稻田土壤甲烷排放模型: Ⅱ. 模型的验证和应用

Fifteen upland soils collected from the major arable areas in NOrth China were used to assess the availability of soil sulfur(S) to plants in a pot experiment.Soils were extracted with various reagents and the extractable S was determined using turbidimetric method or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES),respectively.In addition,mineralizable organic S,organic S,N/S ratio,sulfur availability index(SAI) and available sulfur correction value(ASC) in soils were also determined.The S amout extracted by 1.5g L^-1 CaCl2 was nearly equivalent to that by 0.25mol L^-1 KCl(40℃),and both of them were slightly smaller than that by 0.01 molL^-1 Ca(H2PO4)2 solution,as measured by turbidimetric method or ICP-AES.The extractable S measured by turbidimetric method was consistently smaller than that by ICP-AES.All methods tested except that for organic S and N/S ratio produced satisfactoy results in the regression analyses of the relationships between the amounts of S extracted and plant dry matter weight and S uptake in the pot experiment,In general,0.01 mol L^-1 Ca(H2PO4)2-extracted S determined by ICP-AES or turbidimetric method and 0.25mol L^-1 KCl(40℃)-extracted S determined by ICP-AES appeared to be the best indicators for evaluation of soil available S.     

碱稳定污泥污水对土壤可提取有机碳和铜的影响

An incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential for water contamination with sludge-derived organic substances and copper following land application of alkaline-stabilised sewage sludge. Two contrasting sludge-amended soils were studied. Both soils were previously treated with urban and ruralalkaline biosolids separately at sludge application rates of 0, 30 and 120 t ha^-1 fresh product. The air-driedsoil/sludge mixtures were wetted with distilled water, maintained at 40 % of water-holding capacity and equilibrated for three weeks at 4 ℃ before extraction. Subsamples were extracted with either distilled wateror 0.5 mol L^-1 K₂SO₄ solution. The concentrations of organic C in the aqueous and chemical extracts were determined directly with a total organic carbon (TOC) analyser. The concentrations of Cu in the twoextracts were also determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry The relationship between the two extractable organic C fractions was examined, together with that between extractable organic C concentration and extractable Cu concentration. Application of alkaline biosolids increased the concentrations of soil mobile organic substances and Cu. The results are discussed in terms of a possible increase in the potential for leaching of sludge-derived organics and Cu in the sludge-amended soils.     

苏南地区土壤重金属向蔬菜的迁移研究

Vegetable fields in peri-urban areas receive large amounts of extraneous heavy metals because of rapid urbanization and industrialization in China. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in 30 soil samples and 32 vegetable samples, collected from 30 different sites in southern Jiangsu Province of China, were measured and their transfer from soil to vegetable was determined. The results showed that the soil samples had wide ranges of pH (4.25-7.85) and electrical conductivity (EC) (0.24-3.42 dS m^-1). Among the soil samples, there were four soil samples containing higher Cu and two soil samples containing higher Zn concentrations than those specified in the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard II. However, no vegetable sample was found to contain a high level of Cu or Zn. In contrast, one vegetable sample contained 0.243 mg Pb kg^-1 FW, which was above the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard, whereas the corresponding soil Pb concentration was lower than the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard II. The transfer coefficients of Cu of all vegetable samples exceeded the suggested coefficient range, implying that extraneous Cu had high mobility and bioavailability to vegetables. There was no significant correlation between extractable soil heavy metal concentrations with four kinds of extractants and soil pH, EC, heavy metal concentrations in vegetables and soils, except that soil pH correlated well with the extractable soil Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations with 1.0 mol L^-1 NH₄NO₃. Moreover, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method was a more effcient method of extracting heavy metals from the soils independent of soil pH and EC than other three methods used.     

有机酸对污染土壤中镉释放的影响

There is limited information on the release behavior of heavy metals from natural soils by organic acids. Thus, cadmium release, due to two organic acids (tartrate and citrate) that are common in the rhizosphere, from soils polluted by metal smelters or tailings and soils artificially contaminated by adding Cd were analyzed. The presence of tartrate or citrate at a low concentration (≤ 6 mmol L^-1 for tartrate and ≤ 0.5 mmol L^-1 for citrate) inhibited Cd release, whereas the presence of organic acids in high concentrations (≥ 2 mmol L^-1 for citrate and ≥ 15 mmol L^-1 for tartrate) apparently promoted Cd release. Under the same conditions, the Cd release in naturally polluted soils was less than that of artificially contaminated soils. Additionally, as the initial pH rose from 2 to 8 in the presence of citrate, a sequential valley and then peak appeared in the Cd release curve, while in the presence of tartrate the Cd release steadily decreased. In addition, Cd release was clearly enhanced as the electrolyte concentration of KNO₃ or KCl increased in the presence of 2 mmol L^-1 tartrate. Moreover, a higher desorption of Cd was shown with the KCl electrolyte compared to KNO₃ for the same concentration levels. This implied that the bioavailability of heavy metals could be promoted with the addition of suitable types and concentrations of organic acids as well as reasonable field conditions.     

