新疆于田县不同下垫面小气候特征比较研究

利用HOBO小气候观测仪对新疆于田县荒漠、交错带、绿洲3个下垫面的气温、相对湿度、风速、地温及蒸发等小气候因子进行了连续观测,并对比分析了各小气候因子的时序变化及垂直变化特征。结果表明:于田县不同下垫面的小气候特征参数呈现出梯度式递增或递减的趋势,由荒漠到绿洲,气温、风速、地温及蒸发力逐渐减小,相对湿度逐渐增加,其中,荒漠与交错带两下垫面的小气候因子特征值及变化趋势相似,并与绿洲小气候因子相差较大。例如荒漠与交错带气温相差0.98℃,而与绿洲却相差3.78℃;荒漠平均风速比交错带(1.55m/s)仅高出0.28m/s,却是绿洲的4倍。3下垫面各小气候因子联系紧密,相互影响,并且由于受到外界大气候环境的影响,各因子的时序变化及垂直变化特征相似。     

近65年朝阳地区气象要素趋势演变及其与蒸发皿蒸发的相关性分析

结合朝阳气象站1950—2016年近65 a气象要素数据,应用M-K非线性趋势检验方法分析了朝阳地区气象要素的变化趋势,并探讨各气象要素与蒸发皿蒸发的相关性。研究成果表明:从1950—2016年,朝阳地区年气温呈现明显上升趋势,年风速和年气压呈现明显下降趋势,各要素M-K统计值分别为5.272 7(气温)、-3.392 6(风速)、-3.617 4(气压),均通过99%的显著检验,相对湿度未发生明显变化;春季气温上升较其他季节更为明显,而风速和气压在春季下降趋势最为显著;气温和相对湿度与蒸发皿蒸发年相关系数分别为0.286 7和0.473 8,均低于0.5为中等相关,而风速和气压与蒸发皿蒸发相关性较差,为弱相关;在夏季,气温、相对湿度和蒸发皿蒸发可达强相关,相关系数分别为0.646 7和0.653 5,是夏季蒸发影响主因,相对湿度是朝阳市冬季蒸发变化的主要影响因子。     

漓江上游红壤侵蚀区不同植被群落环境因子差异

 为给漓江流域红壤侵蚀区植被恢复和重建提供科学理论依据,研究漓江上游流域红壤侵蚀区主要植被类型群落内小气候环境因子的差异,采用“以空间导时间”的方法分析植被退化过程中主要环境因子的变化。在植被退化的过程中,由于植被群落结构和物种组成的退化,主要的小气候环境因子均发生比较明显的变化,主要表现:针阔混交林类型群落和常绿阔叶林类型群落照度的垂直差异和时间变化非常小,而草丛群落以及灌丛群落的照度存在比较明显的垂直差异,光照强度随高度的增加而增大,在150cm以上的高度,照度的时间变化比较明显;针阔混交林类型群落和常绿阔叶林类型群落气温的垂直变化非常小,一般在0．5℃以下,在监测时段内其气温的变化幅度在2℃左右,而草丛群落和灌丛群落气温的垂直变化和时间变化相对较大,气温垂直变化的幅度最大可达到6℃; 针阔混交林类型群落和常绿阔叶林类型群落空气相对湿度的垂直变化不明显,变化范围一般在5％以下,草丛群落和灌丛群落空气相对湿度的变化幅度比较大,最大可达25％;常绿阔叶林类型群落的土壤内部温度变幅最小,在0．5℃以下,而灌丛群落的波动幅度较大,可达8℃左右。总体而言,在植被退化过程中,光照强度、空气温度、土壤温度和气地温差不断增大,空气湿度逐渐降低,同时,主要小气候环境因子的时空波动性从平缓渐趋剧烈。     

作物春季播种期土壤温湿因子的分析及预测研究——以内蒙古河套灌区为例

以改进本地作物播种期土壤含水量和耕层地温的预报服务及提升农业生产安排决策能力为目的。利用内蒙古河套灌区1980~2011年年春季和作物播种期间气温、降水、风速、地温、土壤相对湿度等资料,采用相关分析、回归分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法 ,在土壤温湿因子诊断分析基础上,建立不同层次逐日土壤温度和逐旬相对湿度预报模型。结果表明:1980年以来河套灌区大部地区春播期平均土壤相对湿度在0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层均呈下降趋势,影响的主要因子依次为前一旬土壤相对湿度、当旬的平均气温和降水量;河套灌区气温及0 cm、5 cm和10 cm地温变化趋势相同,均呈现上升的趋势,影响的主要因子为平均气温和平均风速;建立了各层土壤相对湿度预测模型84个和各层地温预测模型36个,均通过信度检验(P≤0.05);土壤相对湿度模型回代和预报检验准确率分别大于85%和80%,有的甚至超过90%;地温模型回代检验平均误差为1.9~2.3℃,2011、2012年预报检验平均误差为2.1~2.5℃。模型输出结果更能反映当地作物适宜播种期间土壤温湿匹配效果,预报精度达到了一定的水平,可用于干旱地区土壤相对湿度和地温的预报。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然沙面与人工绿地不同季节局地气候的差异性

