辽东栎与油松根际土壤微生物群落结构比较研究

为了进一步认识辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)与油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)在黄土高原森林植被演替中的竞争关系,利用"平板培养法及MPN法"测定了辽东栎与油松根际土壤微生物组成,用"熏蒸提取-容量分析法"测定了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)。结果显示,辽东栎与油松根际土壤微生物三大类群总数量,根面高于根区。细菌数量在根面为辽东栎高于油松,但在根区无显著差异,放线菌、真菌、氨化细菌和固氮菌数量在根面与根区均为辽东栎高于油松,硝化细菌数量在根面与根区均无显著差异。辽东栎根区土壤MBC含量高于油松。以上结果表明,根系分泌物浓度及种类对根际土壤微生物组成影响较大;辽东栎丰富的根际土壤微生物组成有益于其对土壤养分的转化、吸收与利用,并在与油松的竞争过程中处于优势地位。     

赤水河流域典型植被类型的土壤微生物群落结构与多样性

土壤微生物是反映土壤环境质量的重要指标,为明确赤水河流域典型植被类型土壤微生物群落特征及优势菌属,为生态系统的恢复与管理提供理论依据,采用高通量测序技术研究了赤水河流域的5种典型植被类型(灌丛、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、杉木林和竹林)土壤的微生物群落结构及多样性,并探讨了其主要影响因子。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型的细菌和真菌丰富度Chao1指数差异均不显著,说明二者所观测到的物种总数没有差异。Shannon指数显示各植被类型微生物多样性存在一定差异,细菌多样性以竹林最低,显著性低于灌丛和针阔混交林(p<0.05); 真菌多样性以灌丛和杉木林显著性高于其他3种植被类型(p<0.05)。(2)5种植被类型土壤细菌优势门(相对丰度>10%)主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)。其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在灌丛、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林中占绝对优势(相对丰度为29.70%～33.62%),而放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)则在杉木林和竹林中最为丰富,相对丰度占比分别为32.88%,29.88%。各植被类型土壤真菌门以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为绝对优势菌群(相对丰度>49%)。(3)5种植被类型土壤细菌和真菌中优势菌属差异较大。在细菌属水平上,针阔混交林和竹林分别以未定名的Vicinamibacterales和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势,而其他3种植被类型则以节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)最丰富。在真菌属水平上,灌丛和常绿阔叶林中优势关键属为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)未分类真菌属(unclassified_p_Ascomycota),杉木林以被孢霉属(Mortierella)最丰富,而针阔混交林和竹林中均以沙蜥属(Saitozyma)相对丰度最高。(4)NMDS分析表明,土壤细菌与真菌群落空间分布差异显著。(5)冗余分析表明,土壤含水量、pH值和TN(总氮)对土壤细菌群落结构具有显著性的影响,而pH值、容重、TOC(总有机碳)、TN和TP(总磷)对真菌群落结构影响显著。综合分析可知,针阔混交林土壤细菌群落较丰富,杉木林土壤真菌生长较旺盛,而灌丛土壤细菌和真菌多样性均较高,应采取有效措施提高主要林分土壤养分,从而激发微生物的生长,改善土壤环境。     

葡萄糖添加对不同演替阶段森林土壤微生物及酶化学计量特征的影响

糖类作为一种重要的根系分泌物,如何影响土壤微生物及酶化学计量特征目前尚不清楚,制约着人们对上述过程的认识。为探究糖类对森林生态系统中土壤微生态环境和酶活性的影响,以黄土高原子午岭地区森林演替先锋(山杨林)、中期(油松林)和气候顶级群落(辽东栎林)为研究对象,通过野外土壤采样、添加3种不同浓度的葡萄糖(0.1,0.5,1 g/kg干土),和室内培养的方法,研究了葡萄糖添加对土壤微生物量和酶活性及化学计量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着森林演替,土壤中速效磷(SAP)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)等速效养分显著降低。在葡萄糖影响下,3种林地土壤全氮(TN)降低,山杨林土壤C/N值显著大于油松林和辽东栎林。(2)随着森林演替,山杨林和辽东栎林微生物碳(MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)的值显著大于油松林,均为先减小后增加。随葡萄糖浓度增加,3种林地MBC和MBN均增加,微生物(MBP)呈波动趋势。(3)山杨林和辽东栎林土壤酶活性均显著大于油松林。随葡萄糖浓度增加,油松林和辽东栎林4种酶活性均为先增加后减小。BG/(LAP+NAG)、BG/AP和(LAP+NAG)/AP辽东栎林的值最大,山杨林和辽东栎林的值显著大于油松林。(4)RDA分析表明,土壤酶、微生物量及其酶活性分别与有机质(SOC),MBC有着显著性正相关关系,土壤酶活性(除NAG)与pH值均呈显著负相关。本研究说明碳输入增加了3种林分土壤的激发效应,土壤微生物量增加,降低了土壤TN含量,改变了土壤养分化学计量,进而加剧了油松林地微生物N限制和辽东栎林地微生物P限制,影响根际土壤有机质分解和养分代谢等过程,从而影响了森林演替过程。     