北京地区菜园土壤磷素积累的剖面特征及对环境的潜在影响

Profile characteristics of accumulated P in 10 representative soils of vegetable fields in suburban districts of Beijing were investigated. Bioavailability of the accumuIated P and its potential effect on the environment were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment and a soil column experiment. The results showed that theconcentration of Olsen-P in the 0-20 cm soil samples of the vegetable fields ranged from 22.1 to 358.0 mg kg^-1, which was 2 to 10 times higher than that of the crop fields in the suburbs of Beijing. Most of theexcessive phosphorus was accumulated in the topsoils. The longer the soils cultivated with vegetables, thehigher the soil total P, Olsen-P and organic matter concentration. Accumulated P in the soils from vegetablefields had higher bioavailability. Application of phosphorus fertilizer could not increase the dry weights ofcucumbers, Chinese cabbage, and rape seedlings continuously planted. The soil column study showed high P concentration (> 0.6 mg L^-1) in the leachates from the columns of the vegetable field soils with high accumulated P, which has a potential effect on the groundwater and natural water quality.     

土壤中有效结合态氨的一种测定方法

Dynamics of fixed NH₄⁺ in NH₄⁺-treated soils incubated with glucose at 37±2 ℃ during the course of incubation and factors affecting it were studied. Results showed that content of fixed NH₄⁺ in soil reached a minimum on day 7 after incubation and then increased gradually regardless of the amount of glucose added and the kind of soil tested. However, the amount of fixed NH₄⁺ released from the soil at the given time varied with both the amount of glucose added and the kind of soil examined. In cases glucose was added at a rate of 10.0g C/kg soil, the amount of fixed NH₄⁺ retained in soil after 7 days of incubation was almost identical to that found by Neubauer test. Addition of K⁺ depressed the release of fixed NH₄⁺ significantly. Based on the results obtained a method for determining the content of available fixed NH₄⁺ in soils was proposed and the amount of N as available fixed NH₄⁺ in two soils measured by this method on an area profile-depth basis was presented.     

可变电荷土壤对酸雨敏感度的影响因子

The sensitivity of a large number of variable charge soils to acid rain was evaluated through examining pH-H₂SO₄ input curves. Two derivative parameters, the consumption of hydrogen ions by the soil and the acidtolerant limit as defined as the quantity of sulfuric acid required to bring the soil to pH 3.5 in a 0.001mol L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂ solution, were used. The sensitivity of variable charge soils was higher than that of constant charge soils, due to the predominance of kaolinite in clay mineralogical composition. Among these soils the sensitivity was generally of the order lateritic red soil > red soil > latosol. For a given type of soil within the same region the sensitivity was affected by parent material, due to differences in clay minerals and texture. The sensitivity of surface soil may be lower or higher than that of subsoil, depending on whether organic matter or texture plays the dominant role in determining the buffering capacity. Paddy soils consumed more acid within lower range of acid input when compared with upland soils, due to the presence of more exchangeable bases, but consumed less acid within higher acid input range, caused by the decrease in clay content.     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

我国主要类型土壤的有效态硒及其与某些土壤性质的关系

Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49~18.10 μg kg^-1, with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg^-1, and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH, base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.     

上海郊区园艺土壤氮素的生物形成动态变化

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant pool of soluble nitrogen (N) in soil ecosystems. Soil samples under three different horticultural management practices were collected from the Xiaxiyang Organic Vegetable and Fruit Farm, Shanghai, China, to investigate the dynamics of N speciation during 2 months of aerobic incubation, to compare the effects of different soils on the mineralization of ¹⁴C-labeled amino acids and peptides, and to determine which of the pathways in the decomposition and subsequent ammonification and nitrification of organic N represented a significant blockage in soil N supply. The dynamics of N speciation was found to be significantly affected by mineralization and immobilization. DON, total free amino acids, and NH₄⁺-N were maintained at very low levels and did not accumulate, whereas NO₃^--N gradually accumulated in these soils. The conversion of insoluble organic N to low-molecular-weight (LMW) DON represented a main constraint to N supply, while conversions of LMW DON to NH₄⁺-N and NH₄⁺-N to NO₃^--N did not. Free amino acids and peptides were rapidly mineralized in the soils by the microbial community and consequently did not accumulate in soil. Turnover rates of the additional amino acids and peptides were soil-dependent and generally followed the order of organic soil > transitional soil > conventional soil. The turnover of high-molecular-weight DON was very slow and represented the major DON loss. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathways and bottlenecks of organic N degradation.     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