[目的]开展塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然沙面与人工绿地不同季节局地气候差异性研究,通过观测数据的解析,反映出沙漠与绿地区之间小气候变化的互馈机制,为沙漠区域人工绿地的可持续发展提供理论支持。[方法]利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地流动沙丘—人工绿地不同下垫面4个气象站的同步加密观测资料,分析自然沙面与人工绿地的小气候特征差异,初步探讨产生这些差异的原因。[结果]沙漠区对气温的升降速率响应快,绿洲区对气温的变化幅度响应显著;四季在增温时段绿洲相对于沙漠属冷岛,降温时段属热岛;夏季比湿最大,冬季最小,绿洲区相对于沙漠区在秋季湿岛效应持续时间最长,强度最大;春、夏、秋季凌晨至日出时段,绿洲上游边界呈现湿岛效应特征,绿洲下游边界四季全天均表现为湿岛效应;沙漠区域风速日变化极值出现时间早于绿洲区,风速变化范围沙漠区最大,绿洲区最小,在春、夏季,绿洲核心区风速递减率大于绿洲上游边界。[结论]下垫面的差异对小气候影响是十分显著的,绿洲区存在较强的"冷岛效应"和"湿岛效应"。     

青海云杉树干液流研究

采用基于热扩散原理的树干茎流测量系统,于2008年8月监测了黄土高寒区青海云杉树干液流的动态变化,同时用自动气象站记录当地的太阳辐射、气温、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子,探讨气象因子对树干液流的影响。结果表明:青海云杉树干液流日变化为多峰型,昼夜变化显著且夜间液流量小,晴天变化幅度大且相对稳定,阴雨天变化幅度小但波动剧烈;青海云杉树干液流主要集中在8:30~20:30,占全天液流总量的95%以上;茎流变化趋势与环境因子变化密切相关,相关性分析表明,影响茎流变化的主要环境因子依次为空气相对湿度、空气温度、太阳辐射和风速。     

盐池毛乌素沙地白榆树干液流研究

采用基于热扩散原理的ES-SF茎流测量系统,监测了盐池毛乌素沙地白榆树干液流的动态变化,同时用自动气象站记录附近的太阳辐射、最高与最低气温、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子,探讨气象因子对树干液流的影响。结果表明:白榆树干液流日变化为多峰型,昼夜变化显著且夜间液流量小而稳定,晴天变化幅度最大,阴天变化幅度最小;树干液流主要集中在8:00-18:00,占全天液流总量的80%多;白榆树干液流变化趋势与环境因子变化趋势相吻合,相关性分析表明,影响液流变化的主要环境因子依次为太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度和风速。     

滨海盐碱地白蜡人工林的小气候效应

以滨海盐碱地白蜡人工林为研究对象,以旷野裸地为对照,采用定位观测的方法,研究白蜡人工林的动力、热力和水文等小气候效应,以期为滨海盐碱地人工造林的生态影响评价提供参考.结果表明：林内太阳辐射、风速、土壤温度、土壤湿度明显低于旷野;空气相对湿度林内显著高于旷野;而林内空气温度春季高于旷野,夏秋季则低于旷野.林带防风效应和遮荫效应在夏季发挥最好,分别可达77.87％和67.50％,气温最高可降低0.40℃,空气相对湿度可增加7.59％ ～ 18.61％.林内不同小气候因子间极显著相关,且气温和土温的相关性最好.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部不同下垫面的小气候变化特征

