joints, with a correlation coefficient of 0.876 (P<0.01). The joint structure also influences the degree of development of the collapsing gullies, and the average depth of the gullies that parallel the dominant joint orientation is significantly larger than that of gullies with other directions. Moreover, the average depth of the gullies associated with the dip angle of 85.2° measured relative to the joint strike is 6.89 m, which is significantly greater than that associated with lower dip angles. The dip angles of joints have an important effect on the infiltration of water, and high dip angles accelerate the erosion associated with collapsing gullies.     

短历时强降雨对典型喀斯特坡耕地侵蚀产沙的影响

探索短历时强降雨对典型喀斯特坡耕地侵蚀产沙的影响,为喀斯特区坡耕地应对极端天气的水土流失防治提供理论依据。研究采用人工室内模拟降雨试验的方法,对喀斯特坡耕地侵蚀产沙特征在短历时强降雨作用下的影响因素开展研究。结果表明:(1)短历时强降雨导致喀斯特坡耕地地表输沙模数和产沙量随降雨强度的增大而增大,而地下输沙模数和产沙量与降雨强度无明显变化规律,坡耕地土壤侵蚀以地表为主。地表产沙临界雨强为30～50 mm/h。(2)坡度增大时地表产沙比重大于地下产沙比重,地表土壤侵蚀以地表为主。产沙比重发生转折的坡度值为15°～20°。70 mm/h降雨强度和5°坡度下,降雨强度对地下土壤侵蚀可能存在"负效应"。(3)喀斯特坡耕地侵蚀产沙特征与降雨强度和坡度密切相关,但降雨强度因子起主导作用。强降雨主要影响地表土壤侵蚀,因此,对喀斯特坡耕地土壤侵蚀治理应以地表为主。研究结果有助于深入了解短历时强降雨对喀斯特坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响,为对喀斯特坡耕地应对极端天气和水土流失防治以及维持生态环境健康持续发展提供理论依据。     

Run-off and sediment yield in relation to differential gully-plugging schemes in micro-catchments of Shiwaliks in the lower Himalayas

Gully-management strategies adopted in the Shiwalik range of hills in the lower Himalayas of India, which involve treatment of only higher order gullies, have not been successful. A study was conducted in the four selected micro-catchments in the region to monitor run-off and sediment yield variations in relation to differential gully-plugging schemes. One of the study catchments (catchment III) with highest run-off and sediment yield was selected for an alternative scheme of gully management. In this, all the first-order and 25–30% of the second-order gullies were plugged with locally available stones, and native grass vegetation wasplanted on the upstream side. Other catchments (catchments I, II and IV) were treated as per the the conventional method of gully plugging involving the installation of loose stone check dams in the highest order gullies. The highest run-off coefficient (15.5%) for the period 2000–2006 was registered in catchment III. However, this decreased to 12.8% during 2007, when the catchment was treated using an alternative gully-management scheme. The sediment yield from catchment III decreased by 20% in 2007 from 15.2 t ha^?1 during 2000–2006. The results indicate that to control gully erosion, lower order gullies should be treated as a priority.     

Estimating the rate and consequences of gully development,a case study of umbulo catchment in Southern Ethiopia

In southern Ethiopia wide and deep gullies are common features, significantly affecting farmers' livelihoods. Little action is being taken to address the problem despite farmers being knowledgeable about erosion and its control measures. A study was conduced to investigate the nature and rate of gully development in Umbulo catchment, southern Ethiopia, based on interviews with farmers and field measurements. The results indicated a rapid, down slope development of gullies over the last 30 years with average rate of soil loss from 11 to 30 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The critical period of development of the gully system was estimated to be between 1974 and 1985, but since then the gully system has enlarged both in depth and width. Wide channels with deep, nearly vertical walls are typical. The trigger for gully initiation is believed to have been human, but the soil properties may have played an important role. Under the current situation agricultural production is unsustainable unless the gullies are controlled using integrated measures at the catchment scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原沟壑丘陵区沟道侵蚀与洞穴侵蚀特征

[目的]通过对黄土高原沟壑丘陵区内的沟道侵蚀和洞穴侵蚀进行特征分析,为该地区开展水土保持工作提供数据支持和决策依据。[方法]以王家沟流域为研究对象,通过资料收集、卫星影像识别和现场调查等方法对流域内沟道侵蚀和洞穴侵蚀状况进行分析。[结果](1)流域内共分布718条沟道和948个洞穴。(2)根据空间位置和地形特点将所有沟道分为冲沟、切沟、干沟、河沟。这4类沟道由于受土壤岩性组成、坡度及人为活动等因素影响,空间分布存在巨大差异。(3)43%的洞穴分布在冲沟中,51%分布在切沟中,6%分布在干沟中。河沟中没有洞穴存在。冲沟和切沟是洞穴形成和发育的主要区域。(4)洞穴沟道的沟长、面积、切深、产流及产沙量都明显大于非洞穴沟道。[结论]在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,洞穴侵蚀是土壤侵蚀的重要组成部分,并对沟道的发育和扩展起着至关重要的作用。     

Slope and rainfall effects on the volume of sediment yield by gully erosion in the Souar lithologic formation (Tunisia)