冰灾后城市森林不同恢复类型土壤微生物特性及其对土壤因子的响应

为探究冰灾后城市森林不同植被恢复类型土壤微生物的演变特征,对长沙天际岭林场冰灾后3种恢复植被的栾树人工纯林、蕨草地、针阔混交林冬夏两季的土壤微生物数量、微生物活度、土壤理化性质及其相互关系进行了比较研究。结果表明,夏初不同植被恢复类型0-15cm土层土壤微生物活度以针阔混交林最高(0.302),蕨草地次之(0.261),栾树人工纯林最低(0.192);3类植被中栾树人工纯林土壤冬季放线菌活力最弱,夏季细菌活力最弱;栾树人工纯林、针阔混交林土壤微生物生命活动冬季以真菌、细菌为主,夏季以真菌、放线菌为主,蕨草地无论冬夏土壤微生物活动都以真菌和细菌为主,放线菌活动较弱;在土壤微生物生命活动旺盛时期,土壤有机碳含量与土壤微生物数量呈显著正相关,同时土壤微生物能忍受较高的土壤含水量、要求较低的土壤容重,在土壤微生物生命活动衰弱时期土壤有机碳含量与微生物数量不相关或呈负相关,此时土壤微生物要求较低的土壤含水量、较高的土壤容重。总之,栾树人工纯林土壤微生物生命活力比自然恢复的常绿次生针阔混交林及以姬蕨为主的蕨草地差,而后两者表层土壤微生物性状相比针阔混交林地优于蕨草地。     

广西喀斯特地区植被演替对土壤质量的影响

以植被演替空间序列代替时间序列的方法,在野外选取广西喀斯特地区4个主要植物群落演替阶段即草地、灌草地、灌丛、乔林的典型样地,对土壤物理、化学和生物学性状进行了比较研究,以探讨植被演替对土壤质量的影响。结果表明:不同的植被演替导致了土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的显著差异。随演替的正向进行,土壤综合肥力指标值(Q I)呈增长趋势,其土壤质量综合指数分别为:草地(0.09)、灌草地(0.16)、灌丛(0.61)、乔林(0.89)。自然植被的正向演替是提高土壤质量的有效途径。导致草地和灌草地土壤质量相对较低的主要因素是植物生产力较低,土壤养分积累较少,土壤有机质等养分含量较低,土壤微生物数量较少,土壤酶活较低。土壤微生物数量结合土壤酶是反映土壤生物学活性和土壤质量的较好指标。     

澜沧江上游不同植被类型土壤微生物特征研究

采用野外调查采样及室内实验分析的方法,选取原生植被旱冬瓜林地作为对照,对澜沧江上游山区不同植被类型云南松林、桉树纯林、生态混交林（桤木＋圣诞树）土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌3大类微生物的数量及总量进行研究,结果表明：3大类微生物分布均表现为A层大于B层。不同植被类型土壤细菌和真菌数量变化趋势均为旱冬瓜林〉生态混交林〉桉树林〉云南松林,且A、B层消长趋势一致;不同植被类型A层土壤放线菌数量变化趋势为云南松林〉桉树林〉生态混交林〉旱冬瓜林,B层土壤放线菌数量变化趋势则为生态混交林〉云南松林〉桉树林〉旱冬瓜林;不同植被类型土壤微生物总数变化趋势为旱冬瓜林〉生态混交林〉桉树林〉云南松林,A、B层消长趋势一致。     