研究沙区不同下垫面小气候特征对充分利用气候资源及保证林业和农业的正常发展具有实践意义。该研究基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站2018年1-12月监测的荒漠区、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和绿洲内部的气温、相对湿度、风速和风向等气象资料,研究了3种下垫面的小气候特征并探讨了产生差异的原因。结果表明:1)荒漠区、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和绿洲内均为白天气温差异较小,夜间相差较大;由于近地层(0～50m)具有明显的逆温现象,使得植被在气温较高季节发挥降温增湿作用,而冬季发挥保温作用;2)绿洲使年均相对湿度增加1.31～2.57个百分点;就季节而言,夏、秋季,绿洲内的相对湿度较荒漠区和过渡带分别高4.04～6.17和0.93～1.94个百分点,春、冬季,由于近地层(0～50 m)存在明显的逆湿现象,因此绿洲内的相对湿度较荒漠区和过渡带分别低0.37～1.41和6.55～8.71个百分点;3)荒漠区、过渡带和绿洲内风向年变化特征均为以偏西风(W,WSW,SW,SSW)为主,荒漠区和过渡带的风向多变,绿洲内风向相对较为集中,绿洲能够使年均风速降低32.99%～37.05%。乌兰布和沙漠东北部过渡带植被和绿洲防护林体系对小气候具有很好的调节作用(降温、增湿、削减风速),研究区局地小气候主要体现在风速和夏秋季湿度上,而气温和冬春季湿度分别主要受逆温和逆湿的影响。     

石羊河流域近53 a参考作物蒸散量的敏感性分析

利用国家气象信息中心提供的地面气候资料日值数据集,基于FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算了石羊河流域4个测站1959-2011年的逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)。利用敏感系数法计算了其对平均最高气温、平均最低气温、风速、平均相对湿度和日照时数的敏感系数,并分析了敏感系数的时空变化特征。结果表明,石羊河流域ET₀对相对湿度最敏感,其次为风速和气温,而对日照时数的敏感性最低。由于气象要素分布不均,敏感系数的空间差异显著,相对湿度的敏感系数在上游祁连山区形成高值区,同时,气温在该区的敏感系数也相对较大,而风速的敏感系数在下游民勤盆地较大,日照时数的敏感系数在全区无明显差异。各气象因子的敏感系数均存在一定程度的波动,风速的敏感系数冬高夏低,气温和日照时数的敏感系数均为夏季最高,相对湿度敏感系数的绝对值持续上升在秋季达到最大。53 a来,相对湿度敏感系数波动变化,近20 a来其绝对值上升趋势显著,而风速、日照时数和气温的敏感系数无明显变化趋势。     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

豫中黄土地区全新世黄土剖面成壤作用与古气候研究

通过对河南豫中黄土地区黄土剖面化学元素的深入研究认为:在该地区全新世中期风化成壤过程中,Al、Fe、K、Ti、Rb、Ba等元素在古土壤中相对富集,表现出残留富集的特征;而Si、Ca、Na、Sr等元素则在风化剖面中淋失。而Al、Na在成壤过程中因具有不同的地球化学行为,从而产生显著的分异现象,并且随着成壤作用的增强分异加剧。因此,Al/Na值在黄土剖面中的变化反映了风尘堆积物成壤强度的变化,能够作为成壤作用、气候变化的替代指标。     

Research needs in relation to the conservation of biodiversity in the UK

A number of key agreements and pieces of legislation within the UK have provided an important ‘framework' for the conservation of our national biological diversity. In this paper an overview of the framework is provided and the associated research requirements classified into three broad themes: autecology and synecology, populations and environment. Evidence, for a deficiency between research need and the provision of this information from dedicated research programmes is discussed in relation to four key factors: (1) inadequate public sector funding, (2) gaps in knowledge within the research community of the existence of a statutory conservation framework and associated research needs, (3) a poor perception of conservation-oriented research and internal organisational pressures, and (4) a lack of an integrated government approach resulting in conflicts between national biodiversity obligations and support for conservation-oriented research. The paper also suggests that the required research provides a wealth of new strategic opportunities for the research community, and discusses the need to embrace new research processes as part of this work.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

豫中黄土地区全新世土壤剖面成壤环境变化研究

通过对河南新郑黄土-土壤剖面的野外考察及室内的磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙及粒度分析研究,认为:豫西山地山前丘陵台地的完整黄土-土壤剖面,是在气候波动变化的条件下形成的。全新世气候的变化,导致了以风尘堆积为主的成黄土期与以风化成壤作用为主的成壤期互相更迭。在全新世早期,风尘堆积旺盛,形成了过渡性黄土层(Lt),在8500aB.P.～3100aB.P.的全新世大暖期,发育了浊红棕色古土壤(S0)。这一时期降水丰沛,土壤水分充足,导致了古土壤层(S0)及其以下的过渡层(Lt)、马兰黄土层(L1)顶部都受到了明显的淋溶作用影响,而完全脱钙。3100a B.P.之后,气候恶化,沙尘暴活动显著增强,加之黄河下游人类活动影响不断加剧,黄泛平原风沙活动十分强烈,风尘堆积形成了沙质黄土(L0)。1500aB.P.以来,近代黄土持续堆积,由于气候的转暖与人类农业耕作影响在持续堆积的近代黄土L0表层形成了现代土壤(TS)。     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.