The Souar lithologic formation in semi-arid Tunisia is undergoing severe gully erosion which is threatening soil and water resources. Soil conservation strategies have focused more on terracing than on gully control techniques, since the contribution of gully sediment yield in the overall soil loss from watersheds is unknown. The paper reports investigations into the sediment yield provided by head-cut as well as sidewall–floor erosion of first order gullies on gentle and steep slope catchments underlined by the Souar lithologic formation. We measured mean field sediment volumes evacuated by different headward reaches of 10 and 9 gullies located on gentle and steep slope catchments, respectively. Two equations between the length of the gully head cutting and the corresponding volume of evacuated sediment were established. The treatment with a Geographic Information System (Arc View) of air photographs of six flights from 1952 to 2000 allowed the calculation of the volume of sediment provided both by head cutting and gully sidewalls–floor erosion through the following up of gully extension in eight catchments during the five periods separating the dates of these flights. Total gully erosion was on average 1.66 m³ ha^− 1 year^− 1 for the gentle slopes and 5.603 m³ ha^− 1 year^− 1 for the steep slopes. Sidewalls–floor contribution in total erosion was on average 81.5% for the gentle slopes and 77.8% for the steep slopes. We found out that the mean annual rainfall resulting from 40 mm daily rainfall threshold explained better the variation of annual head cutting sediment yield for these five periods than any other annual rainfall resulting from lower daily rainfall thresholds. Two equations between these two variables were established both for gentle and steep slope catchments.     

陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

该文通过运用铯－１３７法对陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀进行研究，定量地分析了塬、坡、沟各土地利用类型的侵蚀及产沙。结果表明，通过生物及工程措施治理后的沟谷其侵蚀量都大大减小，然而塬面侵蚀问题却相对突出，塬面侵蚀量不可忽视。     

坡度对浅沟侵蚀产沙的野外放水冲刷试验影响

为了研究坡度对坡面浅沟侵蚀产沙的影响,以黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面浅沟为研究对象,选取野外实地坡面14.0°,18.5°,26.0°,29.0°坡度和5,10,15,20,25L/min放水流量进行典型野外坡面浅沟径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究坡度对浅沟径流率、产沙率、含沙量、总径流量、总产沙量的影响。结果表明:5,10,15,20,25L/min不同放水流量下,坡度与径流率、总径流量成正相关,既随着坡度增大径流率、总径流量增大;5,10,15,20,25L/min不同放水流量和14.0°,18.5°,26.0°,29.0°坡度下产沙率、含沙量和总产沙量随时间变化的规律一致,表现为试验时间内,均出现先增大—到达最大—波动减小—稳定趋势;产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量与坡度的关系表现为产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量随着坡度的增大先增大,达到最大值后减小,最大值出现在26.0°,26.0°的产沙率、含沙量和总产沙量分别为14.0°的1.06~2.87,1.31~2.21,1.08~2.77倍,产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量均存在临界坡度,临界坡度范围为18.5°~29.0°。     

典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场边坡水蚀控制效果

以典型草原区大型露天煤矿排土场边坡不同治理措施为研究对象,利用标准径流场定位观测设施对不同治理措施植被生长-枯萎期间的次降雨产流产沙过程进行了连续观测,研究结果表明:在边坡植被恢复初期,由于实施治理措施对边坡的强烈扰动,不合理的治理措施导致边坡的土壤侵蚀量大于裸地;当植被盖度大于35%时,不同治理措施的拦沙、蓄水、入渗能力明显强于裸地;降雨强度与降雨量是边坡产流产沙的主控因子,随着降雨强度和降雨量的增加而增加;裸露边坡的土壤侵蚀模数最大,为14 183 t/(km2·a),生态袋一字型布设措施的土壤侵蚀模数最小,为5 179 t/(km2·a);生态袋一字型布设措施的土壤侵蚀模数是裸露边坡的36.5%,是沙地柏+绣线菊灌丛(植被恢复4 a)的81.5%。可见,排土场边坡是一种极强烈侵蚀的人工再塑地貌,对其采用合理的生物措施+工程措施的治理措施要优于单纯的生物措施,是控制矿区排土场边坡土壤侵蚀的最有效途径之一。     

多场次降雨对崩岗崩积体细沟侵蚀的影响

崩积体是崩岗的重要组成部分,因土质疏松,极易被侵蚀。细沟侵蚀特征是探讨崩积体侵蚀机制的重要内容。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究多场次降雨条件（1.00、1.67、2.33 mm/min分别降3次雨）对崩积体30°坡面（5m×1 m）细沟侵蚀产沙过程及发育形态特征的影响。结果表明：1）1.00 mm/min降雨强度条件下,3次降雨的后期产沙过程趋于一致,而1.67和2.33 mm/min降雨强度条件下,前2次降雨后期产沙过程趋于一致,但第3次降雨后期产沙率急剧增大;2）各降雨强度条件下,沟头溯源作用、细沟平均宽度及深度随着降雨场次的增加而增加;3）不同降雨强度条件下的细沟特征存在差异,1.00和1.67 mm/min降雨强度时,随着降雨场次的增加,坡面的细沟数及细沟密度增加,宽深比减小,但在2.33 mm/min降雨强度条件下的结果恰好相反;4）各降雨强度条件下细沟侵蚀量及其增加幅度均增大,细沟侵蚀愈剧烈。