松栎混交林土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性及土壤养分关系的研究

对秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤微生物数量特征及其与土壤酶、土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)林地土壤中三大类群微生物的数量在土层间自上而下急剧减少,表层土壤微生物数量最多,占土壤剖面总数的51.55%以上。(2)土壤微生物数量以细菌为主,占总数的99.70%~99.96%;放线菌次之,占总数的0.04%~0.30%;真菌最少,小于0.01%。(3)密度中等(1500~1650株hm-2)的林分能显著增加土壤中的微生物数量。(4)土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量与土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶及土壤养分含量和土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;土壤放线菌、真菌数量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关;土壤细菌数量与土壤pH值呈显著正相关。     

高寒生态脆弱区不同扰动生境土壤微生物数量的变化

通过实地调查及平板表面涂抹法和稀释法分别测定了5种不同扰动生境(一年生草地、多年生草地、围栏内草地、围栏外草地和"黑土滩"草地)下,高寒生态脆弱区天祝草原植被状况、土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及总数量的影响。结果表明,不同扰动生境草地植被状况、土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量及总数量分布各不相同。其中一年生草地植被盖度、产量最大,土壤细菌及微生物总数量最高;"黑土滩"草地土壤真菌及放线菌数量最多,但植被盖度最小;围栏外草地地上植物量最小,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及微生物总数量最低。该区草地退化和土壤微生物数量减少的趋势并未得到改善。因此,应对该区草地和土壤退化给予足够的重视。     

土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸速率的影响

通过对不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和有机酸的测定,旨在揭示土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率大小顺序是:阔叶栎林>桦木林>落叶阔叶林>杨树林>冷杉林>红杉林>高山草甸.细菌和放线菌随海拔升高呈单峰变化趋势,土壤真菌数量随海拔升高而增多.土壤细菌和放线菌分别可以单独解释不同植被54.2%和70.57%的土壤呼吸速率变化.土壤低分子量有机酸中以草酸、柠檬酸为主,草酸和柠檬酸分别与细菌和放线菌均达到极显著相关,草酸、柠檬酸、细菌和放线菌与土壤呼吸均极显著正相关.     

桂西北喀斯特不同植被演替阶段土壤微生物群落多样性

采用经典统计与排序分析方法,研究了桂西北喀斯特不同植被演替阶段(原生林、次生林、灌丛、草地)土壤微生物群落多样性变化特征,并探讨了土壤微生物群落多样性与土壤养分、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物数量之间的关系。结果表明:(1)桂西北喀斯特植被演替对土壤养分有较大的影响,除了土壤容重和全磷含量以外,由草地到原生林的演替过程中,土壤养分均呈显著的变化趋势(p0.05)。随着演替的进行,土壤pH值和容重逐渐减小。土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随着演替而逐渐增加趋势,其大小依次变现为原生林次生林灌丛草地,其中不同演替阶段土壤有机碳全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量差异均显著(p0.05)。(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷大小依次变现为原生林次生林灌丛草地,其中灌丛和次生林MBP含量差异不显著(p0.05)。MBC/MBN随着演替的进行呈逐渐减小趋势,MBC/MBP和MBN/MBP随着演替的进行呈逐渐增加趋势。(3)不同植被演替阶段土壤微生物数量及组成不同,其中以细菌数目最多,土壤微生物种群总数量、细菌和放线菌数目依次为原生林次生林灌丛草地。(4)不同演替阶段土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数存在一定差异,其中物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)依次表现为原生林次生林灌丛草地(p0.05);而优势度指数(Ds)依次表现为原生林次生林灌丛草地,并且不同演替阶段优势度指数(Ds)差异不显著(p0.05)。(5)相关性分析表明土壤养分、土壤微生物量、土壤微生物数量均与土壤微生物群落多样性具有显著的相关性,其中,土壤微生物量对微生物群落多样性的贡献最大,而MBN,SOC和细菌数目是影响桂西北喀斯特不同植被演替阶段土壤微生物群落多样性分布的主要因子。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.