烘焙对生物质热解产物特性的影响

烘焙可有效地降低生物质中的水分和氧,对其热解过程有显著的影响。该文主要研究了烘焙温度（200,230,260,290℃）对生物质热解过程及产物特性的影响行为及影响机制;研究发现烘焙能改善热解产物的品质,随着烘焙温度的升高,热解合成气中CO含量由48%逐渐减少到34%,CH4和H2增加,其中H2含量最大增加了77.4%,而液体产物中,乙酸和水分含量逐渐减小,水分含量最大减少了42.8%,而酚类产物的含量明显增加,有利于生物油品质的提高。该研究为烘焙技术的发展和生物质高效热化学转化提供科学参考。     

氟对小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用

为观察氟对成年雄性小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用,通过腹腔注射氟化钠建立氟中毒动物模型及锌保护实验。采用石蜡切片、苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)、末端原位标记(TUNEL)及琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法检测小鼠生精细胞的凋亡情况。结果显示:(1)氟感染组无论是低剂量组(NaF10 mg/kg)或是高剂量组(NaF 20 mg/kg)生精细胞都发生了明显的凋亡。生精细胞凋亡主要发生在精母细胞和精原细胞,凋亡指数与对照组差异极显著(P<0.05)。(2)无论是高剂量锌(ZnSO430 mg/kg)和低剂量锌(ZnSO415 mg/kg)都可以使凋亡指数明显降低,高剂量锌组的凋亡指数与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

稀释介质种类对豆乳蛋白胶体粒子zeta电位测定效果的影响

蛋白粒子zeta电位是衡量豆乳体系稳定性的一个重要指标,而在电位分析前常采用稀释介质对豆乳进行预处理。为了确保zeta电位测定的准确性和科学性,必须选择合适的稀释介质。因此,该研究采用去离子水、豆乳超滤液两种稀释介质分别对豆乳进行稀释,并比较了这2种稀释介质对zeta电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率的影响。结果表明,若以去离子水为稀释介质,zeta电位的绝对值会随着稀释倍数的升高而显著增加（*P<0.05）,这主要是由于豆乳蛋白胶体粒子发生解聚导致粒径减小,而pH值的升高和电导率的降低则说明豆乳的离子强度显著降低。相比之下,选用豆乳超滤液稀释豆乳时,体系的 zeta 电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率都未随稀释倍数的增加而改变（*P>0.05）,说明此法能够较好地维持豆乳蛋白粒子的荷电稳定性。由此可知,豆乳超滤液可做为豆乳zeta电位测定的理想稀释介质。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

大豆连作障碍的研究进展

从生物学、微生物学和植物营养生理学的角度及诸多障碍因子等方面,综合评述和分析了国内外大豆连作研究的现状,阐述了目前国内外学者提出的各种应对连作问题的策略和技术措施,提出大豆连作障碍研究仍有待解决的问题和研究方向。     

石羊河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素趋势预测

 从荒漠化治理的实践出发,用Hurst指数对内陆河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素进行预测分析,对体现民勤绿洲荒漠化主要影响因子的农村人口、耕地面积、农村用电量、机井眼数和沙尘暴时间5个指标进行预测。结果表明:未来10年内,农村人口Hurst指数为0.381,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年耕地面积Hurst指数为0.578 3,与1989—2003年时的上升趋势一致,但持续性不强;农村用电量Hurst指数为0.3324,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年机井眼数Hurst指数为0.2618,与1989—2003年的上升趋势具有较强的长期相关性,但为相反趋势;年沙尘暴时间Hurst指数为0.4043,呈与1953—1998年的下降趋势相反的弱持续相关性。通过预测认为:应该加强对耕地面积的宏观调控,抑制土地利用所引起荒漠化的发展,控制开荒,提高现有耕地的利用效率;同时要继续宏观调控农村人口、农村用电量、机井数量变化向良性方向发展。